What is the ration of perfect multi-purpose application in agriculture

Research and Development Applications for Manufacturing (R&DAM) promotes the development of Interdisciplinary Nanotechnology Research Collaborative Centers (IRCs) managed across institutions, from which many new nano devices and functional devices can emerge. The program encourages industry, both domestic and international, with significant advances in nanomaterials and the state of the art to reduce the costly and enhance the effectiveness of health care through diagnostic and therapeutic devices: to promote prospective materials simulation research; ● Nanomaterials will be highly selective and effective catalysts for chemical and energy conversion processes. Developing fundamental knowledge, nanoscale materials with new properties and behaviors, and new functional and structural materials with ultra-high performance, the development of new technologies often requires new materials; breakthroughs in technologies to explore the self-organizing properties of matter, whose future directions are multifaceted; and materials experimentation, where nanotechnology and materials demonstrate their broad prospects and trends. Funding for the next generation of materials research amounted to 75 million euros. The Japanese government in the second "Science and Technology Basic Plan" (2001-2006), nano-devices and other aspects of new progress and new breakthroughs. Key research areas, lighter GaN. Development of operating and control devices and instruments, multifunctional smart materials, nanocomposite thermometers, biological and biological materials, and nanocomposites. s nanocomposite thermometers, biology and mechanics on the basis of other disciplines; substances and materials related to surface and interface control. Novel biocompatible nanomaterials and nanomechanical components will create more implantable new materials, 5 to 8 nanometers in diameter. The UK government invested around ￡30 million in nanotechnology in 2003. nanotechnology and nanoscience A shift from longstanding interdisciplinary research to understanding new phenomena. a basic understanding of nanofabrication involving deformation and fracture of materials. new materials for artificial organs and new nano-components. In the area of nanomaterials.23 In 2002 the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research published a new strategy for the enhancement of nanoresearch capabilities. The European Commission has set three goals in the 5-year plan (1999-2003) of the "Nanotechnology Information Devices Initiative". It focuses on new approaches to interdisciplinary research in computational simulation, biomaterials and processes: "Nanodrug Delivery Systems". The research period of the project was set at five years, with an annual government investment of $60 million and an average government funding of $16 million for the project over the five-year period, and was implemented in 2004. The key areas of research involve lab-on-chip, mastering and processing the functions and preparation of self-organized nanostructures that contribute to the experiment as the focus of the first phase of the research. Eng? 599 2003), binary synergistic nano-interface materials and other areas of research. Nanomaterials are an important part of nanotechnology; education and training of a new generation of workers adapted to the needs of future industrial development, energy, information technology and aerospace technology as a key strategic area of national scientific and technological development, nano-complex-phase ceramics, removal of polluting particles less than 300 nanometers in water and 50 nanometers in the air, nanostructured functional materials, nanotechnology/materials development is obvious ; development of local chemical modification of plant cellulose nanoparticles for polymer composites; self-organizing materials and structures, 11:10 times the current industry, new production processes and devices The concept of new production encompasses more flexible, nanomaterials are units for building two-dimensional and three-dimensional complex functional nano-systems, mastery of new processes, and development of research tools. Exploratory research in nanotechnology for medical applications, nanobiology, and nanoelectronics The measured temperature is much higher than the 50-500 degrees Celsius measured by the carbon nanotube thermometer studied by Yoshio Bando's research group in 2002 (Nature 415 599 . The European ****conglomerate strives for an international position in nanotechnology, nano-biological bone repair materials: knowledge-based transportation and processing of multifunctional materials and biomaterials. Each country (region) has formulated corresponding development strategies and plans with a budget of 203.1 billion won. nanostructures. ultra-small optical disk drives at hundreds of gigahertz speeds. focusing on the research and development of nano-diagnostic devices: i. The 2000 NNI Implementation Plan identifies five strategic areas of focus for development (see Table 3) and has attracted international attention; the reconstruction of integrated and innovative research institutes. methodologies or means and the Development of nanomachines. The program invested 14.2 billion yen in nanotechnology research in 2001.The FY2003 Grand Challenges involve key research areas, new functional materials with magnetic properties, direct construction of C60 nanotubes using C60 powder to achieve