1. Selection of good breeds
Selection of good breeds of laying hens is the first measure to improve the economic benefits of chicken farmers. In the same feeding management conditions, good breed of laying hens than the local breed of laying hens can increase egg production by about 50%. Good breed as the first part of the whole egg rearing, like the seed sown in the spring, its quality directly affects the harvest in the fall. With the rapid development of the egg breeder industry, farmers have a deeper and deeper knowledge of the quality of laying hens, and it has become an urgent need to ensure the quality of laying hens. High-quality laying hens require genes with high production performance, no genetic differences between groups, and strong environmental adaptability and disease resistance. Excellent ancestral chicken breeds in a good and consistent rearing environment can ensure breed consistency, producing high genetic performance of the parent generation of breeders; high genetic performance of the parent generation of breeders through scientific feeding management can ensure consistent breeder health, producing qualified and consistent breeding eggs; qualified and consistent breeding eggs relying on the scale of production, fine hatching, to ensure that the size of commercial chicks is consistent, combined with the implementation of strict immunization procedures, thus ensuring the consistency of the chick antibody, which has been recognized as the best quality of eggs by the industry. Ensure that the antibody of the chicks is consistent, and get the highest quality 4A grade chicks in the industry.
The laying hens reared in modern production practice are of many varieties and from complex sources, and there are certain differences in production performance between varieties and groups. Now China's promotion of good varieties of laying hens are more, in the selection of the business direction, rearing methods and the market price of their products and other factors, in the economic benefits of the overall comparison after the selection.
2. Select feed with good input-output efficiency
Feed selection is good or bad, directly affecting the performance of chicken production, affecting the economic benefits of farming. Feed as a provider of nutrients needed for the production of laying hens, the quality of its high and low not only affects the production performance of laying hens, but also directly affects the immune response of laying hens and the level of health. It is known that laying hens need dozens of nutrients, different physiological stages of laying hens should choose the corresponding laying hens feed, different physiological stages of laying hens feed, is formulated according to the corresponding stage, can better meet the nutritional needs of laying hens of the stage, but is not suitable for other physiological stages. Choose a good feed, especially the high performance-price ratio of the feed is to give full play to the performance of laying hens, the realization of the farmer's return on farming the key.
Currently, there are three types of feed products on the market, namely, full-price (with) feed, concentrated feed, additive premixed feed.
(1) full-price (with) feed that is formulated according to the nutritional needs of laying hens, and fully mixed, the user does not need to add any feed can be used directly for feeding laying hens, and can meet the requirements of laying hens on the metabolic energy and a variety of nutrients.
(2) Concentrated feed is a uniform mixture of protein feed, mineral feed, trace elements, vitamins and non-nutritive additives prepared in a certain proportion, and then with a certain proportion of energy feed, that is, to become a nutritionally balanced feed. Practice has proved that the promotion of the use of concentrated feed can not only reduce the repeated transportation of energy feed in rural areas, saving transportation costs, reduce production costs, but also to make up for the current shortage of protein feed for rural egg farmers. Concentrated feed for laying hens, generally more than 30% crude protein, minerals and vitamins content is higher than the amount of laying hens need more than 2 times, so you can not directly feed laying hens, and must be fed according to a certain proportion of the energy feed and feed with each other, in order to play the real effect of concentrated feed and role.
(3) additives premixed feed is one or more micro-ingredients (a single additive) composed of a uniform mixture of carrier and diluent. It is an important part of concentrated feed and full-price feed, and is the key part to improve the feeding effect of laying hens, which can perfect the nutritional value of feed, improve the utilization rate of feed, promote the growth of laying hens, enhance the health of laying hens, improve the quality of laying hens' products, and ultimately improve the performance of laying hens and reduce the cost of production.
In addition, with animal nutrition and feed professional knowledge of farmers can also be used to self-produced or purchased raw materials formulated full-price material, but need to pay attention to, according to the different physiological stages of laying hens should be formulated accordingly full-price feed.
3. Scientific feeding management
The degree of influence of feeding management on the performance of laying hens is often higher than that caused by genetic factors. The rearing environment of laying hens can directly affect the growth, development, reproduction, egg production and health of chickens, through the artificial control of the small environment of the chicken coop, in terms of light, temperature, humidity, air, ventilation and other aspects of the chicken as close as possible to the optimal needs of laying hens. Pay attention to the choice of feeding methods and equipment to reduce the impact of stress factors on laying hens, and prevent feed waste caused by feed procurement, storage, processing, feeding and other ways.
