How to achieve sustainable development in tourist areas During the period of economic transformation, the contradiction between heritage resource protection and economic development has emerged in the resource protection and management of scenic spots, and the contradiction between resource protection and high-density tourism development coexists. phenomenon. How to deal with these contradictions is a common problem faced by my country's scenic spots. Qingdao Laoshan Scenic Area is somewhat typical in this regard.
Three major problems highlight the pain of over-development
The protection and development of Laoshan Scenic Area mainly faces three major problems. First, the Laoshan Scenic Area has a prominent tendency of "urbanization, artificialization, commercialization, and gardening".
The eastward shift of Qingdao’s urban area has led to the urbanization of the surrounding areas of Laoshan. The scale of construction in the scenic area continues to expand, and the “urbanization” trend is obvious. Along the coastal line of Shazikou, community buildings have been developed at a high density, with clusters of villas and hotels. Some citizens have bought land and built houses in the village, which has damaged the landscape to a certain extent; in the core scenic area of ????Nanjiushui, almost all villa-style buildings have been built. The number of buildings exceeds the number of local residents; along the Wanggezhuang scenic area, residential-style community construction is extremely inconsistent with the surrounding environment of the scenic area.
One of the important features of scenic areas is their naturalness. At present, there are too many artificial constructions in some scenic spots, and there are frequent plans for garden construction and tourism project development in various regions, and the scale is getting larger and larger, which has greatly heated up the infrastructure construction. Road construction, parking lots, temporary buildings, hotels and guesthouses are swarming in, and even real estate projects are taking advantage of the opportunity; the "garden within a garden" phenomenon is prominent. Along the southern coast alone, there are "tourist parks", "rainforest valleys", "forest parks", "ecological parks" and many other places. The phenomenon of "artificialization and gardening" is prominent, which not only seriously damages the overall environment of the scenic area, but also erodes the national resources of the scenic area. In addition, with the development of tourism, the construction of commercial facilities and hotels in the scenic area continues to increase, and the commercial atmosphere is getting stronger and stronger.
Second, the protection of water resources in the scenic area has not received due attention, and biodiversity is under threat.
There are many built or planned reservoirs and dams in the scenic area, which is not conducive to Qingdao's water volume regulation and comprehensive utilization of water resources. For example, Xiazhuang and Yangkou forest areas are located in the semi-humid and semi-arid zone in the northwest of Laoshan Mountain, and their ecosystems are fragile. Existing development activities have destroyed the habitat and growth environment of wild animals and plants to varying degrees.
Due to the poor understanding of biological diversity among some villagers, many wild animal and plant resources have been depleted. For example, in the "Farm Feast" cuisine, wild animals and plants account for a large proportion. Driven by economic interests, the scale and quantity of picking have increased dramatically, which not only makes the species themselves gradually scarce and difficult to recover, but also causes soil erosion and other consequences.
The third is to carve stones and erect monuments without authorization, which cuts off the integrity and continuity of history and culture.
Simply carving stones and erecting monuments not only destroys historical relics, but also reflects superficial historical research and insufficient cultural exploration. For example, Xiazhuang and Xifu Town were the only routes in and out of the hinterland of Mount Laoshan in ancient times. There are many historical and cultural relics, but they are rarely reflected in this area. Instead, they take it for granted and carve many places without authorization, which not only separates the integrity of the history and culture of Mount Laoshan, but also Continuity, and has caused ancient cultural sites such as Bawangtai and Caibegou to face the fate of destruction.
These problems not only exist in Laoshan Scenic Area, but are also common in other scenic protection areas.
Explore the deep-seated reasons from four aspects
Why does Laoshan Scenic Area face such a problem?
First, there is insufficient understanding of the particularity of the national scenic area resources and a lack of in-depth understanding of the nature and functions of the national scenic area. Driven by economic interests, the market-oriented and corporate management of the scenic area resources is implemented. Over-development has caused a certain degree of damage to scenic areas.
Second, the system is not smooth, there are multiple managements, and the efficiency is low. Laoshan Scenic Area is managed by the Scenic Area Management Committee, and the scenic area is under the jurisdiction of Laoshan District and Chengyang District. Specifically, it is managed by 3 streets and 2 towns, involving nearly 200 communities and villages. It is difficult to avoid the problem of each doing its own thing. On the one hand, within the scope of the Laoshan Mountain Scenic Area, there are two district-level governments and one agency dispatched by the municipal government to implement block management; on the other hand, the resources of the scenic area are nominally managed by the management committee, but in fact they are managed by the land and resources, cultural relics, and forestry departments. The , marine, environmental protection and other departments exercise corresponding powers respectively and implement management in accordance with regulations.