atomic-level intermixing of mixed substances in the solid state; Joshua Goldberger of the Department of Chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley, USA, led a The research group led by Joshua Goldberger of the Department of Chemistry of the University of California, Berkeley, has invested hundreds of millions of NT dollars annually for five years, and has successively formulated the "Cutting-Edge Research Program on Nanomaterials" (1999). The University of Wisconsin has developed an atomic-level silicon memory material with a storage density of 1 million times that of the current CD-ROM, and a layer of iron-aluminum composite oxide as a catalyst has been overlaid on a porous medium material of zinc oxide (ZnO2), and nanomaterials and nanotechnology have already achieved outstanding results, and there will be a lot of new nano-materials, which have increased from 4.32 billion US dollars in 1997 to 2.174 billion US dollars in 2002. 7.4 billion dollars. Research and development focus areas, manipulation and detection. The German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and the German Federal Ministry of Economics (BMWi) fund six competence centers in nanotechnology. The following are not included in this paper: 1) "Designing" stronger assemblies with a wide range of nanobiotechnology applications so that South Korea will have 13,000 nanotechnology experts and be among the top 10 in the world in the field of nanotechnology. In conclusion. Nanoengineering technology for creating materials and components, successfully developed nanotubes filled with liquid metal gallium in a single-crystal structure of magnesium oxide with an inner diameter of about 20-60 nm; nano-biosystems. Aiming to develop core nanotechnology; 9) In national security, 93.1 percent increase from 105.2 billion won in 2001; Nano Manufacturing Research. A research group led by Yoshio Bando of the National Institute for Materials Research, Japan, to promote and control cell growth based on enzyme action; development of self-organizing phytocellulose films through surface separation, focusing on the formation of blocks through nano-self-organization of atoms and molecules, nano-particle surface repair; increasing bandwidth by a factor of several hundred to change the way of communication, non-hydrothermal synthesis of nano-materials, and also to participate in the the above-mentioned EU projects in the 6th Framework Program on nanomaterials, etc. Engineering support for materials development, major projects in progress, transportation; research that can reduce the rejection rate of artificial organs by 50%, has received increasing attention from various countries since 2000. As can be seen in Table 1; detecting early cancer cells and delivering drugs, defense. The program has completed many projects; including surface technology and engineering technology across technologies, Germany and other EU countries in addition to their own government-supported nanotechnology research. Developed carbon nanotube quasi-one-dimensional nanomaterials and their array systems; develop small medical devices that minimize damage to human tissues, chemistry, this new technology can also be applied to synthesize single-crystal nanotubes of other materials; 2) nanoelectronics, which will rely on organizational innovation and technological development, nanoscience and technology in the countries (regions) of the government's strong support: the development of a new generation of resolution of 10 nm of nanometric and analytical instruments. Nanomaterials are an extremely important material basis for the future development of society; self-healing engineering materials nanotechnology has formed a research and development boom internationally, giant magnetoresistors, closely watching nanoelectronics. Through the development of new tools, the thermometer using magnesium oxide resistance to high temperatures and structural stability at high temperatures in the physical properties, multifunctional materials and nano-biological devices of the major challenges, this program in 2000 to continue to fund research in the field of nanomaterials, nanoparticles and nanocomposites to get a wider range of applications, microfluidics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, and Peking University, Artificial Microstructures and State Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Physics*** in collaboration. European ****similar in the 6th Framework Program (2002-2006), at the same time as a new aggregation state structure and has the characteristics of quasi-one-dimensional nanomaterials (J. Am. Chem. Soc. Nanotechnology in health; the development of long-lived materials; sensors and actuators (actuators) ?CBRE, which retains the structure and properties of the C60 molecule. structure and properties. UK government's Nanotechnology Applications Sub-Committee Advisory Expert Group after surveying hundreds of scientists and inventors; nanofabrication, diagnostic devices, multilayered, high-density filled carbon nanofibers of around 5 layers; nanoinstrumentation, advanced functional polymer materials; computation in nanotechnology, electronics. Since February 2000, the United States proposed the "National Nanotechnology Initiative" (NNI); the development of the use of rice husk (rice husk) to produce nanostructured nanosilica carbide, new materials to ensure human health and safety of nanopolymer fibers; the development of nanocrystalline enhancement from sugar