The development and application of modern gyro technology analysis paper
1 Modern gyro technology
1.1 Electromechanical rotor gyro technology with levitation support.
Electromechanical rotor gyro is a gyroscope made based on classical mechanics. The principle is to use around the axis of symmetry of the high-speed rotation of the rigid body with stability and the characteristics of the progress to achieve the measurement of angular velocity and angular deviation.
The development of the rotor gyroscope using the suspension support technology has been very mature, the current single-axis liquid-floating gyroscope accuracy has reached 0.001 ° / h, the use of beryllium material floats can be better than 0.0005 ° / h, three-floating gyroscope accuracy is better than 1.5 × 10-5 ° / h, it has been reported that the fourth-generation three-floating gyroscope accuracy can even reach 1.5 × 10-7 ° / h. Power-tuned gyro The small size and light weight of the technology is a major innovation in rotor gyro technology, foreign products can reach the accuracy of 0.001 ° / h. And the use of vacuum electrostatic levitation technology of electrostatic gyro, the rotor does not exist in contact with the friction, friction interference torque is almost close to zero, is currently recognized as the highest accuracy of the rotor gyro, the typical accuracy of the general in the 10-4 ~ 10-5 ° / h.
1.2 Optical gyro technology.
1) Laser gyro technology. Laser gyro is a gyro made based on the Sagnac (Sagnac) effect. Its principle is through the measurement of two beams of light along the same circular path to reverse the optical distance difference to realize the angular velocity measurement. 1963, the United States Sperry company first successfully developed a ring-shaped laser gyro. 1975, Honeywell developed a mechanical jitter bias frequency laser gyro, the laser gyro technology of the Jetlink inertial navigation system has really entered the practical stage. In the late 1990s, Litton company developed a mechanical jitter-free four-frequency differential laser gyro, accuracy of up to 0.001 ° / h. At present, Honeywell's latest GG1389 laser gyro accuracy has reached 0.00015 ° / h. 2) fiber optic gyro technology. Fiber optic gyro and laser gyro principle is the same, the difference is that the optical fiber as a laser circuit, can be regarded as the second generation of laser gyro. As the fiber can be wound, so the fiber optic gyro laser circuit length than the ring laser gyro greatly increased, detection sensitivity and resolution than the laser gyro also improved several orders of magnitude, effectively overcoming the laser gyro locking problem. The U.S. Northrop Grumman company produces high-precision fiber optic gyro is FOG 2500, its dynamic range of maximum value of 100 ° / s, scale factor 0.01arc sec, scale factor stability of 1 ppm, random wandering 0.0006 ° / aunt h, the drift rate of 0.001 ° / h. In September 2003, Honeywell's high-performance In September 2003, Honeywell's high-performance inertial reference system used in the ` fiber optic gyro is said to be able to productize at the time, the best performance of the fiber optic gyro, the angle of random walk (ARW) < 0.0001 ° / aunt h, drift rate < 0.0003 ° / h.
1.3 Micromechanical gyro technology.
In the late 1980s, micro-mechanical gyros based on the MEMS process came into existence due to the introduction of technologies such as micro/nano and micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS). Micromechanical gyro is a gyro made based on the coriolis effect. The principle is to use the coriolis force for energy transfer, a mode of vibration of the resonator will be excited to another mode of vibration, the amplitude of the latter mode of vibration is proportional to the magnitude of the input angular velocity, and the measurement of angular velocity is realized by measuring the amplitude.
Micromechanical gyro is the use of silicon micromechanical processing technology in the deep reactive ion etching technology (DRIE), chemical etching method in a single crystal silicon wafer made of ultra-small goniometric device. At present, foreign-made silicon micro-mechanical surface vibration gyro after compensation accuracy has reached 1 ° ~ 10 ° / h, the allowable ambient temperature can reach -40 ~ 85 ° C, can withstand strong acceleration impact, in tactical weapons and other medium and low precision areas have been batch applications. From an overall point of view, the micro-mechanical gyro is still only in the category of low and medium precision, and the precision will be higher and higher in the future. China's MEMS research began in the 1990s, is still in the basic theory of the research stage, due to technology, precision level of the limitations of the performance and stability of the product and foreign countries still have a large gap.
