I Improving the development and acquisition of core key technologies
1. Adhering to the principle of independent development. It should be seen that profit-making is the nature of transnational corporations (TNCs), and core key technologies are the source of their monopoly profits. Therefore, in order to win the competitive advantage in the host country market, TNCs tend to keep transferring relatively advanced technologies to the host country, but it is not possible to transfer the core key technologies. Of course, some enterprises can also obtain the core key technologies through mergers and acquisitions, but usually in the case where such technologies have ceased to become important strategic assets of the other party. In addition, as the technological content of transnational investment increases, the trend of internalization of technology transfer is getting stronger and stronger, and at present, the internal transfer of technology by TNCs has reached about 80%, which marks the difficulty of technology acquisition. Therefore, core key technologies have to be acquired more through independent development. The automobile industries of Japan and South Korea both started from the introduction of foreign technologies, so success is always to build the introduction on the premise of independent development. Argentina also in the 1970s tried to develop the local automobile industry through the introduction of Ford investment, but due to the lack of independent innovation strategy, is still the assembly of imported parts, this assembly production did not bring any technology spillover to the Argentine automobile and metal processing industry.
For basic and applied research, the research and development of military, aerospace and aviation technologies, as well as major strategic, forward-looking, basic and public welfare technologies that have a bearing on the nation's economy and people's livelihood (e.g., agriculture, medical care, the environment, security, technical standards and supervision, etc.), are crucial to the development of the national economy. It is unlikely that transnational corporations (TNCs) will transfer the key technologies of such high technologies to domestic enterprises, and the government should guarantee the necessary inputs for innovative activities in such technologies. The government can provide direct economic support in the form of grants, subsidies, interest subsidies, venture capital or financial credits, etc., and selectively support enterprises' development research and development of key high-tech development with application prospects, and it can also utilize indirect economic means such as taxation, finance and incentives to set up an effective system to support the technological innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises, and to promote the formation of a national innovation system. For these technologies to vigorously develop independent intellectual property rights of technological innovation, focusing financial resources to do big things. Chinese scientists have realized ultra-high-scaled information storage on organic molecular film, the success of the original "quantum error-avoidance code" and "quantum probability cloning machine", the birth of a number of important new varieties of non-linear optical crystals, and the establishment of TDSCDMA as a new technology. The establishment of TDSCDMA as the international standard for third-generation mobile communications, the successful grid-connection of a 10-megawatt high-temperature gas-cooled nuclear reactor, and the successful launch of the Shenzhou series of airships all indicate that China has approached or reached the international advanced level in many important key areas at the forefront of international science and technology, and that it possesses a very strong capacity for independent innovation. In addition, the textile and garment industry, the leather industry, rubber and plastic equipment manufacturing, simple metal and plastic products, the food industry, the tobacco industry, simple wood products, petroleum refining and other labor-intensive, resource-based industries, China has a strong technological competitiveness. These industries can continue to give full play to their comparative advantages by independent innovation to obtain the core technology, do not have to rely more on the introduction of technology.
2, actively implement cross-border mergers and acquisitions. Through cross-border mergers and acquisitions to obtain the core of key technologies can greatly shorten the independent development of time and risk, which has been a successful case in China. For example, Lenovo successfully acquired the world's most advanced desktop (IBM created the world's first PC), laptop technology through mergers and acquisitions of IBM, access to the system's architectural design capabilities, as well as software, hardware R & D technology, excellent project management capabilities. At present, Lenovo has built a global R&D structure with China, the U.S., and Japan as the fulcrum, and R&D bases in Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Chengdu, as well as the U.S. and Japan. Lenovo has set up a high-level professional R&D team of more than 2,000 people globally, with world-class academic leaders, including the founder of Thinkpad technology, the main designer of Lenovo's trillionth computer, and China's leader in information security technology. It has created nearly 50 world-class laboratories all over the world. Another example is the establishment of Alcatel Shanghai Bell Company Limited after Alcatel took a controlling stake in Shanghai Bell in 2002. After the merger and acquisition of Shanghai Bell became a member of Alcatel's global technology library, Alcatel's global R & D technology Shanghai Bell can enjoy, multinational technology spillover effect is greatly enhanced.
