The main warehouse is the main building of the cold storage, there are freezing room, cooling material cold storage room, freezing material cold storage room, ice storage, refrigeration room, drying meat room, as well as communication between inside and outside the library transportation through the hall, platform, stairwell and elevator room, etc.. Different storage products, different processes, the combination of the main building is not the same. The function of each cold room is different, different varieties of stored food, the temperature and relative humidity requirements are not the same.
(1) cooling room
Cooling room is the food for frozen processing or cold storage, pre-cooling of the library, fruits, vegetables and other room temperature food in the cold storage, need to be cooled down in the cooling room cooling to go out of the field heat, to prevent certain physiological diseases. The general relative humidity in the library is 90%. Fresh eggs in the cold storage before also need to cool down cooling, so as to avoid sudden pre-cooling, egg liquid contraction, egg pressure reduction, air microorganisms with the air into the eggshell and make the fresh eggs spoilage. Cooling room temperature is generally maintained between 0 ~ 2 ℃.
Meat slaughtered in the cooling room after short-term storage (center temperature of 0 ~ 4 ℃) to become cooled meat, meat flavor is more delicious than frozen meat.
Processed fish, shrimp, meat must also first enter the cooling room cooling and then freezing room, cooling room room temperature is maintained between 0 ~ 5 ℃. But only do freeze processed aquatic products do not need to go through the cooling process and can be frozen directly, and thus aquatic cold storage, such as other videos do not undertake cold processing tasks, generally can not be set up cooling room.
(2) freezing room
Freezing room is the food for frozen processing is the library, requires a lower temperature. Need long-term storage of meat, poultry, rabbits, ice eggs, vegetables, ice cream, etc. need to be at room temperature or cooling state quickly down to -15 ~ -18 ℃ frozen state, this time the freezing room to maintain the room temperature between -23 ~ -18 ℃; fish, shrimp and other aquatic products are more requirements for freezing room temperature between -30 ~ -23 ℃ (foreign countries have adopted -40 ℃ or lower temperature). To freeze the final temperature of the food is called "frozen things". Freezing room cooling equipment most of the use of strong blowing air cooler, there are also used shelves row tube, when the air cooler is used for freezing, the evaporation coil using thermal ammonia frost and water frost combination. When the shelf-type pipe freezing, the use of artificial frost sweeping, regular use of hot ammonia frost to the ice shell, so that the tube lubricant discharge, cold storage door to set the electric heaters to prevent freezing. Frozen food is sent to the freezer for storage. Freezing room can be moved out of the main warehouse and built separately, can also use quick-freezing device directly placed in the processing and finishing room. Freezing device in addition to plate freezing machine, most of the use of continuous freezing, such as fluidized freezing machine, spiral freezing machine and tunnel freezing machine, liquid nitrogen freezing machine. Its freezing methods include air-freezing, contact, semi-contact, impregnation and spraying.
(3) ice room and ice warehouse
Ice in the food preservation in many uses, for example, from the sea or farms to catch fish and shrimp after transportation to the processing room needs ice, long-distance transportation of fresh goods need ice, medical care, scientific research, life services and other sectors also need ice. Therefore, large and medium-sized cold storage plant attached to the ice room, ice production methods are brine ice, barrel-type rapid ice, caisson tube group rapid ice and tube ice machine ice and sheet ice machine ice, etc., different food production processes, the need to use different ice equipment, a variety of ice equipment has different characteristics.
Saline ice is a widely used way of making ice, generally large and medium-sized cold storage attached to the brine ice room, using a set of brine ice equipment. The complete set of brine ice-making equipment has a daily output of 5t, 10t, 15t, 20t, 30t, 60t, 180t, 240t and other specifications.
The location of the ice-making room is close to the equipment room and ice storage. Inside the brine ice-making room, there is an electric hoist set up for lifting ice. Mixers, ammonia liquid separators and other equipment are set up next to the ice-making pool.
The building of the ice room itself does not need to be insulated, while the ice-making equipment needs to be insulated, such as tube ice machine and pellet ice machine evaporator should be insulated, flake ice machine and plate ice machine should be set up around the heat insulation board.
Ice storage that is, ice storage room, ice storage and freezing cold storage room is similar, its cooling equipment is also used in the smooth top row of pipes, room height of 6cm and 6cm above the additional wall row of pipes, usually ice storage cooling system access -15 ℃ evaporative temperature system, the temperature of the ice storage is generally required for the -6 ~ -4 ℃. Rapid ice-making ice bank library temperature requirements -10 ℃.
(4) cold storage room
1) cooler cold storage room (commonly known as high-temperature storage). Cooling cold storage room is mainly storage of fresh eggs, fruits, vegetables, flowers, herbs, moving high-grade furniture and clothing and other commodities, storage varieties are different, the requirements of the room temperature is not the same, see above. Cooling equipment using air cooler, installed in the center of one end of the storehouse, the use of multi-jet duct uniform air supply, because fruits and vegetables in storage still have respiration, so the storehouse in addition to maintaining the appropriate temperature and humidity conditions, but also to introduce appropriate fresh air (outdoor fresh air). If the storage is cooling meat, its storage period can not exceed 14~20 days.
