[edit]Extension
1, microcomputer by the operator, controller, memory, input devices and output devices composed of five major components. Among them, the memory is divided into internal memory, external memory; usually we input devices and output devices collectively referred to as peripheral devices; and the operator and the controller is also known as the central processing unit - CPU (Central Processing Unit).
2, by the microcomputer with the appropriate peripherals (such as printers, monitors, disk drives and tape drives, etc.) and other specialized circuits, power supplies, panels, racks, and adequate software system is called a microcomputer system (Microcomputer System) (that is, we usually say that the computer).
[edit]Hardware
The electronic circuits and physical devices used in a computer system are visible and tangible entities, such as the central processing unit (CPU), memory, external devices (input/output devices, I/O devices) and buses.
① memory. The main function is to store the program and data, the program is the basis of computer operation, data is the object of computer operation. Memory is composed of storage, address decoder, read and write control circuits, address buses and data buses. Can be directly accessed by the central processor random access instructions and data memory called main memory, disk, tape, CD-ROM and other mass memory called external memory (or auxiliary memory). By the main memory, external memory and the corresponding software, composed of computer storage system.
② The main function of the central processor is to exist in memory according to the program, line by line to perform the operation specified in the program. The main components of the central processing unit are: data registers, instruction registers, instruction decoders, arithmetic logic components, operation controllers, program counters (instruction address counters ), address registers and so on.
③ External devices are the bridge between the user and the machine. The task of the input device is to convert various forms of information such as data, characters, text, graphics and programs that the user requires the computer to process into a coded form acceptable to the computer is deposited into the computer. The task of the output device is to computer processing results in the form of user needs (such as screen display, text printing, graphic charts, language audio, etc.) output. Input and output interfaces are buffer devices between external devices and the central processor, responsible for the matching of electrical properties and the conversion of information formats.
④ Hardware: also known as hard equipment, computer systems used in the electronic circuitry and physical equipment are hardware is able to see, touch the entity, such as the host computer, monitor, keyboard, mouse and so on.
[edit]Software
A general term for a collection of programs that enable a computer hardware system to work smoothly and efficiently. Programs are always stored and represented on some kind of physical media, such as disks, tapes, program paper, perforated cards, etc. But software does not refer to these physical media, but to the invisible, intangible programs themselves. Reliable computer hardware is as strong as a person's body, and effective software is as smart as a person's mind.
The software system of a computer can be divided into two parts: system software and application software. System software is responsible for the management of the entire computer system resources, scheduling, monitoring and services. Application software is a variety of applications developed by users in different fields for their respective needs. Computer software systems include:
① operating system : the core of the system software, it is responsible for the computer system, a variety of soft and hard resources management, control and monitoring.
② database management system: responsible for all the computer system files, information and data management and **** enjoy.
③ compilation system: responsible for the user with a high-level language written by the source program compiled into the machine can understand and execute the machine language.
④ network system: responsible for the organization and management of the network resources of the computer system, so that in multiple independent computers can carry out each other's resources **** enjoyment and communication.
⑤ Standard program library: a collection of programs written in a standard format, including computational programs for solving elementary functions, systems of linear equations, ordinary differential equations, numerical integration, etc.
⑤ Standard program library: a collection of programs written in a standard format, including computational programs for solving elementary functions, systems of linear equations, ordinary differential equations, and numerical integration.
⑥ service program: also known as utility programs. In order to enhance the service function of the computer system to provide a variety of programs, including the user's program devices, connections, editing, error checking, error correction, diagnostics and other functions. In order to make the computer can calculate quickly and accurately, remember more and firmly, over the past decades, to improve the processing speed and accuracy of the central processor in a single machine, to improve the memory access speed and capacity of many improvements, such as: increase the basic word length of the operator and improve the precision of the operator; add new data types, or customize the data, so that the data with a marker to distinguish between the instruction and the number of instructions, and instructions data types; in the CPU to add general-purpose registers, the use of variable-address registers, increase the indirect addressing function and the addition of cache memory and the use of stack technology; the use of memory cross-access technology and virtual memory technology; the use of instruction pipeline and operation pipeline; the use of multiple functional components and the addition of coprocessors.
Having fully realized the potential of a single processor, people turned to parallel processing techniques. In the beginning (1952), parallel arithmetic logic was designed in the operator, and then multifunctional components were introduced, i.e., functional components that were independent of each other but could work simultaneously were set up in the central processor. After 30 years of development, the performance of computer systems constructed with a single processor has reached a fairly high level, and the vector megacomputer is the culmination of the technology of this period.
[Editorial]Magazines
Microcomputer
Introduction
With the concept of "we only talk about hardware", Microcomputer is a bi-monthly magazine specializing in computer hardware production and technology for computer enthusiasts. With its professional evaluation technology, objective and fair evaluation attitude, in-depth and thorough market analysis and reporting, it has become the most influential and authoritative professional computer hardware magazine with the largest circulation in the industry. The current issue has a circulation of 300,000 copies. And was named China's "double-effective periodicals", and in the second and third "National Periodical Award" evaluation became the only finalist "key scientific and technological journals" of the popularization of computer technology publications