(2) Focus on the endogenous nature of independent innovation, and continuously strengthen the learning ability of enterprises
Technology can be introduced, but the acquisition of technological capabilities can not be introduced, but only through continuous learning. The above analysis shows that the effectiveness of FDI technology spillover depends on the degree of learning efforts of the recipient. The stronger the learning ability of enterprises, the stronger their ability to absorb external technological knowledge, the more effective they are in accepting the transfer of advanced technology, and thus the ability to develop independently. Chinese enterprises with strong self-development capabilities also have extremely strong learning capabilities. Haier Group started to introduce German technology in 1984, with the product Qindao a Liebherr, but, over the years, Haier has insisted on independent development. As of 2004, Haier has participated in the formulation of 86 national standards and 2 international standards, and applied for 5,469 patents, which is the largest number of patent applications in China. It is this unceasing independent innovation that has made Haier a global enterprise with international competitiveness. 2004, Haier's global turnover exceeded 100 billion yuan, and in 2005, Haier was honored as the 89th of the top 100 brands in the world by the World Brand Lab. Another example is Chery Automobile, which started producing cars in late 1999, developed its first car in 2001, and developed four cars in 2003***, and sold more than 90,000 cars in 2003. And some of China's large automobile enterprises have reached the world's third and fourth level, but still has not formed an independent product development capabilities, many mainstream automobile manufacturers and multinational corporations in the 25-30 years of joint ventures, the last round of joint ventures have not yet come to the end of the term, in every possible way to find the next round of joint venture partners. This long-term serious dependence, leaving the multinational companies can not move, enterprises can only fall into the introduction - backward - and then the introduction - and then backward passive situation. Relevant data show that in 2002, China's foreign technology dependence reached 50%, while in 1995 the United States foreign technology dependence of only 1.6%, Japan 6.6%.
(C) focus on the leading role of the government
In the early stage of the national implementation of independent innovation strategy, the government through the formulation of industry development planning, industrial policy, as well as financial, tax and other preferential policies can quickly improve the ability of enterprises to develop their own, and to achieve the take-off of the industry. In Japan, South Korea's automobile industry, as well as Taiwan's microelectronics industry in the process of development, each stage of the government has developed a corresponding implementation of the localization plan, as well as a variety of incentives to support the policy. It is through this pair of powerful hands of the government to push these infant industries to the world, so that it becomes an internationally competitive industry. In the 1950s, the Japanese government in encouraging the country's car manufacturers and foreign manufacturers to cooperate at the same time, the protective tariffs, import quotas, tax breaks, accelerated depreciation and a series of measures to promote the rapid growth of the country's car industry, while consciously reducing the assembly of spare parts (CKD) manufacturers of foreign exchange rationing to force it to speed up the process of localization. The Indian government in order to promote the development of the software industry, the implementation of 10 years of income tax exemption for software enterprises to support the land in the software park, the construction of communication networks and other aspects of the special concessions are given, therefore, the Bangalore Industrial Park every week to attract about 3 foreign-funded enterprises. In addition, the government to give priority to the procurement of domestic equipment, the establishment of enterprise venture capital system, strengthen the service function, to create a favorable innovation environment for enterprises are strong means of support.
Not only that, whether multinational corporations can continue to transfer technology to China, but also depends on the degree of openness of the Chinese market, depends on the degree of stability of China's policy on the absorption of FDI, as well as the government's policy on the transfer of technology to multinational corporations to foster the strength of the implementation of foreign-invested projects that can provide the key technologies, the implementation of tax reductions and interest subsidies to support the strength of the project. Therefore, government policies still play a key role in the transfer of technology by TNCs. For example, the Singaporean government in order to make FDI and the country's technological innovation strategy combined, the formulation of the "21st Century Knowledge-based Economy Era-oriented Science and Technology Program", "21st Century Science and Technology Entrepreneurship Program", plans to invest in the first phase of the fund of 1 billion U.S. dollars, of which 25% will be invested abroad to develop international markets; 50% will be used to attract foreign investment to set up venture capital funds in Singapore (1:2 or 1:3 matching with foreign investment). The government has also stipulated that income from fixed investment in emerging industrial projects is tax-free for five years, and reinvestment enjoys a preferential tax rate of 10% for 10 years. The Korean government has stipulated that, except for the aerospace, atomic energy, and defense industries and high-tech projects applying for tax exemptions, the introduction of technology in all industries does not need to be declared to the government, and each enterprise may introduce it on its own. Foreign direct investment in advanced technology companies are exempted from income tax for 7 years and 50% for the next 3 years, and enjoy 8-15 years of tax exemption on property tax, etc.