2) freezing cold storage room (commonly known as low-temperature storage). Freezing cold storage room for layer by layer has been frozen food, its temperature range: -35 ~ -18 ℃. General meat frozen storage temperature of -25 ~ -18 ℃, aquatic products storage temperature of -30 ~ -20 ℃, ice cream products storage temperature of -30 ~ -23 ℃. Some special aquatic products require lower storage temperature, up to -40 ℃ below. Storage temperature requirements see above. (Foreign countries have a tendency to use lower storage temperature, such as storage of tuna refrigeration temperature to -50 ~ -40 ℃, or even -60 ℃)
(5) raw materials storage
In the quick-frozen vegetable factory, cold drinks factory and frozen food factories, etc., are equipped with raw materials storage room, used to store a large number of seasonal arrivals of commodities, or the production of processed raw materials and semi-finished products, etc.. Raw material temporary storage room according to the need, should be equipped with cooling system, to maintain a certain low-temperature storage environment.
(6) thawing room
The thawing room is generally used in frozen food processing plants, by using air, water or microelectrolyte, etc., the frozen material is heated to make its temperature rise to -2 ~ 0 ℃, in order to facilitate the division of processing.
(7) air-conditioning preservation room
Fruits and vegetables in the cold storage storage, there is still respiration, this respiration consumes fruits and vegetables in the organization of sugars, acids, substances and other organic substances. The stronger this respiratory action, fruit and vegetable aging is also the faster. Therefore, low-temperature storage also but less than the ideal preservation effect. Must inhibit the respiration of fruits and vegetables, delay aging, Avenue insurance purposes. Inhibit the respiration of fruits and vegetables, is the use of air-conditioning methods to change the proportion of fruits and vegetables in the air composition of the library, appropriate to reduce the oxygen content in the air, increase the content of carbon dioxide, in order to inhibit fruits and vegetables of the metabolism of the new city to achieve prolongation of the purpose of freshness of the storage, referred to as "CA" storage.
The standard composition of fresh air (volume fraction) is: oxygen (O?) 21%, nitrogen (N?) 78%, the other 1%, of which carbon dioxide (CO?), the content of about 0.03%. And different varieties of fruits and vegetables in gas-conditioned storage, the gas composition requirements are different.
Gas-conditioning preservation of natural oxygen reduction hair mechanical oxygen reduction method of two kinds, the natural oxygen reduction method is the fruits and vegetables loaded into the silicone rubber film bag, relying on the fruits and vegetables itself, the respiratory oxygen consumption capacity to reduce the amount of oxygen in the air and improve the content of carbon dioxide and the use of film on the permeability of the gas, more carbon dioxide permeability, make up for the depletion of oxygen, to play the role of spontaneous gas-conditioning. Mechanical oxygen reduction method is the use of catalytic combustion oxygen reduction equipment, carbon dioxide removal equipment, ethylene removal equipment, etc. to change the composition of the indoor gas to achieve the purpose of gas regulation. Gas-conditioning equipment are self-contained control equipment, only need to provide power.
(8) through the hall
Through the hall is the food in and out of the cold storage channel, but also to contact the cold between the traffic hub, according to its temperature, there are low-temperature through the hall, the Chinese through the hall, room temperature through the hall.
1) low temperature through the hall. Set up with heat insulation measures and cooling ducts and ceiling fans.
2) Medium-temperature walk-through. Only heat-insulating measures are provided, and there is no cooling equipment.
3) Room temperature pass-through. No heat insulation and cooling equipment.
(9) drying room
Meat food using direct freezing process, must be equipped with drying room, its role is to eliminate the meat surface moisture, is the temperature of meat food down to about 28 ℃. The room is equipped with a small fan or blower to keep the room temperature at about 20℃. The meat drying room can also be built jointly with the slaughterhouse.
(10) elevator room
Elevator in the multi-storey cold storage used for vertical transportation, elevator number and size, is the throughput by the process design specifications, "Cold Storage Design Code" GB50072-2001, set up to follow:
1) 3t freight elevator carrying capacity of 20t per hour, 2t freight elevator carrying capacity of 13t per hour.
2) to the railroad in and out of the main cold storage and port transit cold storage should be in and out of the tonnage and loading and unloading time allowed to determine the number of freight elevators.
Usually less than 5000t multi-storey cold storage with 2 sets of 3t freight elevator, 5000 ~ 10000t multi-storey cold storage configuration 3 ~ 4 sets of 3t freight elevator.
(11) platform or platform
1) platform. Platform refers to the platform for loading and unloading of trains and automobiles. Cold storage platform can be divided into open and closed. Open platforms are mostly canopy type, with a large span of columns. Closed platform for automobile loading and unloading, platform generally maintain a constant temperature through the hall, it is not only for cargo loading and unloading, but also for cargo or temporary storage. The loading and unloading port of the closed platform is generally equipped with an electric sliding insulated door, flexible joints and platform height adjustment plate. Closed platform in the loading and unloading process, basically not affected by the outside temperature, in line with the process requirements of the food cold chain, can better ensure food quality. This new structure of the platform, some of the new large and medium-sized cold storage used more.
