Medicine (yīyào); medicine; medicament is a substance or preparation for the prevention or treatment or diagnosis of disease in humans and livestock. Medicines are divided into natural and synthetic drugs according to their source. Medicine can also prevent disease, treatment of disease, reduce pain, improve health, or enhance the body's resistance to disease or to help diagnose disease substances.
Basic Introduction Chinese Name ：Medicine Foreign Name ：medicine Classification ：OTC, Prescription Drugs, Traditional Chinese Medicine, Western Medicine Pinyin ：yīyào Introduction, Industry Scale, Industry Development, Industry, Development, Policies, Ethnic Minorities in China, Mongolian, Miao, Tibetan, Uyghur Medicine, Introduction Medicine is the science of human beings' fight against diseases and promotion of health. Its object is the people of the society. Therefore, medicine has a close relationship with social science and medical ethics. Siegster, the famous medical historian of this century, pointed out that "medicine is a social science."" Every action of medicine always involves two groups of parties - the physician and the patient, or more broadly, the medical community and society - and medicine is nothing but a multifaceted relationship between these two groups of people." As a result of advances in medical science and shifts in the medical paradigm, there has been a shift from the traditional biomedical model to a biological, psychological, and social model of medicine. Around the world, most countries and regions view modern Western medicine as orthodox medicine, also known as conventional, general, current, or mainstream medicine. Medicine outside of Western medicine is referred to as non-mainstream medicine, alternative medicine, complementary medicine, alternative medicine, unconventional medicine, and so on. Medicine is divided into two parts: one is basic, biological science; the other part of medicine is more important, but also the main body of medicine - clinical medicine, in recent years the medical field has emerged as a new discipline: evidence-based medicine. It is to fully seek credible clinical evidence, because we rely solely on the laboratory to get out of the evidence, not enough to explain a lot of problems. In addition, medicine itself is a part of science, itself with certain human characteristics. Therefore, medicine is still a human science, or a way of life. Scale of the industry Data show that in 2013 the pharmaceutical industry ushered in a strong recovery. 2013 January-February, the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry achieved a total of 272.4 billion yuan of revenue from main business, an increase of 22.7%; total profits of 25.74 billion yuan, an increase of 24.30% year-on-year, the year-on-year growth rate of revenue from main business and the year-on-year growth rate of total profits have hit a new record high. Especially worth mentioning, in the first 11 months of 2012, the year-on-year growth rate of total profits are lower than the year-on-year growth rate of income from main business, December data and January-February data have reversed the momentum of the pharmaceutical industry rebound is obvious. Pharmaceutical foreign trade has continued the previous growth trend, the first 2 months of import and export volume of 12.635 billion U.S. dollars, an increase of 11.54% year-on-year. In 2013, if China's APIs can maintain the existing international market share and expand, while taking into account the price factor, the annual export of APIs is expected to achieve 8% -10% growth. To maintain high growth, Chinese pharmaceutical companies also need to seek new development opportunities in specialty APIs and biopharmaceuticals. Industry Development Industry The pharmaceutical industry, biomedical engineering industry, and pharmaceutical e-commerce industry are the pillars of the modern pharmaceutical industry. Pharmaceutical industry Pharmaceutical is the process of researching, developing, and producing medicines by combining multidisciplinary theories and advanced technologies, and adopting scientific and modernized modes. In addition to biopharmaceuticals, chemical and traditional Chinese medicines also occupy a certain proportion in the pharmaceutical industry. Biomedical engineering industry Biomedical engineering is a comprehensive set of life sciences and engineering science principles and methods, from the engineering point of view of molecules, cells, tissues, organs and even the entire human body system multi-level understanding of the structure of the human body, the function and other phenomena of life, the study of the human body used for the prevention of disease, treatment of disease, human function to assist and health care of the artificial materials, products, The general name of the technology of artificial materials, products, devices and systems. The biomedical engineering industry includes: biomedical material products, (biological) artificial organs, medical imaging and diagnostic equipment, medical electronic instruments and monitoring devices, modern medical treatment equipment, medical information technology, rehabilitation engineering technology and devices, tissue engineering. Third-party pharmaceutical e-commerce platform third-party platform is independent of the buyer and seller neutral service organization, for the buyer and seller to provide a variety of services required for the transaction of the digital platform, that is, to provide drug information dissemination, online purchasing, online transactions, online payment, drug tracking, with the ground with the full range of services for the distribution of pharmaceutical warehousing and logistics, is to achieve the flow of information, It is a complete pharmaceutical e-commerce service model that realizes a high degree of synergy between information flow, capital flow and logistics, and is an open, fair and impartial online pharmaceutical market. Development Thanks to the new health care reform steadily advancing the role of driving the overall value added of the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry to maintain a steady growth trend. 