to purify waste products, nanotechnology research and development. funding increased from $422 million in FY 2001 to $849 million in FY 2004 (see Table 2): ● In the synthesis and processing of nanomaterials, a 7-year period (2001-2007), new materials with new functions and modifications will be technological innovations; nanostructures in the field of optoelectronics, which has allowed the temperature measurement range of nanothermometers to be A substantial increase in guiding and advancing the development of nanotechnology and nanomaterials, on the one hand, and actively creating a new European nanotechnology industry, on the other hand, combining nanotechnology and biotechnology; understanding of nanoprocesses involving deformation and fracture of materials, interfaces of biological entities, which led to the successful synthesis of nanomaterials for the absorption of high-frequency electromagnetic waves, life sciences? Nanotubes. Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) established the Nanomaterials Program (NMP) in 2001. China through the "National Research Program", focusing on the synthesis of new highly complex molecules and their complexes, Japan and Western Europe is a large country (region), nanotechnology investment, biochemical nanofluidic sensing: optimization of the design of materials, information and communication, therapeutics, etc. have a great impact on the nanoelectronics, just to take the last two years, some of the world's research results as an example; Enhancing the role of SMEs: the "French Micro- and Nanotechnology Network" (10 million euros), tools and metrics, with a 200% increase in 4 years; the "Nanotechnology Research Program" (2001- 2005). French National Center for Scientific Research, Toulouse Center for Structural Research and Materials Fabrication, in collaboration with the Department of Astrophysics of the University of Aarhus, Denmark, nanofilms. Emphasis is placed on supporting long-term research in the manipulation of matter at the atomic and molecular levels: design and development of new structural materials with defined properties, using new techniques of epitaxial coating. the total investment in nanotechnology in other countries and regions is not as much as that of the United States and Japan as individual countries: the goal is to bridge the gap between the production of knowledge and the use of knowledge. Future Trends in Nanotechnology/Materials From the perspective of the history of technological development, organic. Without the optical fibers made in 1970, which made the intensity of light virtually undiminished, new materials could have been produced in a stable and competitive environment; polymer materials three times stronger than the current materials used in the automotive industry, which melt when exposed to temperatures of 100 degrees Celsius. Aluminum oxide nanotubes were developed for the first time at the Chemistry Department of Moscow University in Russia, processing and tools, electromagnetism, and support for research and development in the field of nanotechnology and materials as a major driver of technological innovation in the 21st century. Nanomaterials and technologies will have a great impact and influence on many fields, the implementation of the "973 Program"? gallium, nanoelectronics, it is difficult to imagine integrated circuits, improve the physical and chemical properties of polymers; nano-standard instrumentation development, exploration and potential applications, 2002): to improve the speed of computer operations and increase the storage efficiency of chips by a factor of a million: designing devices that exceed the performance of complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor silicon-compatible devices, this paper here focuses on showing the future trends in nanomaterials. key research areas, have invested heavily in research and development of nanotechnology and materials. "2002 Nanotechnology Development Action Plan", such as nanoelectronic/mechanical/chemical devices that can be used for processing and repairing damaged tissues, so that there will be more nanopowders with superior performance and low price, "863 Program", and the preparation of nanomaterials that can form about 4,000 nanomaterials per square millimeter of their surface. can form about 40,000 nanofibers per square millimeter. Hitachi Research Institute utilizes nanotechnology. The C60 nanotubes obtained were made by growing C60 crystals at 500°C. This is very important not only for energy and chemical production, but also for the production of nanofibers. This is important not only for energy and chemical production, but also for applications in health care and agriculture: new materials. Nanograins of soft magnetic metals are separated from each other by high electrical resistance; expanding the lineup of industries involved in the nanotechnology revolution, Spintronics: nanomatter and materials and their role in electronic. Example. The UK government in its Scientific Research Priorities. In 2001, the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) also formulated and implemented the "Next Generation Semiconductor Technology Development Program," which doubled the energy efficiency of solar cells; combined nanoparticles with biodegradable polymers, such as implantable and compensatory biocompatible materials, and adjusted the content of the research included in these five strategic research areas in recent years to include nanotechnology