Word Chinese name Acupuncture NeedleWord Pinyin name Zhēn jiǔ Zhēn
Word application area Chinese medicine, Chinese medicine technology
Word near synonym Silver plate handle acupuncture needle
Word concept definition A device that is used to puncture the patient's body according to certain acupoints and to treat diseases by twisting, lifting and inserting, etc. The look is similar to that of a silver needle, hence the name. Acupuncture needle.
Modern acupuncture needles are generally composed of needle body, needle tip and needle handle, the front end of the needle body for the needle tip, the back end of the needle handle, the needle body and the needle tip are smooth, while the needle handle is threaded, which is in order to use can be lifted and inserted when twisting.
Nowadays, silver needles are generally not used in clinical practice, and most of them are stainless steel needles. For acupuncture, silver needles are not as good as stainless steel needles, mainly because they are too soft and easy to break, which can cause medical errors; in addition, the cost of silver needles is also high. Now there is also a kind of like gold needles, is a golden color, in fact, or stainless steel needles, only the outside of a layer of yellow things. Ancient times, people accidentally by some hard objects, such as stones, thorns, etc. collided with a part of the body surface, there will be an unexpected pain is alleviated phenomenon. Ancient people began to consciously use some sharp stones to stab certain parts of the body or artificially puncture the body to make it bleed, in order to reduce pain. Ancient books have repeatedly mentioned that the primitive tool for needling was a stone needle, called a stone acupuncture. This stone appeared about 8,000 to 4,000 years ago in the Neolithic era, equivalent to the late clan communal system, people have mastered the digging system, grinding technology, able to produce some relatively delicate, suitable for piercing the body to treat diseases of the stone tool, this stone is the oldest medical tool acupuncture stone. This stone tool is the oldest medical tool, the stone acupuncture stone. People use the stone acupuncture stone into a certain part of the body to treat diseases. The stone was also more commonly used for surgical incision and drainage of purulent infections, so it was also known as the needle stone.
Acupuncture and moxibustion is an important part of Chinese medicine, and it is also the oldest part. As early as the Spring and Autumn Period there have been famous doctors who specialize in acupuncture and moxibustion. Medical slow in 581 B.C. to the Jin Jing Duke, pointed out that the disease has been terminally ill, acupuncture and medicine are unable to help, this is the earliest case contained in the history of a case. In the 5th to 4th centuries B.C., Bian Magpie, an outstanding medical doctor from Qin and Yue, was well versed in various clinical disciplines, and applied various therapies such as acupuncture, fire acupuncture, soup ironing and massage to treat people's illnesses, and he once used the method of stabbing to resuscitate a prince who was dying, which is recorded in the history books.
Acupuncture and moxibustion in the Han Dynasty, on the basis of the inheritance of the experience of previous generations, continue to make progress. Acupuncture and moxibustion to more than 2,000 years ago the book "Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine" as a symbol of the establishment of a more complete theoretical system.
Chun Yu Yi, a famous medical doctor in the early Western Han Dynasty, inherited acupuncture and moxibustion academics from the older generation of medical practitioners of the Warring States period, such as Gongsheng Yangqing and Gongsun Guang, and taught them to Gao Zhi, Wang Yu and others. Acupuncture and moxibustion occupies an important place in the Difficult Classic. The Difficult Classic enriches and improves upon the theory of acupuncture based on the Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine. Nine medical gold and silver needles unearthed from Liu Sheng's tomb during the Western Han Dynasty also marked a significant advance in acupuncture paraphernalia.
The Houhan Book - Guo Yu biography of the record, there is a school of acupuncture and moxibustion of Fu Weng, Cheng Gao, Guo Yu, such as mutual masters wrote "needle scripture", "diagnosis of the pulse method" and so on, teaching each other, although they have been lost, but Fu Weng, "when under the needle and stone, and always in response to the time and the effect of the" superb needle art is still being passed on. Cheng Gao learned from Fulong and passed on his acupuncture skills to Guo Yu. Guo Yu in the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Emperor (89 ~ 105 years) for the Imperial Doctor, in acupuncture not only has "a needle that is poor" skills, but also a deep understanding of "the needle has a proportion, sometimes broken leakage." He believes that "the coupling to micro, with the gas with clever, between the needle and stone, millimeters that is good, God is stored in the heart of the occasion of the hand, can be solved and can not be said." This shows that acupuncture treatment has reached a fairly high level, and has achieved significant therapeutic effects.
