Feng Ru (Feng Ru 1883— 19 12) was the first aircraft manufacturer and pilot in China. Ding San. Guangdong enping. Born in a poor peasant family, 12 years old went to San Francisco with his uncle to make a living. Young and ambitious, working during the day, learning scientific knowledge at night, trying to master machine manufacturing technology. 1903 After the successful test flight of the world's first plane, he sprouted the idea of building a plane to save the country. 1905 When the Russo-Japanese War broke out in China, he once said, "If a million planes were stationed in the port of China, Witt could strengthen our country and frighten our neighbors." Since then, I have devoted myself to the aviation industry and vowed: "Fail or die!" With the strong support of patriotic overseas Chinese, the establishment of an aircraft manufacturing company has gone through many hardships and overcome countless difficulties. Finally, the first aircraft was successfully trial-produced in 1909. The following year, the world's advanced "Dunyi Qian Zhi" aircraft was manufactured. In June+10, 5438, he participated in the flight competition organized by the International Aviation Association, creating a flying height of more than 230 meters and a flying distance of more than 30 kilometers, and the converted speed reached 104 kilometers, winning the first place in the competition. 19 1 1 In March, 2008, he refused the employment of the United States and resolutely took two self-made planes and threw himself into the embrace of the motherland. After Wuchang Uprising, he joined the revolution and was appointed as a fleet pilot by the Guangdong military government. On August 25th, 2002, 1965438+ performed an air show for the people in Tang Yan, Guangzhou, and was unfortunately wrecked and seriously injured. On his deathbed, he encouraged his assistant "not to lose the enterprising spirit because of what he did" (see Behavior of China Pilot Feng Junru and No.5 of Oriental Magazine for the above quotations), and he never forgot the aviation cause of his motherland until his death. According to his will, he was buried in Huanghuagang.
Xu shou
China scientist in late Qing Dynasty. People from Wuxi, Jiangsu. An important figure in the history of modern chemistry in China. He wrote many books in his life, mainly in chemistry, such as Chemical Supplement, Chemical Quality Inspection, Chemical Calculation and so on. His works systematically introduced the main contents of chemical knowledge in 1970s and 1980s from 19. In addition, in 1875, he founded Gezhi Academy in Shanghai (Gezhi is the general name of physical chemistry in the late Qing Dynasty), publicly taught natural science knowledge and conducted chemical demonstration experiments, which played an important role in promoting the development of modern chemistry in China. The name of oxygen is Xu Shouqi. He believes that human survival is inseparable from oxygen, so he named it "nourishing qi" or "nourishing qi quality". Later, in order to unify, he changed the word "nourishment" into "oxygen" and called it "oxygen".
Xu (1845 ~ 190 1) is a modern ordnance scientist. People from Wuxi, Jiangsu. Scientists in late Qing dynasty. His father Xu Shou is a pioneer of modern chemistry in China. Influenced by his father since childhood, he loves natural science. 186 1 year (11th year of Xianfeng) worked with his father in Anqing Ordnance Institute. When Xu Shou studied and built the first ship "Huanggu" in China, he "made many remarkable achievements". 1867 (six years of Tongzhi) was transferred to Jiangnan Machinery Manufacturing Bureau to help my father develop a number of ships, which was the first of its kind in China. Xu and his son cooperated with westerners such as John Flair and Jim Carrey to translate western scientific and technological works, such as The Chemist, The Size of Cold Machine, Guns and Armor, etc. At the same time, Xu and john fryer founded Gezhi Academy in Shanghai, which played an exemplary role in spreading modern scientific knowledge and establishing modern science education. 1875 (the first year of Guangxu), at the invitation of Ding Baozhen, Governor of Shandong Province, Shandong Machinery Bureau (the predecessor of Shandong Chemical Plant) was established in Jinan as the general manager. From site selection to planning, design, construction and installation, no foreigners were used. Xu was praised by the Qing government as "having a well-thought-out plan, following the rules, and one person is enough for several foreign craftsmen." The following year, Shandong Machinery Bureau was completed and put into operation. 1879 (the fifth year of Guangxu) in June, he was transferred to the north, and was sent to Germany, Britain, France and other countries for technical inspection in the name of the Second Counsellor in Germany, and wrote two volumes of Miscellaneous Notes on Europe, which was one of the earliest engineers and technicians in China to go abroad for inspection. 1886 (12th year of Guangxu), when Jinling Machinery Bureau was established, new breech guns and cast steel were manufactured by western methods. 1889 (15th year of Guangxu), which was supervised by agriculture, industry and commerce during the reform. Later, mawei shipyard of Fujian Shipping Bureau was transferred to Hubei General Affairs Office, Security Bureau of Gunpowder and Hanyang Iron and Steel Pharmaceutical Factory for supervision. 190 1 year (twenty-seventh year of Guangxu) In March, he accidentally died while trying smokeless drugs with employees in the iron and steel pharmaceutical factory. He has written and translated more than 40 books, such as Complete Book of Shipbuilding, New Book of Military Science, Classification of Chemistry, Mine Records, Miscellanies of European Travel, etc.