(1) The brooding period (0 to 6 weeks of age) is a critical period for egg production. The performance of egg production depends largely on the good development of the chicks. The purpose of brooding is to provide the chicks with suitable environmental conditions and adequate nutrition, so that the body of the laying hens can grow and develop evenly, and to achieve the appropriate skeleton and standard weight. 1 ~ 4 weeks of age is the critical period of growth and development of the chick's various systems, the chick's various tissues and organs from the function of the incomplete (or do not have) gradually develop, the outside world of a variety of stress factors are very poor resilience, and is very susceptible to the influence of environmental changes It is very easy to be affected by environmental changes and suffer from disease or even death. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the management according to its physiological characteristics.
(2) the breeding period (7 ~ 20 weeks of age) feeding management is to provide suitable environmental conditions and ideal nutritional supply to the flock, so that the chickens in the sexual maturity of the chicken before the establishment of a good body shape and make the flock have a good degree of uniformity. Good skeleton development is necessary to maintain high production capacity during laying. If a chicken has a small skeleton and a large body weight, it will be obese, have unsatisfactory egg-laying performance, lay prematurely, have many prolapses, and have a high rate of dead eggs in the early stage of egg-laying. Usually divided into two stages before and after 12 weeks of age, the first 12 weeks focus on the development of the skeleton, focusing on the growth of the tibia, to the end of the 12 weeks of age of the chickens tibia length can meet the standard is quite important, which affects the development of the breed should have the body type (including body weight and skeleton part). If the skeleton is fully developed in the first 12 weeks, then the skeleton will grow to its proper height, and from the 13th week to the preparation of the first laying, the emphasis is on the growth of body weight, i.e., there should be a suitable weekly weight gain. Under normal circumstances, the body development of laying hens is completed at about 18 weeks of age.
(3) Egg-laying period (21 to 72 weeks of age) The purpose of feeding management is to provide chickens with appropriate light stimulation and nutritional stimulation, to ensure that laying hens reach the peak of laying as soon as possible, and through the enhancement of the detailed management of the chicken house, to maintain the peak of laying, to maintain the durability of laying, and to produce a large number of safe products. The focus of feeding management in this period is the chicken from the start of laying to 40 weeks of age, during which the weight is still increasing, the weight must be kept within the standard, which is the basic condition to reach the ideal egg laying, the body weight is measured every week as usual, and it is changed to once every 2 weeks after 40 weeks of age. If the flock weight cannot reach the standard, the average egg weight will become smaller and the egg production rate will decrease quickly. So from the measurement of body weight can judge whether the flock is normal, in order to timely detection of problems, timely solution. 40 weeks of age can be measured every 4 weeks after the body weight. Therefore, the most accurate and economical way of feeding during the egg-laying period is based on the egg-laying rate, egg weight, weight, age and feed intake and other feeding management.
4. Health and safety guarantee system
Modern laying hen production is characterized by large number of rearing and high density, which utilizes limited space for large-scale production, so once the flock is infected with epidemics, the loss is huge. Therefore, the establishment of a scientific and reasonable health system to ensure the health and safety of laying hens, the implementation of standardized and reasonable sanitary and epidemic prevention system and major epidemics occurring in the plan and emergency measures, effective control of the source of infection, cut off the transmission pathway, purify the production environment, is the key to the safety of laying hens production. Mainly should do the following aspects of work:
(1) pay attention to the environmental health of chicken farms, including chickens in the small environment (chicken coop) and the environment (production area and living area) health aspects.
(2) pay attention to the planning and layout of the chicken farm, rational planning, including the location of the chicken farm, chicken coop structure, ventilation, light and other factors of comprehensive consideration. The layout of the chicken farm should be reasonable, the field should be divided into clean and dirty road. Clean road is specialized in transporting feed and products. Dirty road is specialized in transporting chicken manure, dead chickens, eliminated chickens and garbage channel.
(3) strict implementation of the disinfection system, the disinfection of institutionalized, regular, according to the production characteristics of laying hens to develop appropriate disinfection, epidemic prevention system, chicken farms should be regularly cleaned, regular disinfection of chicken houses, chickens out of the pen after a thorough cleanup and disinfection, should also pay attention to the chicken house channel, in and out of the disinfection of personnel and vehicles, pay attention to disinfection of chickens, generally 1 time a week, 2 times a week in the high temperature season. The first is to disinfect the chicken house, and the second is to disinfect the chicken house.