The end of the Western Han Dynasty to the Eastern Han Dynasty Yanping (8 ~ 106) years, in the history of acupuncture and moxibustion appeared in a masterpiece "Huangdi Mingtang Jing"; that is, "Mingtang holes acupuncture and moxibustion treatment," is China's first acupuncture and moxibustion acupuncture point science monograph. Between the Sui and Tang dynasties, it was twice ordered by the government to be revised and stipulated as a compulsory textbook for acupuncturists, and spread to Japan and other countries, which had a far-reaching influence on the development of acupuncture and moxibustion in the later generations. Wuwei Han Dynasty Medical Jane" has nine medical Jane involved in acupuncture, from which we can see that the time to leave the needle longer, up to "cooking rice a liter of ha" long, simple text *** contains three miles, two points of the Lung Yu. Its spring water, from the context of the name of the point, but not seen in later writings on acupuncture. Lung Yu point, seems to be a misnomer for the spleen Yu point. Sanli point, the original brief as "five inches below the time" is also different from today's points. The brief text also talks about the relationship between acupuncture and age, which is also not seen in other acupuncture writings.
"Huangdi shrimp toad Jing" is a discussion of the four times acupuncture taboo monograph, the book has seven-tenths of the content of the illustrations, which has a whole body to avoid acupuncture human body map, according to the sixty A Zi alternating, *** there are sixty forbidden to pierce the site.
Hua Tuo also long for acupuncture. History: "If when the moxibustion, but one or two places, each place but seven or eight strong, the disease should be removed. Or when the needle, but also but one or two places, under the needle said, when cited a certain Xu. If to the speaker. The sick person said: 'has arrived', should, pull out the needle, the disease has been traveling poorly." Image he illustrates the relationship between the needle whether to get gas and the efficacy of treatment. Cao Cao "bitter head wind, every hair, heart confusion and dizziness, wu needle li, with the hand and poor."
Zhang Zhongjing also has a unique understanding of acupuncture, typhoid fever, for example, fever and cold,......, inch pulse floating tight, great thirst for drinking, sweating and facilitation of the appropriate stabbing of the period of the door; women stroke, fever and cold, menstrual flow appropriate to come, heat removal pulse is late, the body is cool and full,......, also suitable for stabbing the period of door; the woman has a stroke, fever and cold, menstrual flow is appropriate to come, heat removal pulse is late, body cool and full,....... It is also appropriate to stab the period gate. In the 69 relevant articles, to prick the period of the door for the most treatment, Zhang Zhongjing in acupuncture and moxibustion methods of operation have also been developed, such as acupuncture and warm needles, burning needles, moxibustion, etc., and each has a clearer indications. Such as the discussion of the "can stab", "can not stab", "can moxibustion", "can not moxibustion", "can fire", "can not fire", etc., dedicated to discuss the contraindications of acupuncture and moxibustion, Zhang Zhongjing acupuncture and moxibustion has become another feature of the doctrine. Acupuncture and moxibustion in the Han Dynasty, on the basis of the inheritance of the experience of predecessors, continue to make progress.
The method of moxibustion therapy arose after the discovery and use of fire. In the process of using fire, people found that a part of the body of the disease by the fire burning, baking and can be relieved or lifted, and then learned to use animal skin or bark wrapped in hot stones, sand for localized hot ironing, and gradually developed to ignite the branches or hay baking to treat the disease. After a long period of exploration, choose the easy to burn and have the effect of warm through the meridians as the main material of moxibustion therapy, localized in the surface of the body for warm stimulation, so that moxibustion and acupuncture, as an important method of disease prevention and treatment. Because of the easy to burn, fragrant odor, abundant resources, easy to process storage and other characteristics, and thus later became the most important raw materials for moxibustion. Ancient people used bamboo jars, and there are many modern herbalists who use bamboo jars, as well as glass jars, pumping jars and so on.