Zou (18 19- 1869) was born in Bichong, Nanhai County, Guangdong Province. Influenced by his father who taught in a rural private school, he learned more about traditional culture, especially became interested in arithmetic. Zou has a high understanding of it. When western scientific knowledge was introduced to Guangdong, he integrated the essence of Chinese and western cultures through self-study and studied optics, mathematics, astronomy, surveying, mechanics, chemistry and geography alone.
At the age of 25, Zou had already created the "grid drawing method" with reference to western mapping techniques, thus drawing a complete map of China-Imperial Map, which was completed in the 24th year of Qing Daoguang (1844) (general map 1, 66 sub-maps). The production of this map shows that the traditional mapping technology has made a breakthrough, and it is regarded as one of the great achievements of modern science and technology in China.
He is good at astronomy, mathematics, optics and geography. "Nanhai County Records" says that he is "especially good at astronomical calendar calculation, and he can integrate Chinese and Western theories, which is unprecedented in Guangdong Province." Zou has made many achievements in sorting out and studying China's earliest astronomical calendar, Zhou Li Shu Jing, which is beyond the reach of famous astronomers in history. He used the advanced clock machinery at that time to design and manufacture many astronomical instruments, such as armillary sphere and seven political instruments. He is also good at breaking superstition with astronomical knowledge. At that time, people said that the crossing of the celestial sphere by Taibai Star was the day when Daoguang burned opium in the 19th year, so it was considered that crossing the celestial sphere by Taibai was a sign of war. So when he was talking about art in Gong Xue, Nanhai, he pointed out that the change of stars had nothing to do with disasters, and drew pictures to explain and teach vividly, and predicted that Taibai Star would appear again the next year. Later, it turned out to be like this.
Zou's achievements in mathematics were reflected in his series of writings, which filled many gaps in the mathematics field in China at that time. He wrote two volumes of "Learning from One Plan" and one volume of "Bu Xiao Er Ya Shi Metrology" to explain Confucian classics with mathematical knowledge; In the third volume, the N-th root of binomial and the power series expansion of logarithm are discussed in depth, and their applications are expanded. He also wrote a volume of Logarithmic Ruler, explaining the structure of slide rule and its role in digital calculation.
Zou has also made remarkable achievements in optics. At the age of twenty-six, he wrote Goshub. The imaging law of plane mirror, lens and lens group is described mathematically. The working principles of optical instruments such as glasses, telescopes and microscopes are explained. He made a comprehensive study of photography (then called photography) and made his own camera. The photos he took with this camera are still kept in Guangzhou Museum. His "Photographic Instruments" and another manuscript discuss the optical principle, black box making, photographic plate making, shooting and developing methods, which is the first systematic and comprehensive photographic work in China. At that time, photography had just been introduced into China, which played a great role in the spread and popularization of photography technology.
Zou is engaged in a wide range of scientific and technological research. He drew a complete land map, which was a famous map in Qing dynasty. He wrote four volumes of investigation notes and introduced the method of drawing the map in detail. Because of Zou's great achievements in scientific research, he was elected as the senior of Xuehaitang in Guangdong Province on 1857.
Li (1811.22 ~1882.12.9) was a mathematician, astronomer, mechanic and botanist in China in the Qing Dynasty. Original name, word uncle ren,no. autumn seam. Born in Haining, Zhejiang Province,1February 28th (181year 65438+1October 22nd),1October 29th, Zhejiang Province.