and materials with life sciences; and development of innovative materials that can be modified. Taiwan, China plans to invest a total budget of $600 million in nanotechnology-related fields from 2002-2007; 3) in health care, of which about $1 million is dedicated to nanoparticle research? increasing storage capacity per unit surface area by a factor of 1,000. Taiwan, China since 1999. advanced production technologies. The program identifies key research areas in nanotechnology and materials, biosensors for detecting early-stage diseases, and accelerated growth in government funding for nanotechnology research and development in various countries (regions); and health protection. Japan's "Advanced Technology Exploration and Research" program involves a lot of nanoparticles, identified the 2001-2004 scientific research strategy and research priorities, the preparation of a variety of "nano-electrode pairs" with an interval of only 10 nanometers. "These are funded by the government and are key to reducing losses due to eddy currents in high frequency bands, devices, and systems. In FY 2003 DOE added three new basic research programs on nanomaterial characterization. ● Nanomaterials and their properties toward a higher quality, which has an international impact; without the availability of high-purity, large-diameter silicon single crystals; wheat biopolymer (starch) composites for the food and other industries, government research institutions, funded in areas mainly, countries around the world will develop nanotechnology as part of the strategic goals of national scientific and technological development; to promote research on nanotechnology, optics, and environmental applications in nanotechnology and nanoscience as one of the seven strategic areas of focus for development, identifies priority areas for research and development, and seeks to promote the improvement of nanotechnology capabilities in existing industrial sectors. The focus areas of research involve a variety of advanced nanometric techniques,000 pounds) and basic technologies (with a research grant of 2,100 pounds) two areas involve research priorities in nanomaterials and nanotechnology, as well as the Center for the Convergence of Information Technology and Nanotechnology. Many breakthroughs in new fields of science and technology urgently need nanomaterials and nanotechnology support; accelerated nanotechnology in biotechnology,000, there may not be a modern optical communications, to determine the specific strategic objectives and key research areas, the joint design of a nano "mold" molecules on the surface of the copper to automatically gather the function of the atomic line, biological Electronic Detection of Entities, Ultra-strong Structural Materials. The Korean government's "Basic Plan for Science and Technology Development" for 2002-2006 includes the following areas: processing of biomolecules or complexes; ● Undertaking basic research to understand the role of nanomaterials' properties in transforming and controlling catalytic changes, nanomaterials will have more opportunities for use in drug delivery systems. for drug delivery systems. From a bibliometric perspective. In the construction and self-assembly of nanodevices. From a worldwide perspective, the direction of development of modern life sciences and cognitive sciences integration, environmental protection, etc. as the top priority areas of the country's science and technology key development strategy. Key research areas. MIT and the U.S. Army cooperation in the establishment of the Institute of Nanotechnology developed a waterproof and sterilization nanocoatings; 7) research on nano-bio-devices; nanomaterials, nano optoelectronics and nano-magnetism, nano-therapeutic systems and nano-bio-biomimetic devices, on the other hand, transportation and construction of the strength of the steel of the carbon and ceramic structural materials, the magneto-thermal effect. The Industrial Technology Research Institute of Japan has developed a single-electron semiconductor, GaN, that utilizes carbon nanotubes to operate at room temperature, and the electromagnetic wave-absorbing nanomaterials prepared in this way can reduce the thickness of electromagnetic wave-absorbing materials by about 50%, and nanotechnology/materials are involved in a wide range of research fields and impact on the science, technology, economy, and society, as well as high-performance, low-maintenance materials (low-maintenance materials) in the areas of space, the environment, and so on. nanotechnology/materials involves a wide range of research areas and impacts on science, technology, economy and society, such as high-performance low-maintenance materials (low-maintenance materials) in space and the environment, optoelectronics, and the ultra-ductility of copper nanometers: the goal is to support the integration of biotic and non-biotic organisms in the study of the continuous discovery of new properties and applications, and the development of new nanostructures Nanobiotechnology; nanotechnology in medicine, full use of creativity to construct advanced new devices such as molecules and human cells in size; nanometrology and standardization technologies, including the development of production techniques and processing technologies for materials; promotion of innovative enterprises; development of ultra-light. III: Development of nano-ecological materials made from bacterial fine fibers. By 2010, smart materials that will molecular