2012 first half, in the domestic economy continued to downturn in the background, the growth rate of value added of the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry gradually downward. Into the 3 quarter since, in the "poison capsule" effect tends to slow down and the government has issued "" Twelfth Five-Year "period of health poverty alleviation work guidance "," on the urban and rural residents to carry out the work of the guidance of the big disease insurance " and a series of favorable policies driven by the Pharmaceutical industry market sentiment began to pick up, the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry production and sales growth reversed the downward trend since the first half of the year, the industrial value-added growth rate stabilized significantly, the growth rate of product sales revenue began to pick up. Among them, the first three quarters, the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry value-added growth rate of 14.6%, than the first half of the rebound of 0.3 percentage points; Pharmaceutical manufacturing industry to achieve product sales revenue of 1206,991 million yuan, an increase of 19.52%, compared with the first half of the year, an increase of 0.45 percentage points. In the first three quarters, China's cumulative pharmaceutical exports of $ 8.958 billion, up only 1.8% year-on-year, the growth rate than the same period last year, down 8.4 percentage points, down 1.5 percentage points from the first half of the year. It is worth noting that, despite the shocking decline in imports of pharmaceuticals in a single month, but the overall imports of pharmaceuticals still maintain a high level. The first three quarters, China's cumulative imports of pharmaceuticals 10.231 billion U.S. dollars, an increase of 23%, the growth rate than the same period last year fell 18.7 percentage points, down 6.9 percentage points from the first half of the year. Among them, single-month imports from July's 1.201 billion U.S. dollars shocked down to 1.123 billion U.S. dollars in September. Looking ahead to 2013, on the one hand, drug bidding is gradually becoming more benign. The "ultra-low price winning" model of "basic drug bidding" is gradually improving, and the government can effectively prevent or avoid vicious competition at low prices and price comparison effect among provinces through "national unified pricing of basic drugs on a trial basis", which is conducive to the improvement of drug prices. The government can effectively prevent or avoid the vicious competition of low price and the price effect of each province, which is conducive to improve the profitability of pharmaceutical enterprises. At the same time, the upcoming new version of the basic drug catalog expansion will drive the grassroots market continued growth, mainly due to the basic drugs reimbursement ratio is significantly higher than the non-basic drugs, the increase in basic drugs will undoubtedly increase the proportion of the government's investment in medicine and health. Therefore, it is expected that in 2013 the growth rate of profit in the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry will continue to rebound. In the long run, the State Ministry of Industry and Information Technology issued the "pharmaceutical industry" Twelfth Five-Year "Development Plan" clearly puts forward the development goal for the formation of more than 5 annual sales revenue of 50 billion yuan, 100 100 billion yuan enterprises, the top 100 companies accounted for 50% of the industry's sales revenue target. Encouraged by the above policy and industry competition, the future concentration of the industry will further increase, highlighting the importance of enterprise scale, the creation of core competitiveness of enterprises will determine the future development of enterprises. In 2012, the three-year new health care reform ended, the pharmaceutical industry entered the era of post-medical reform. Looking back on three years of new health care reform, the government continues to increase investment in the medical field, China's pharmaceutical market as a whole expansion, China's pharmaceutical industry has experienced unprecedented development opportunities. Pharmaceutical industry is an important part of the national economy, closely related to the people's life, health and quality of life and other personal interests, is the hot spot of the whole society, but also an important element of building a harmonious socialist society. Since the reform and opening up, China's pharmaceutical industry has been maintaining a relatively fast growth rate, 1978-2011, the pharmaceutical industry scale average annual increment are in more than 15%, the scale continues to expand, the quality of economic operation and efficiency continue to improve. China's pharmaceutical packaging production scale and market demand for rapid growth. Data show that from 2005 to 2009, the average annual growth rate of industry sales revenue was about 21%, and sales revenue reached 40.205 billion yuan in 2009. With the expansion of China's pharmaceutical market capacity and growing demand, it is expected that China's pharmaceutical packaging market will grow at a rate of more than 15% in 2013, reaching a scale of 66 billion yuan. At the same time, due to the state to increase the pharmaceutical industry mergers and acquisitions, by this effect, the pharmaceutical packaging industry mergers and acquisitions will also enter a period of high incidence. With the continuous improvement of Chinese residents' living standards and health concepts, coupled with the government's increasing investment in health care, in the future, China's pharmaceutical packaging market will usher in faster growth. Data show that from 2013-2017, China's pharmaceutical packaging market will grow at a growth rate of 11.5%, and it is expected that by 2017, the size of China's pharmaceutical packaging market will reach 99.1 billion yuan. China has become one of the world's largest producers and exporters of chemical APIs, and at the same time, it is also the world's largest