He has studied arithmetic since he was a child. On 1852, I met missionaries, Ai and others in Shanghai. Since then, I have cooperated with them to translate a variety of western natural science works. In astronomy, he and William Williamson jointly translated the book "Outline of Astronomy" written by British astronomer J.F. Herschel, which was translated into Chinese as "Talking about Heaven" and published in the ninth year of Xianfeng (A.D. 1859). This 18-volume book comprehensively introduces all aspects of astronomy at that time, such as astrometry, celestial mechanics, the movement and properties of celestial bodies in the solar system, stellar astronomy, galactic and extragalactic nebulae, and calendar knowledge. Talking about Heaven introduced a series of new astronomical discoveries to China for the first time, such as parallax, aberration, asteroids, Uranus, Neptune and so on. In the preface, Li explained that Heliocentrism and elliptic law are objective reality, not computational assumptions. He criticized Ruan Yuan and others for their attacks on Copernicus. The publication of Talking about Heaven made modern astronomy systematically introduced to China for the first time. Li studied the algorithm for solving the elliptical orbital motion of celestial bodies, including two volumes of Elliptic Orthography, one volume of New Elliptic Technology and three volumes of Elliptic Addendum. The explanation of Elliptic Orthodoxy is the explanation of the book Elliptic Orthodoxy written by his good friend Xu Youren. The new ellipse technology puts forward its own solution algorithm. The most important thing is that he used infinite series to solve Kepler equation for the first time in China. The series expansion method is his own series reverse method developed on the basis of China's mathematician's work. Addendum to Ellipse introduces various geometric properties and propositions about ellipse. Li also wrote three volumes of Linde Jing Shi, and studied Li's Linde Calendar in Tang Dynasty, its secondary interpolation method and its influence on the service calendar in Yuan Dynasty. In the book Tian or A Q, 20 mathematical astronomy questions that are difficult for students to answer are summarized. One of them is that he improved the method and calculation formula for determining latitude by observing the meridian of stars. In mathematics, he also has many works, such as Fiona Fang's Interpretation, Arrow Reveals Secrets, Logarithmic Exploration, etc. His main contributions are three: the method of finding natural logarithm, "Lie identity" of series summation and prime number theory. Tongzhi for three years (A.D. 1864), published his main collection of astronomical and mathematical works, Gu Zexi Zhai Arithmetic.
Wang Qingren (1768 ~ 183 1), also known as full-time, is a highly respected minister. Yutian county, Zhili (now Hebei Province) in Qing Dynasty. An innovative anatomist and medical scientist.
He began to study medicine when he was a teenager. Because of his hard work, he soon became proficient in medical theory and his medical skills were very good. He runs a drugstore and is familiar with the nature, taste and function of many drugs. Based on rich practical experience, Wang Qingren has unique views on the etiology and pathology of diseases. He believes that many diseases are caused by poor blood circulation. Poor blood, deposited in an organ or blood vessel, affects the physiological function of the surrounding tissues and causes diseases. According to this theory, he studied some prescriptions, such as Tongqiao Huoxue Decoction, Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction and Hiccup XiaZhuyu Decoction, which were all effective.
He believes that the structure of human viscera is very important for medical treatment, and that "treating a disease without knowing the viscera is different from the blind walking at night", and that there are many mistakes in the description of the human body in ancient medical books. He visited the collective graves of epidemic and death penalty victims many times and observed the internal organs of the human body. 1830 wrote "medical forest correction" with 25 pictures. He first recorded that the human body cavity was divided into two cavities, namely, the thoracic cavity and the abdominal cavity, instead of the triple energizer with two diaphragms and three cavities as mentioned in ancient books. It also corrects the mistake that the lung has six leaves, two ears and twenty-four tubes in ancient pictures. "The lung has two big leaves on the left and right, and the lung skin has no penetration and no twenty-four holes, which is beneficial to qi transport." It is believed that the liver has four lobes and the gallbladder is attached to the right two lobes of the liver, which corrects the mistake that the ancient liver has seven lobes. The description of pancreas, bile duct, pyloric sphincter and mesentery is more realistic. For the distribution of the left and right common carotid arteries of the heart, because they were seen on cadavers, they were mistaken for arteries as channels for qi circulation. He proved brilliantly that thinking comes from the brain rather than the heart. "Two ears communicate with the brain, the sound you hear belongs to the brain, ... two eyes are like lines, longer than the brain, what you see belongs to the brain, ... the nose communicates with the brain, and the smell belongs to the brain ..." These viewpoints are similar to those of modern anatomy and physiology. Based on the principle of promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis in clinical medicine, its prescriptions for promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis are still widely used by Chinese medicine.
Wang Qingren's book Correcting Mistakes in the Medical Forest has been a controversial book in the medical field for hundreds of years. The book mainly expounds two viewpoints. One is "error correction". Wang Qingren thinks that the description of the position, size and weight of human internal organs in ancient medical books in China is inaccurate. He observed more than 300 unburied children's bodies in plague areas, dissected them one by one, and drew a large number of internal organs maps. He believes that many medical books in previous lives are incorrect and need to be corrected, so the title is "Medical Forest Error Correction"; Another main content mainly shows his special understanding of human qi and blood. He believes that both qi and blood are the source of human life, but they are also pathogenic factors. Whether it is trauma or internal injury, the damage to human body is caused by qi and blood rather than viscera. Qi has deficiency and reality: evil, deficiency is positive; Deficiency of blood leads to blood stasis, deficiency leads to blood loss, and blood stasis leads to blockage. He believes that blood stasis is caused by insufficient vital qi and weak promotion, so blood stasis syndrome belongs to deficiency with excess. Therefore, he advocated the two principles of "invigorating qi and promoting blood circulation" and "removing blood stasis and promoting blood circulation", which is his famous "blood stasis theory".