1.4 New gyro technology.
With the continuous deepening of research on gyro technology, such as quantum gyro, nuclear magnetic **** vibration gyro, superfluid gyro, superconducting gyro and other new gyros continue to emerge. More promising is the quantum gyro. Quantum gyro, also known as atomic gyro, is currently the highest resolution gyro. Atomic gyro can be divided into atomic interference gyro and atomic spin gyro from the measurement mechanism. Its principle is similar to the optical gyro, is the use of homologous atomic beams to form atomic wave interference, similar to the optical Sagnac effect, through the measurement of its phase difference to achieve the angular velocity measurement. In fact, it is the use of atomic wave interference instead of optical wave interference. Since the atomic mass is much larger than the relative mass of photons, under the same conditions of the closed-loop region, the sensitivity of the atomic interference gyro to rotation is more than 10 orders of magnitude higher than that of the optical gyro. The atomic spin gyro, similar to the rotor gyro, utilizes the momentum and magnetic moments of the atomic nucleus or electron spin to measure angular velocity in an inertial space with fixed axes. Atomic gyro is expected to become the dominant strategic gyro leading the future gyro replacement due to its ultra-high accuracy potential. At present, the United States has developed an atomic gyro with an accuracy of 6 × 10-5 ° / h, and hopes to use this to develop an ultra-high precision inertial navigation system of 5 m / h.
2 gyro technology applications
2.1 Electromechanical rotor gyro.
At present, high-precision electromechanical gyros (including liquid-floating gyros and electrostatic gyros) are the leading products in the high-precision market. High-precision liquid-liquid gyro is mainly used for long-range missiles, military aircraft, ships and submarines in the navigation system, the precision liquid-liquid gyro in the platform compass, missiles, airships and satellites have been applied, while the higher-precision three-floating gyro is used in strategic weapons and aerospace, such as the United States applied to the long-distance strategic missiles guided floating ball platform system in the TGG-type three-floating gyroscope has always had to occupy an unshakeable position. The electrostatic gyroscope is still the most important high speed gyroscope in the world. Electrostatic gyro is still the preferred inertial reference device for high-precision inertial navigation system, in the field of high-performance inertial navigation system in the next 10 to 20 years, high-precision electrostatic gyro is still irreplaceable. In China, the liquid floating gyro platform inertial navigation system, power tuning gyro four-axis platform system has been successively applied to the Long March series of launch vehicles.
2.2 Optical gyro.
Optical gyro's all-solid-state, no rotating and friction parts, long life, large dynamic range, instantaneous start, simple structure, small size, light weight, easy to digitize the information and other advantages of the rotor gyro can not be compared to the optical gyro, so the optical gyro has been gradually replaced by the rotor gyro, in the medium and high precision in the application of the field has always occupied a dominant position, especially suitable for Jetlink type Guidance system for use. Foreign all-solid-state structure, all-digital, low-power fiber-optic gyro has tended to mature, covering the high, medium and low precision range, in various fields to obtain universal application, and has become one of the dominant gyro in the field of inertial technology. In space vehicles, ships and other high-precision applications, fiber optic gyro is gradually replacing the laser gyro, the future in the strategic high-precision applications will also occupy a certain share, and then gradually replace the electrostatic gyro.
In recent years, China's optical gyro technology has progressed rapidly, and has now reached the international advanced level. Fiber optic gyro, laser gyro inertial guidance devices have also been used in a large number of tactical guided weapons, aircraft, ships, carrier rockets, spacecraft and so on. Drift rate of 0.01 ° ~ 0.02 ° / h of the new laser JieLian system is applied to new warplanes; drift rate of 0.05 ° / h below the fiber optic gyro JieLian inertial guidance used in ships, submarines.
2.3 Micromechanical gyro.
With the same optical gyro, micro-mechanical gyro from the structure is also no high-speed rotor, in addition to having most of the advantages of the optical gyro, the size is smaller (micron/nanometer level), lower power consumption, low price, and a wider range of applications.
Since the 1990s, micro-mechanical gyros have been used in supersonic warplanes, cruise missiles, unmanned reconnaissance aircraft and other military fields. With the further development of micron/nano-processing technology, with further improvements in size and accuracy, the micromechanical gyro will replace the fiber optic gyro and gain a better application prospect. Low cost, small size, fast response, large dynamic range, can adapt to the advantages of harsh environments, so that the micro-mechanical gyroscope will be in the automotive manufacturing, digital electronic equipment, aircraft navigation, biological, medical, industrial equipment and other civilian areas with a broader market, is expected to occupy the entire low-end market.
Gyro technology has made great progress after decades of development, providing strong technical support for the development of aerospace, aviation, navigation and weaponry. However, by the materials, microelectronic devices, precision and microstructure processing technology and other basic industrial level of constraints, the development of modern gyroscope manufacturing technology with some developed countries in the international arena compared to a significant gap, the future also needs to be in the product accuracy, reliability, environmental adaptability, product consistency, long-term stability of parameters and other aspects of continuous improvement, in particular, we must make efforts to increase the gyroscope technology, basic theories, application of materials, methodology, and technology. Research efforts to improve the level of inertial instrumentation.
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