(4) Improve the incentive mechanism for talent training, and promote the return of innovative talents
The talent spillover effect is an important effect of the technological spillover of multinational corporations, but this effect can only be realized and amplified by the return of talents to local enterprises. For example, Taiwan in the development of microelectronics industry to make full use of multinational talents, Taiwan Texas Instruments and Taiwan Philips and many other companies after the departure of senior executives, have become senior executives of local enterprises. China's Chery and Geely Automobile have "poached" a large number of technical and managerial talents from three-funded enterprises, and these talents have played an important role in the independent innovation of the enterprises. However, to attract innovative talents need a good mechanism and environment, if the domestic enterprises lack the corresponding incentive mechanism, a large number of innovative talents will still be stranded in foreign-funded enterprises, and even the long-term emergence of "state-owned enterprises for the three-funded enterprises to cultivate talents," the situation, this talent spillover effect can not be realized, but instead of a vicious circle. For example, China's annual training of software graduates have more than 50,000 people, of which into foreign enterprises or abroad accounted for 50% of the state-owned enterprises, 44.7% of the software talent flow to foreign-funded enterprises, such a phenomenon is worth waking up. Secondly, actively attract overseas talents to return to China to start their own business. Overseas talents not only master the world's most cutting-edge technology and management, and love of the local community, familiar with the national conditions, is to realize the strategy of independent innovation is an important force. China's early return of scientific and technological talent in many key areas of scientific and technological innovation has played a major role, at present, many high-tech industries are overseas students in the role of talent, such as microelectronics, networking, finance and many other industries, many of the top management have overseas students complex. In addition, we should base on our own training. Many multinational corporations have founded their own universities, which not only train their employees in knowledge, but also inculcate the concept of corporate culture, so that every worker can become a source of innovation for the enterprise. At present, China Haier, Geely and other enterprises have also set up their own universities, which has laid a solid foundation of talents for the independent innovation of enterprises.
(E) the use of competition and FDI supporting mechanism to promote multinational corporations continue to transfer technology
With China's absorption of FDI scale continues to expand, the use of competition to promote multinational corporations to technology for the market will certainly become the future use of foreign investment in technological strategy of the policy orientation. In the foreign automobile just entered China, due to the lack of market competition, Germany Volkswagen and Shanghai Automotive Company, a joint venture of Shanghai Volkswagen, the leading product for 16 years has been just established when the first generation of Santana, and this has been eliminated in Germany in the 1980s in the Chinese market price has been at a high level. After joining the WTO, a large number of foreign automakers entered the Chinese market. In order to gain a foothold in the Chinese market, multinational companies continue to introduce new products and technologies, and reduce product prices. 2002, China **** more than 40 brands of more than 200 kinds of sedan products, of which the newly introduced models accounted for 60% of the sedan market, the competition mechanism promotes the transfer of foreign advanced technology. At present, the world's top 500 have more than 400 investment in China, competition will be intensified to force multinational corporations to continue to transfer new technologies, accelerating the FDI technology spillover effect. In addition, supporting production with foreign-invested enterprises should be vigorously developed to create conditions for independent innovation through supporting foreign-invested enterprises. Encourage domestic enterprises and foreign-invested enterprises to form organic matching, China's current raw materials, processes, production management has been developed to a very high level, fully capable of supporting the formation of foreign-invested enterprises with the production of matching process will also force foreigners have to provide domestic enterprises with the relevant technology, which will bring more learning opportunities for domestic enterprises.