The scenic spot lacks an authoritative organization as the unified management and responsibility body.
Third, in the process of transitioning to a market economy, due to imperfect legal systems, some places use all available resources while neglecting the protection of public resources.
Fourthly, there is a coexistence of lawlessness and lawlessness in the protection of scenic spots. Current regulations are incomplete and lack binding force. The regulations do not explicitly prohibit profit-making activities at the expense of destroying heritage resources, and there is also a lack of individual disciplinary provisions. At the same time, laws are not followed and enforcement is difficult. Most of the current over-development and destructive construction projects are "double violation" buildings; many places do not strictly control the scale and volume of construction in accordance with the requirements of the overall plan.
Pay equal attention to scientific protection and rational development
The situation of Laoshan Scenic Area is not an isolated case.
How to combine the scientific protection and rational development of scenic spots has become a top priority.
To change this status quo, we must first strengthen publicity and change concepts. We should pay attention to the popularization of basic knowledge about scenic spots and firmly establish this concept in the whole society: natural and cultural heritage belongs to the present generation and future generations, and everyone only has the obligation to care for and maintain it, but does not have the right to control it at will.
Secondly, we must adjust our thinking and rationalize our system.
Taking Laoshan Scenic Area as an example, we should first straighten out the relationship between the two district-level governments and one municipal government agency in the scenic area, and gradually realize the integrated management of Laoshan Scenic Area and Laoshan Administrative District. Internal land, planning and construction, tourism services, natural resources, ecological environment, municipal facilities, urban construction supervision, public utilities, culture and education, health and sports, state-owned assets and property rights, public security, rural affairs and economic development are subject to unified management.
On the basis of straightening out the system and based on the development goals, establish a system that is both clear and reasonable, scientific and practical, embodies both protection and development, and can benefit local people without harming the interests of future generations. Development ideas. The management committee implements unified management of heritage resources. The protection and development of land, mountains, woodlands and scenic forests contracted by the state, collectives and individuals in scenic areas, as well as landforms, cultural landscapes and other resources, shall be uniformly managed by the management committee in accordance with the law, and collective mountain forests will be bought out to straighten out property rights. relations; the development, utilization and protection of water resources in the scenic area, forestry management, forest pest and disease control, fire inspection, cultural relics protection, medical treatment, preventive health care, health supervision, disease control, etc. are managed by the management committee in accordance with the law and accepted by the relevant municipal departments Business guidance; adhere to the principle of residents of the original place of residence and strictly control the population growth of the scenic area.
Third, we must speed up local legislation and implement management according to law. On the basis of the existing laws and regulations of governments at all levels and relevant departments, local regulations for the management of Laoshan National Key Scenic Area shall be formulated as soon as possible and approved by the Municipal People's Congress. Regulations should clarify the planning scope of the scenic area and the functional division of the area; clarify the status of the management committee; define the property rights relationship of the heritage resources in the scenic area, and prohibit profit-making behavior at the expense of destroying the heritage resources; stipulate that local residents have the right to protect, develop, and protect the scenic area. Rights, responsibilities and obligations such as business operations; organizing scientific research and in-depth development of culture; punitive regulations on behaviors that damage heritage resources, etc.
Fourth, implement all-round management and strengthen the protection of scenic area resources. The Management Committee and its affiliated institutions are responsible for the planning, protection, construction and management of the scenic area, and perform the comprehensive functions of unified management; tourism, industry and commerce, forestry, transportation, public security, environmental protection and other functional departments, under the unified leadership of the Management Committee , perform their duties and play an important role in professional management; while residents and operating personnel of the scenic area obey unified management, they implement self-management and actively participate in management, and effectively play the basic role of the masses.
Use scientific, technical, administrative and legal means to achieve effective protection of resources. At the same time, legal means will be used to clean up "double violation" projects. The management committee should use legal means to clean up and demolish "double violation" projects in the scenic area within a time limit; for newly built and expanded buildings and halls in the name of old village renovation, it is necessary to ensure that the interests of the original residents are not harmed and the population of the scenic area is not increased. On a basic basis, carry out cleaning and disposal; various types of buildings used for commercial operations in the scenic area shall be regulated in accordance with the requirements of the "Plan"; various types of gardens and park projects formed in the scenic area shall be utilized for possible purposes in accordance with the "Plan" and unified management, etc.
Fifth, guide residents in the scenic area to deal with the relationship between man and nature, and between man and man. The management committee can sign a "cooperation agreement" with local residents to clarify the rights and responsibilities of both parties; stipulate the responsibilities of local residents to protect heritage resources; guide the direction of ecological agriculture development; the operating activities of the scenic area give priority to the residents of the original place of residence, first of all, those who are living in difficulty residents.