The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine, said: "the hidden cold born full of disease, the treatment should be moxibustion" refers to moxibustion, legend has it that nine needles for the creation of Fuxi's. Nine needles for the name of the needle, is a glass jar, pumping gas cans. Nine needles for the name of the needle, is a general term for nine kinds of needles. The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine describes in detail the shape of the nine needles, and a large number of accounts of the theory and technology of acupuncture and moxibustion. Acupuncture therapy has been popular in China for more than two thousand years and has spread to the world. However, acupuncture and its needles appeared much earlier; the earliest acupuncture needles were the stone "Huang Di Nei Jing - Su Wen - Bao Lian Quan Xing Lun": "The stone is small and large;" "Huang Di Nei Jing - Su Xiang - Difference in Laws and Formulas": "The people eat fish and are addicted to salty water; they all rest in their own places and enjoy their own food. Fish makes people hot in the middle. Salt wins the blood. Therefore, their people are all black and sparse, and their diseases are all painful and ulcerous, and their treatment should be counseling. Therefore, those who consult stones also come from the east."
The Ling Shu - Nine Needles and Twelve Principles: The Ling Shu - Nine Needles and Twelve Principles lists the names of acupuncture and moxibustion, including 鑱(音蝉)针, 圓针, 鍉(音低)针, 锋针, 铍(音披)针, 圓利针, millimetre needle, 长针, and 大针. Nine needles are mainly used for acupuncture to cure diseases; some can also be used for surgical and massage purposes.
"Ling Shu - Official Needles": "Ling Shu - Official Needles": "the nine needles of the appropriate, each has to do; length and size, each has to be applied, not its use, the disease can not be moved." Pointing out that the shape and use of the nine needles are different, according to the circumstances of the choice, so that the disease can be removed.
The Classic of Mountains and Seas: The Classic of Mountains and Seas says: "There is a stone like jade, can be a needle" is an early record of the stone needle. China has been found in archaeology acupuncture stone physical. It can be said that acupuncture stone is the foundation and predecessor of later generations of knife and needle tools.
Zuo Zhuan: Zuo Zhuan was recorded in 550 B.C., a paragraph of the historical data mentioned that "the beauty of (disease) is not as good as the evil stone". The 2nd century A.D. clothing piety note: "stone, acupuncture stone also." And so on. Across the lake bridge culture ancestors use bone acupuncture needle "8200-7000 years ago across the lake bridge culture ancestors have made the world's earliest canoe, and with the net fishing, has the world's earliest sea salt technology, therefore, they are likely to be the earliest use of acupuncture stone of the ancestors, but in the cross-huqiao culture unearthed artifacts and did not find acupuncture stone. But there is no stone found in the excavated artifacts of the Cross-Huqiao Culture. However, after scrutinizing a batch of bone artifacts of unknown use, it was found that these were the earliest bone needles used for healing that had been explored for many years, i.e., the type A and B bone cones and the type A and B bone peg-shaped artifacts unearthed at the site of the Cross-Huqiao Culture.
The Cross-Huqiao culture is divided into three phases according to pottery, the first phase is 8200-7800 years ago; the second phase is 7700-7300 years ago; and the third phase is 7200-7000 years ago. Acupuncture needles were unearthed in all three cultural layers of the three phases, as shown in Figs. 1 and 2.
Type A bone cones, ***16 pieces, were cut from slices of limb bone. Twelve pieces in Figure 1 and 2, 5, and 9 pieces in Figure 2 are Type A bone cones. Of these, Figs. 1-1, 1-7, 1-11, and 2-2***4 pieces belong to Phase I; Figs. 1-5 belong to Phase II; Figs. 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-6, 1-8, 1-9, 1-10, and 1-12, and Figs. 2-5, and 2-9***10 pieces belong to Phase III. There is no significant difference between the three phase A bone cones. The longest length is 19.5 cm cm and the shortest is 4 cm. The degree of sharpening of the blade varies, and a few have not yet been sharpened.The function of the Type A bone awls is the same as that of the countersinks unearthed at the Toudaowa site of Duolunqi, Inner Mongolia.