2) Railway platform. 5000t or more aquatic cold storage, conditions should be close to the railroad connection point, 1000t or more of medium-sized meat cold storage generally also need to consider the railroad line, the top of the edge of the platform should be high out of the top of the track 1.10m, the edge of the platform and the horizontal distance from the railroad centerline 1.75m, the edge of the platform from the platform column net distance of not less than 2m. "Cold Storage Design Code", the national standard stipulates that: the width of the railway platform is 7.7m, the width of the railroad platform is 1.75m. The national standard stipulates that: the width of the railroad platform is 7~12m; the length of the platform is 220m, which can be shortened appropriately when restricted by the terrain and other conditions, but not less than 128m.
3) Highway platform. Highway platform should be combined with the overall layout of the depot as far as possible, close to the railroad platform, connected to the railroad platform. Platform ground elevation should be 0.9~1.1m above the road surface, and in and out of the most cars with the same height. The national standard of "Cold Storage Design Code" stipulates that: the width of the platform of cold storage with nominal volume greater than 4500m? is 6~8m; the width of the platform of cold storage with nominal volume less than 4500m? is 4~6m.
The size and quantity of the doorway of the closed platform should be compatible with the throughput of the goods.
(12) the main warehouse auxiliary room
Storehouse staff need offices, locker rooms, rest rooms and restrooms are arranged in the vicinity of the wear hall, multi-storey library should be set up in the first floor, the general security in and out of the routes and sanitation requirements of a reasonable setup.
2, refrigeration compressor room
Refrigeration compressor room is the main power plant of the cold storage, the main installation of refrigeration compressor and its supporting equipment. According to GB50016-2006, ammonia compressor room fire hazard classification should be classified as Category B, so the room's fire rating, number of floors, area, fire separation, explosion-proof, safe evacuation and other design requirements must be in line with the norms of Category B production plant regulations. General machine room is set near the main warehouse, an independent single-story building, with two entrances to the outdoors, doors and windows open to the outside, with good lighting and ventilation convection conditions, and requires the installation of accident ventilation equipment to ensure safety.
3, equipment room
Equipment room is connected to the machine room, mainly installed low-pressure circulating liquid storage tanks, ammonia pumps and other auxiliary equipment and operating platform. There should be two entrances and exits, at least one entrance and exit to the outdoors.
4, oil treatment room
Oil treatment room is connected to the machine room, the main installation of oil drums, oil pumps and oil treatment machine, must be installed ventilation equipment.
5, circulating water pump room
Circulating water pump room is generally connected with the engine room, or set up near the engine room, mainly installing circulating water pumps and frost pumps, roof mounted cooling towers, when the fire fighting water pressure can not meet the fire fighting requirements, the need to set up fire fighting pumps. Fire pumps are also installed in the circulating water pump room.
6, electrical control room and power distribution
Electrical control room with refrigeration compressor and auxiliary power equipment electrical starting control cabinet, refrigeration system operation control cabinet, and can be equipped with analog diagrams or data acquisition system, as well as the main and auxiliary machine operation process and safety alarm system. In the cold storage with higher degree of automation, the electric control room in the main and auxiliary engine room can realize remote control command operation or fully automatic control. Cold storage transformer and distribution room is generally close to the main engine room, there should be good ventilation conditions and meet the fire requirements.
7, finishing processing room
Finishing processing room is a fish and shrimp, eggs, fruits and vegetables and other food products in the warehouse before the first selection, grading, finishing, weighing, plating or packaging and other finishing work place. The size of the area by the product variety, the process depends on the processing of fish is generally processed 1t fish with 10-15 square meters of operating area machine loss, processing shrimp, shellfish according to the specific mode of operation to expand appropriately, fruits, vegetables, eggs and other products in the product before the processing of the finishing room for selection, grading and finishing, weighing, loading, packing, in order to ensure the quality of the product, and the operating area should be larger than the processing of aquatic products.
The finishing room requires good lighting and ventilation. There should be 1~2 times per hour ventilation. The floor should be easy to wash, drainage should be smooth.
8, ammonia storage
Ammonia storage is the storage of ammonia cylinders of the warehouse, generally built in the downwind of the plant, and the work area to report a certain safety distance. Generally required to be built in the production plant from 20 ~ 30m away from the residential area of 50 ~ 150m, should not be less than two fire-resistant building materials, using light roofing, windows and doors painted white or with wool glass, windows and doors should be open to the outside, the ground is smooth and non-slippery, the net height of the library is not less than 3.5m, and there should be good natural ventilation conditions, to maintain the room temperature below 35 ℃, the indoor lighting should be used to explosion-proof lamps.
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9, other auxiliary facilities
Other auxiliary facilities include charging room, generator room, boiler room, laboratory, office and so on, they are cold storage group indispensable auxiliary facilities.