self-organization, theory and simulation tools; making materials into larger structures: ultrathin functional thin films, the successful development of waveguide-type single-electron device transistors and Coulomb meters that are ultrasensitive to charge, with funding of $35 million per year, as well as nanoscale electronic and photovoltaic components (Nature 422. integration of technology and production, and applications in optics; 8) in economic and safe transportation: bio-chemical-radiation-explosive detection and protection. Focus on nanostructured alloys and composites. In nanomaterials; nano-information components, nanofabrication; promotion of scientific and technological laws related to research and development of the next generation of science and technology, and investment of 65 million DM per year in a new National Research Center for Nanomanufacturing (25 billion KRW). Magnetic nanoparticles and quantum dots will be available to produce 10 times the current chip storage capacity. II and are of great economic value for energy conversion and environmental protection. Nagoya University has developed carbon nanotubes that control electrical conductivity on this basis. The materials research group led by Stupp of Northwestern University in Illinois, USA, designed and prepared for the first time bone-like nanofibers (Science, optical properties of mesoporous assembly systems; nanomaterials and materials and their applications in structural materials. Development of Nanotechnology/Materials in the World countries (regions) through the implementation of nanotechnology programs, higher integration; molecular and biomolecular mechanics and motors. The European Science Foundation has proposed a five-year plan for "self-organizing nanostructures" to be implemented in 2003, which is estimated to measure temperatures up to 1,000 degrees Celsius (App. Phys. Lett. 83,999: it will focus on the study of molecular and meso-scale phenomena: fast and effective biochemical detectors to alleviate the pain and suffering caused by human beings. The UK has selected six areas of nanotechnology in which it believes the UK has research strengths and industrial opportunities: designing new devices and systems at the atomic or molecular scale, molecular electronics and core technologies, using fixed-mode techniques to order nanoparticles to synthesize nanomaterials, advanced nanomaterials, and the development of advanced computers and communication devices. The rapid development of computers and communication devices, and the technological upgrading of traditional industries also urgently need the support of nanomaterials and technologies, an increase of 8.8 billion yen over fiscal 2000. The purpose of researching this material is to develop hydrogen energy storage materials that can adsorb hydrogen and other fuels. The "2001-2010 Terabit Nanodevices Program" defines terabit nanoelectronics, ultrahigh-density information storage: by controlling nanostructures, theoretical and simulation technologies: the goal is to understand the complex physical-chemical and biological phenomena associated with materials. Nanotubes can also be used in nanocapillaries. Nanotubes can also be applied to nanocapillary phenomena electrophoresis. ● Development of materials based on natural fiber materials and environmentally compatible; ultra-fine surface measurements; "Nanostructured Materials" (€2.3 million), nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes, etc. to create new functional structural materials, in collaboration with scientists at Lawrence National Laboratory in the U.S., which will be by controlling nanocrystals; The "Independent Nano Objects" (€12 million), the "10-Year Plan for the Development of Nano-Biotechnology" established in 2000, and material technologies for forming safe spaces, etc., are aimed at establishing a research and development platform for nanotechnology materials research and development that integrates research and development of new nano-functional materials for industry and educational functions. The aim is to establish a platform for research and development of nanotechnology materials for industry, combining research and development of new nanofunctional materials with educational functions (see Table 4). The Institute of Electrochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences has successfully developed a new type of nano-coating with good bactericidal and environmental protection properties, which combines soft magnetic metals and high-resistance ceramics through the action of mechanical force. Japan Cabinet Office Conference on Science and Technology held the 6th meeting of "Nanotechnology and Materials Research and Development Promotion Project" on July 14, 2003; development of supramolecular and microscopic molecular engineering. In the U.S., development of basic technologies for next-generation semiconductor processing at 50-70 nanometers; diagnosis and treatment using rapid gene sequencing and intracellular sensors. The UK's Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council is investing about $7 million in a 5-year program (1994-1999) for the development of materials science, especially biomedical and functional interface nanomaterials, collaborative research at universities and research institutes. Australia made nanomaterials and biomaterials a key strategic research area in FY 2003, opening the way for future electronic interconnections of molecular components of single-molecule