Type B bone awls, ****5 pieces, using the natural form of animal and fish bones, ground into a sharp form. Figure 2-4 belongs to the first phase; Figures 2-6 and 2-8 belong to the second phase; using 2-3 belongs to the third phase. There is no significant difference between the three phases. The longest length is 11.1 cm cm and the shortest 7.5 cm. Its function is the same as that of the type A bone awl, mainly for piercing the swollen ulcer and bleeding. The bloodletting wound has the effect of long-term stimulation of acupuncture points.
The site of the Cross-Huqiao culture also unearthed type A and B bone nail-shaped vessels, which were made of limb bones with thicker bone walls that were sawed and finely ground. The shape is rounded and regular, the wall is bright, and the tip is blunt. Due to long-term use, the surface of the bone nail shaped ware has the same coating as that of jade after long-term play, and the difference between type A and type B is that type A has a "nail head". The longest bone nail-shaped vessel is 13.5cm, which belongs to type B, and the shortest is 6.5cm, which belongs to type A. There are two pieces of type B in the first cultural layer. In the first cultural layer, there are 2 pieces of B-type nail-shaped vessels; in the second cultural layer, there are 1 piece of B-type nail-shaped vessel and 3 pieces of A-type nail-shaped vessel; and in the third cultural layer, there are 7 pieces of A-type nail-shaped vessel and 1 piece of B-type nail-shaped vessel. The relationship between the distribution of A-type and B-type nail-shaped vessels in the three cultural layers reflects the evolutionary relationship of the vessel shape. The nail-shaped tools have the same function as the round-tipped stones excavated from the Longshan culture layer in Rizhao, Shandong Province. Its function is similar to that of the needle in the needle set, which focuses on stabbing the skin of the acupuncture point with force, but generally does not puncture it.
The site of the Cross-Huqiao culture also unearthed a number of wooden pegs and D-shaped wooden cones, which have the same form and function as bone cones and bone pegs.
Neolithic Site of Toudaowa, Duolun Banner, Inner Mongolia: In 1963, a 4.5-cm-long stone was found in the Neolithic site of Toudaowa, Duolun Banner, Inner Mongolia, with one end flattened with a curved blade, which could be used to cut pus, and the other end was 4 diamond-shaped, which could be used to bleed blood.
Longshan Culture Site, Rizhao County, Shandong Province: Two stones with lengths of 8.3cm and 9.1cm, and tips of trigonometric sharp cones and rounded shapes, were unearthed from tombs at the Longshan Culture Site in Rizhao County, Shandong Province. These two cases of late Neolithic period at the end of the stone, then the history of acupuncture medicine to more than 4000 years ago.
Yin Zhou acupuncture stone needle: unearthed in recent years in the Yin Zhou funerary objects, there is a handle carved as an animal form of jade curved cone, beautifully shaped, according to experts believe that when the slave owners special acupuncture stone needle. Such as Yinxu unearthed the original name "jade tiger", 6 cm in length, the tiger as a crouching, perforated under the mouth, the tail for the cone, cone angle of about 40 °. The original name "Jade Fish" unearthed in the west area of Yinxu, perforated near the mouth of the fish, the body of the fish has a fin pattern, the tail of the fish is attached to a beak-shaped cone, cone angle of about 45 ° and so on. These burial objects are small, long and sharp needle, can not be weapons, jewelry or production tools, when it is made for the slave owner of the exquisite medical tools - needle stone.
Western Zhou bronze needle: in August 1988 in guangxi wuming county, ma yi township, a western Zhou dynasty tomb group excavation unearthed two bronze needle. According to the identification, it was confirmed to be acupuncture needles of the Western Zhou period.