(4) the establishment of a practical immunization program, refers to the production cycle of a laying hen, in order to prevent a certain infectious disease and the development of vaccination protocols, the contents of which include the strain of the vaccine used, the source, the use, the dosage, the timing of the immunization and immunization times. The development of immunization procedures should be based on the occurrence of major diseases in the region of the chicken and the prevalence of characteristics, types and uses of poultry, the age of chickens, the immune characteristics of vaccines and the impact of maternal antibodies, in order to ensure that the immunization program is practicable.
(5) Adherence to the all-in, all-out system is an effective measure to prevent the spread of disease, and is the most effective way to control the prolonged survival of pathogenic bacteria outside the chicken body and in the chicken house, which helps to control most of the digestive and respiratory diseases. At present, many farmers often in a very small area, the chicks, brooder, adult chickens are raised together, and some even in the same coop and brooder and raise large chickens, forming a small and complete production model, and from the beginning of the chicken on the continuous, the old chickens have not been eliminated, the new chicks into the field, the chicken farm does not have intermittent time, and can not be thoroughly disinfected throughout the field, is very likely to cause the spread of some diseases. Scientific chicken rearing is to separate adult chickens and brooder chickens and chicks, absolutely prohibit the different age of chickens in a chicken house rearing.
(6) Determine the effective drug prevention program, viral infectious diseases are prevented by vaccination, while most bacterial infectious diseases and parasitic diseases have to be prevented by regular placement of drugs, which are generally characterized by day-age and seasonality. Determine the correct time of medication, understand the different age, feeding stage, feeding mode, season, climate and other factors, timely and effective drug delivery in order to achieve the purpose of prevention.
(7) Strict implementation of the waste disposal system, generally there are dead chickens, sick chickens, vaccine bottles, low-value consumable tools, chicken manure, bedding, etc., the disposal of which should all start from the point of infection and epidemic or the point of use, and be transported out of the chicken farm along the dirty road for harmless treatment.
(8) Establish an early warning system and emergency plan for the epidemic, keep abreast of the epidemic situation in the surrounding areas and at home and abroad, and set up a detection system, immunization monitoring, disinfection monitoring and observation system of daily conditions of chickens, to keep abreast of the health status of chickens so as to control the epidemic effectively.
5. Modern business management
In recent years, according to the modern enterprise model set up a number of chicken farms, business management model transformation and technological transformation, new concepts, a high starting point, decision-making, scientific, technologically advanced, high levels of production, good economic efficiency, is the turbulent egg industry, exciting and hopeful bright spot, become a traditional chicken farms to improve the model of business management. At present, most of China's egg farms do not have the conditions to fully establish a modern enterprise management system. Therefore, it is necessary to address the problems in business management, especially the key issues that seriously affect the survival of enterprises to actively improve, so that it is as close as possible to the objective laws of enterprise development, and to promote scientific decision-making, standardize management, improve production and increase revenue. In a nutshell, attention should be paid to strengthening the following aspects:
(1) Improvement of organizational and management institutions and decision-making mechanisms, family-owned enterprises should be appropriate separation of ownership and operation, in order to solve the contradiction of enterprise management can not keep up with the development of enterprises.
(2) improve the employment mechanism, spend a lot of money to improve the working conditions, improve the pension insurance, medical insurance and other welfare benefits, to absorb the employment of management personnel to participate in decision-making, and pay attention to the reasonable distribution of responsibilities, rights and benefits, to strengthen the training of workers, and constantly change the connotation of the traditional sense of the employment relationship, the gradual implementation of the "people-oriented management", the advantages of the knowledge-based economy.
(3) Strengthen the production management, set up a biosafety awareness of the environment, in strict accordance with the requirements of chicken farm health management, improve epidemic prevention facilities, improve the epidemic prevention system, to create a safe and healthy environment for raising chickens. In particular, it is necessary to strengthen the harmless treatment of chicken manure and sick and dead chickens to prevent the spread of pathogens. Emphasis on sanitary spacing, the implementation of single-species all-in all-out, so that the egg production of both large and small environments can be improved.
(4) Improve financial management and establish sound accounting accounts, standardized accounting accounts should be done by professional accountants or trained and qualified accountants.
(5) Do cost analysis and productivity analysis to improve the accuracy of business diagnosis and improvement programs.