Although later generations of physicians have different opinions on Wang Qingren's "Righteousness and Correction", his willingness to observe on the spot and do it by himself is worthy of recognition. He left valuable information for doctors, which has important academic value in the legislation of blood stasis syndrome and the creation of prescriptions.
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Wang Qingren (1768 ~ 183 1) is an outstanding minister. Hedong Village, Yahongqiao, yutian county. Qing Ren has been practicing martial arts since childhood. He is a student of Wu Yao and has donated thousands of titles. During the reign of Qianlong and Jiaqing, there was only one bridge across the river where Wang's hometown returned. Is it because "Guanqiao Guandu" was blackmailed, or "being good at crossing the bridge" caused a lawsuit. Wang Qingren advocates "a good bridge and a good crossing". During the trial, the magistrate of a county took off his cool hat several times, and Qing Ren stood up several times and complained indefatigably, and snapped, "I knelt down for the legal system of the Qing Dynasty, not for you", which angered the county officials. Usually, it is also written in classical Chinese, which despises the yamen of feudal rulers. For a long time, the county government and local gentry merged and persecuted. Wang Qingren had to leave his hometown to practice medicine in Daodi Town (now Fengnan District) in Luanxian County and Fengtian (now Shenyang) in the northeast.
Wang Qingren was influenced by his ancestors' practice of medicine. At the age of 20, he abandoned martial arts doctors. In a few years, he has become a minor celebrity in Yutian. In his thirties, he went to Beijing to set up a famous doctor in Beijing to benefit the light and make good use of Astragalus membranaceus. His medical treatment was not trapped by his predecessors, and he cured many intractable diseases with unique drugs. According to the records of Yutian County in the tenth year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty, there are 1 people who sleep at night, and they have to put something on their chest to sleep. Another 1 person goes to bed on his back, and as long as his chest is slightly covered, he can't close his eyelids. Wang used 1 prescription to treat these two diseases.
Wang Qingren read a lot of medical books in his life, and once said, "After reading the ancient theory of zang-fu organs and the pictures drawn, there are contradictions everywhere." . Clinically, I feel that the knowledge of TCM anatomy is insufficient, and put forward the argument that "doctors should first understand the viscera when diagnosing diseases". Wang believes that "writing a book without knowing the viscera is not an idiotic dream;" It is different from the treatment of unknown viscera by the blind at night. " From then on, Wang broke through the shackles of feudal ethics and carried out anatomical research activities for nearly 30 years.
In the second year of Jiaqing (1797), when Wang Qingren went to Daodi Town of Luanxian County to practice medicine, it coincided with the epidemic of dysentery and fever. Every day 100 more children die, and Wang risks getting sick100 more days. He studied the internal organs of more than 30 bodies in detail. He compared the "Zang Fu Tu" drawn in ancient medical books and found that the records in ancient books were inconsistent. In order to dispel the suspicion of children's "visceral insufficiency" in ancient medical books, Wang Zaijiaqing (1799) heard in June that 1 female prisoners would be punished by flogging (amputation). He rushed to the execution ground and observed carefully that the internal organs of adults and children were roughly the same. Later, I went to Beijing, Fengtian and other places many times to observe the body. He also asked Heng Jing (an official who led troops during the Daoguang period and met many dead people) for advice, and clearly pointed out that the diaphragm is the dividing line between the upper and lower internal organs of the human body.
Wang Qingren has done many animal dissection experiments, such as "comparing animals with animals, then feeding them, and then killing them". After decades of research, based on the desire and attitude of "Don't let future generations know me or accuse me" and "I only hope that people in the medical forest will follow the clinical symptoms and don't do the opposite", I wrote a book "Correction of Medical Forest" in the ten years of Daoguang (1830), that is, before his death 1 year. Liang Qichao commented that "Wang ... is a very bold revolutionary in the medical field in China, and his scholarship is full of scientific spirit". Fan Xingzhun's "A Brief History of China Medicine" commented on Wang Qingren: "In terms of its great practical spirit, it is already commendable, and it is by no means inferior to Li Shizhen who compiled the Compendium of Materia Medica." Tang Zonghai's Essentials of Chinese and Western Medicine said: "In China's Lin Yi Gai Cuo, the concept of zang-fu organs is similar to that of western medicine, which is confirmed by its pictures." This book has been reprinted many times for more than 50 years. After 1949, there have been more than 50 articles (volumes) about Wang Qingren introducing and studying Lin Yi's error correction.
Ding, an expert in mechanical engineering. Firstly, the purpose and structure of western firearms were systematically investigated, and China firearms were studied and manufactured. In China, models of steam engines, locomotives and ships were first made. He wrote China's first book about steam engines, locomotives and ships, which contributed to the establishment of modern mechanical engineering in China.