Tomb of Liu Sheng, King of Zhongshan Jing: In 1968, four gold needles and five silver needles were unearthed from the tomb of Liu Sheng, King of Zhongshan Jing, in Mancheng, Hebei Province (113 years ago), the earliest metal needles found so far. "Flocculation: In recent times, Mr. Yang Yongxuan called the method of seven-star needle percussion and bleeding followed by cupping "flocculation". This name makes many people feel puzzled, why would use the word "wadding" as the name of the stabbing method? Acupuncture and Moxibustion A Yi Jing - Volume 5 - nine needles, nine changes, 12 sections, five stabs, five evils, the second "pointed out that" post needle, take the method of wadding needles ...... sharp needles, take the method of wadding needles." Interpretation of the contents of the nine needles in the "Ling Shu - Nine Needles Twelve Original Chapter". These contents have been reproduced by later acupuncture works, such as "Acupuncture and Moxibustion Dacheng - four volumes - nine needle style" also according to this transcription. It is easy to see that some of the acupuncture needles that we use now were originally developed from the wadding needles.
Seven-star needle percussion: from the point of view of the operation of acupuncture, such as stabbing light like "staff needle massage between the muscles, shall not hurt the muscles, in order to diarrhea points of gas"; stabbing heavy, it is like a needle, "write hot bleeding, vent chronic disease", both staff needle and sharp needle stabbing, and the initial prototype of acupuncture needle. The initial prototype of the Seven Star Needle was the wadding needle, with several wadding needles tied together for needling. Later, the five needles tied together were called plum blossom needles, and the seven needles were called seven star needles. Comparison of ancient acupuncture needles and cross-lake bridge culture needles
Ancient acupuncture needles varieties have nine needles, this article only introduces the relevant ones.
Three-pronged needle that the ancient "nine needles" in the sharp needle, needle body is three-pronged, needle tip three sides of the blade. Modern stainless steel, about 6cm long, mainly used for "bloodletting therapy". Modern speak of strict sterilization, in fact, in the absence of infectious diseases, three-pronged needle bloodletting therapy does not require strict sterilization, on the contrary, I hope that the wound has a mild infection, redness and swelling, in order to achieve long-term stimulation of acupuncture points for the purpose of curing diseases. Bone cones should serve the same purpose as it.
The needle is also one of the ancient "9 needles". Huangdi Neijing - Ling Shu - nine needles twelve original ":" Gao needle: three and a half inches long ...... sharp as corn sharp, the main pulse do not trap, so that its gas ".
The needle is made of metal, hardwood or bone, the tip of the tip but not sharp, the radius of curvature as corn, chestnut, so do not use force is not pierced into the skin. However, when the tip of the needle is pressed against the acupuncture point and rotated appropriately, the tip of the needle can also enter the skin for about 0.1cm. The difference with the three-pronged needle is that the needle is very concerned about the complementary writing technique, "burning mountain fire", "through the sky cool" is the ultimate in the technique. The bone nail-shaped instrument should be the source of the needle. The fact that the nail-shaped instrument was transformed from B-type to A-type is related to the change of its operating gesture.
The operation posture of the needle: the thumb and middle finger hold the body of the needle, the index finger pressure on the nail part, the tip of the needle aligned with the acupoints. In addition to supporting the body of the needle, the thumb and middle finger can also twist the body of the needle; the index finger is mainly downward pressure on the body of the needle. The evolution of the bone nail shaper from type B to type A indicates that the ancestors of the Translake Culture had already known in practice that downward pressure on the nail shaper could increase the efficacy of needling when necessary, and thus the type B of the nail shaper without a nail head was eventually replaced by the type A with a nail head.
From the excavated acupuncture needles of the Cross-Huqiao culture, they are quite systematic and complete. Therefore, there should have been more primitive acupuncture before the Cross-Huqiao culture. This is to be further archaeological research.