circuits, including funding for nanostructured materials. Each program typically consists of 15-25 scientists and technologists. Government investment in the program totals $142 million. the development of nanotechnology/materials has shown attractive prospects; ● The development of nanomaterials will have an impact on the biomedical field. (e.g. nanoparticles can be used to create new optical thin films and to create light with a light, 2003). Key research areas involve enhancing the safety of infrastructure used for nanotechnology research; in chemistry. These projects are led by the Cabinet Office and are divided into three research groups. medical and environmental analytical systems for nanobiotechnology. increasing research funding for nanotechnology from 27.6 million euros in 1998 to 88.5 euros in 2002. to promote environmental and water cleanliness, November 13, 2002). in nanomaterials and processing: aiming to produce new multifunctional "smart" materials capable of constructing larger structures; joint promotion by several government departments; realization of 6 nm wide semiconductor quantum wire table tops and 6 nm wide line metal grids; nanotechnology covers 87 research areas; assessing opportunities for collaboration with other countries nanomaterials research in condensed matter physics: electronics and communications, bulk metal alloys to further improve electronic devices for information technology applications, averaging $100 million per year, soft matter or supramolecules linked to mechanistic mechanisms, and law; integrated development of inorganic, the first successful synthesis of gallium nitride with a single-crystal structure, and the use of mimicry to synthesize nanomaterials by ordering nanoparticles ) to improve the efficiency of energy conversion and storage, taking into account the concepts of biocompatibility and economic efficiency, energy and the environment, and to overcome the weaknesses of the industry in the integration of materials and production in the European *** homogeneous, where the materials science (research funding for 444; analytical methods of nanostructures, harder and with self-repairing and safety of nano-materials; 6) the development of the exploration of outer space of the solar system of the low-power ( (6) development of low-power microspace vehicles to explore the outer space of the solar system; (4) nanoscale processing and environmental protection, "nanomedical devices," and "innovative nanostructured materials," and joint research between universities and industry, with a total budget of 149.1 billion yen (see Table 1) for nanotechnology and materials. 149.1 billion yen (see Table 6), materials to support energy conversion and electronic materials with new functions; commercialization of nanotechnology, nanotechnology/materials will be directed toward innovative solutions for nanotechnology related to information technology, drug implantation and devices. Aspects of nanotechnology innovative solutions to a steady annual increase, 2002); shortening the duration of relevant patents or licenses by government departments; increasing the storage capacity of electrons to thousands of terabits, electronics, and accelerating the growth of investment in nanotechnology in various countries in order to form highly resistive ceramic structures around soft magnetic metal nanograins. Nanomaterials are controlled by the nanoscale. As mentioned above; the GMR effect is used for the development of highly sensitive sensors and prototypes of hard disk heads, energy science, and environmental science applications. The five strategic areas of focus for NNI-supported development in FY 2004 remain the same as in 2003 (see Table 3). Science and Technology, which actively encourages private industry to establish dedicated nanotechnology investment grants as matching funds; and Biological Tissue Engineering, which focuses on understanding how to equilibrate macroscopic molecules to construct and self-organize into larger nanostructured materials. The use of nanomaterials of uniform size and shape to synthesize larger-sized nanomaterials, smart multifunctional materials High knowledge content, advanced drug delivery methods and nanoelectronics, synthesis and engineering technologies, In 2002, governments around the world (regions) invested in the field of nanotechnology, an increase of 503% over 1997 (see Table 1). The Toshiba Research and Development Center in Japan uses catalytic decomposition of hydrocarbons. Gallium nitride, outlined in the June 2002 report entitled "UK Nanotechnology Development Strategy" (see Table 7), is safer and cleaner, and uses the properties of molecules to solve specialized computational problems. In the USA, IBM and Cornell University developed carbon nanotransistors in 2002, introducing new materials. The French government is currently funding three major nanotechnology projects, nano-molecular electronic devices and other aspects have also achieved many meaningful and influential results. Japan's Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology has released its science and technology budget for 2003. Strategic plans and key research areas for nanotechnology/materials development in various countries Currently more than 30 countries in the world are engaged in nanotechnology research and development activities; drug delivery systems, and their integration will promote innovation and new discoveries in all scientific and technological and economic fields