Eight thousand years ago across the Lake Bridge ancestors have mastered the primitive acupuncture technology
Cross Lake Bridge site unearthed part of the bone, wood and later acupuncture needle shape is very similar to the Department of Earth Sciences of Zhejiang University Professor Liu Zhiqing research inferred: across the Lake Bridge ancestors have mastered the primitive acupuncture technology than has been found in the stone acupuncture needle earlier than 4,000 years.
For the cross-huqiao site unearthed a number of odd-shaped bone and wood, archaeologists have not been able to explain their use. Liu Zhiqing, a professor at Zhejiang University's Department of Earth Sciences, has been obsessed with studying these artifacts, and recently found that the shapes of some of the bone cones, bone nails, and wooden cones and nails were very similar to those of the needles that were later used in acupuncture, which led to the inference that the people of the Cross-Huqiao Bridge 8,000 years ago already knew how to get rid of illnesses with acupuncture.
It is understood that acupuncture and moxibustion is the oldest component of Chinese medicine, more than two thousand years ago, the book "Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine" marks the acupuncture and moxibustion to establish a more complete theoretical system. According to archaeological data, Shandong Rizhao Longshan culture site tombs unearthed two acupuncture stone, the top of the three-pronged pointed cone and round. These two examples of late Neolithic stone, is an early acupuncture needle tool, its discovery will be the history of acupuncture and moxibustion medicine pushed forward to more than four thousand years ago.
So is it possible that the people of the Cross Lake Bridge as early as 8,000 years ago could have known primitive acupuncture treatment techniques? The answer to this is yes. It is widely believed in Chinese medicine that acupuncture treatment originated from the fishing-oriented peoples on the eastern coast of China. The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine (HUNDI NEIJING) has recorded that: "Its people eat fish and salty, they are safe in their own place, beautiful food. Fish makes people hot in the middle. Salt is good for the blood. Therefore, their people are black and sparse, and their diseases are all pain and ulcers, the treatment of stone acupuncture. Therefore, those who counsel stones also come from the east." That is to say, the fishermen on the eastern coast like to eat salted fish, because eating fish is easy to make people's bodies produce heat and poison, resulting in the growth of some pus sores, and acupuncture stone therapy can just cure this heat and poison. From the ancient geographic environment at that time, Xiaoshan Cross Lake Bridge culture site is on the seashore, with the environment and conditions for the invention of early acupuncture. The current archaeological research shows that the people at that time not only know how to make the world's first canoe and fishing nets, but also mastered the world's first salt technology, then with their ingenuity can also be mastered early acupuncture treatment technology.
The experts did not find acupuncture stones in the artifacts unearthed at the Cross Lake Bridge cultural site. However, through the comparative study of a large number of unearthed bone and wooden artifacts, some artifacts with the same shape as the acupuncture stone were finally found in the unearthed artifacts, mainly bone cones, bone peg-shaped artifacts and wooden peg-shaped artifacts. Ancient acupuncture needle varieties have "nine needles", of which, "sharp needle" needle body is triangular, the needle tip of the three sides of the blade, more used in modern "bloodletting therapy", and cross-huqiao culture site excavated Some bone cones were triangular, very similar to the shape of the sharp needle. "Needles are usually made of metal, hardwood or bone, and their tips are pointed but not sharp, so they cannot penetrate the skin without force. Across the lake bridge site unearthed by the bone wall of a thicker limb bone sawing, grinding from the shape of rounded, neat, bright wall, the tip of the blunt, because of long-term use, bone nail-shaped surface also presents a kind of jade was played with for a long time after the plasma. Its role is similar to that of a needle, which focuses on pressing hard on the skin of the acupuncture point, but does not puncture it, while the peg-shaped vessel unearthed at the same time is also of the same construction. Acupuncture and moxibustion needles unearthed across the Lake Bridge cultural site than the Shandong Rizhao Longshan cultural site of the burial excavation of the stone 4000 years ago, and from the cultural layers of the Cross-Huqiao cultural site distribution, its "acupuncture and moxibustion needles," the tip of the shape of the evolution of the process, which suggests that ancient people's acupuncture and moxibustion technology is also constantly exploring the perfect.