producer of pharmaceutical preparations. China has become the world's largest producer of vaccine products. Domestically produced vaccines have begun to provide vaccine products to the World Health Organization for disease prevention in other countries, while meeting the needs of domestic residents for disease prevention and treatment. Chinese medicine is an important part of China's pharmaceutical industry, which has received widespread attention from the whole society and is widely recognized by all circles of industry, academia and research. With the continuous intensification of competition in the pharmaceutical business market, mergers and acquisitions, integration and capital operation among large pharmaceutical business enterprises are becoming more frequent, and domestic outstanding pharmaceutical business enterprises are paying more and more attention to the study of the industry market, especially the in-depth study of the enterprise development environment and changes in customer demand trends. Because of this, a large number of domestic outstanding pharmaceutical business enterprises are rapidly rising, and gradually become the leading pharmaceutical business! Policy The first half of 2013 pharmaceutical industry policy: there are Yang and depression, seeking change in stability Policy change is bound to be the redistribution of interests and adjustments, there are bound to be Yang and depression. Yang is to support the development of traditional Chinese medicine, biomedicine; base drug system to correct the "quality first, reasonable price"; the new version of the base drug catalog expansion; second and third-tier hospitals equipped with the use of base drugs; the three insurance, major disease protection, increase health care investment, improve reimbursement levels, and so on. These policy measures are conducive to the release of the people's medical needs, clear support for the development of the pharmaceutical industry focus on the pharmaceutical industry as a whole is favorable. Depressed are the price cuts in drugs, restriction of antibiotics, strict regulation of drug quality, cost pressures brought about by environmental protection, and health insurance fee control. The impact of unfavorable policies on the pharmaceutical industry is obvious, especially the introduction of new regulations on drug trading in Guangdong (draft), so that the market once pessimism pervaded. Reviewing the industry's policies since the health care reform, we believe that the government's policy line is clear: livelihood-oriented, not only to solve the "difficult to see the doctor, expensive to see the doctor" and other real problems, but also to promote the healthy development of the pharmaceutical industry. For the pharmaceutical industry, the consequences of the policy is: through price reductions to intensify competition among pharmaceutical manufacturers, eliminating low-level enterprises, through industry support policies, encouraging enterprises to focus on research and development, innovation, suppression and promotion, so that the outstanding enterprises in the industry's differentiation and integration to stand out. China's ethnic minorities "asked the boy under the pine, said the teacher picking medicine to go. Only in this mountain, deep clouds do not know where." Ancient people did hermits, but also do not forget to engage in a little side business - picking medicines, and Chinese medicine, indeed, has always been intertwined with traditional culture. In fact, in addition to Chinese medicine in the narrow sense (i.e., Chinese medicine), China's ethnic minorities have a long history of medicine, and more and more attention is being paid to it. There are more than 30 ethnic minorities in China with a more systematic background of ethnomedicine, among which the medical systems and medicinal varieties of Mongolian, Miao, Tibetan, and Uyghur minorities are the richest. Mongolian medicine Mongolian medicine is not only large in number and wide in scope, but also has long been infiltrated into the daily dietary life. The Mongolian people have a long tradition of dietary therapy, and their daily recipes are the best health care list. Inclusive Mongolian Medicine Mongolian medicine is a fusion of Chinese medicine, Tibetan medicine and ancient Indian medicine. According to the literature, there are more than 2,000 kinds of Mongolian medicines, mainly plant medicines, among which there are more than 1,100 kinds of wild medicinal plants, and there are more than 100 kinds of animals that can be used as medicines, such as wolves, yellow goats, green goats, otters, Mongolian rabbits, etc. In addition, there are rich mineral resources in the region. In addition, the rich local mineral resources, also makes the Mongolian medicine with mineral medicine is very convenient. Many special herbs for Mongolian medicine because of the reliable efficacy, has attracted the attention of modern medicine. For example, the Mongolian medical treatment of palpitation, angina, heart disease, with sea buckthorn cough phlegm, blood dredging, with blue pot flower to clear the lungs, the treatment of liver fever, with the Wengguan wood treatment of rheumatism, paralysis and so on. And in the use of some generic herbs, Mongolian medicine is different from traditional Chinese medicine and has special curative effects. For example, nutmeg is simmered and used to warm the spleen and stomach in Chinese medicine, while raw nutmeg is used to treat heart disease in Mongolian medicine. Food and Medicine Dietary therapy is one of the traditional therapies of Mongolian medicine. Mongolian folk proverb says: "the beginning of the disease, from the food does not go away; the source of medicine, from a hundred fried water". Therefore, in the view of Mongolian doctors, meat, milk, bone broth, fat, fruits and vegetables, tea and wine, etc., as long as they are eaten properly, can play a role in health care and treatment of disease. The most representative food therapy of Mongolian medicine is the "sour horse milk therapy" with a history of more than 700 years. Sour horse milk is rich in vitamins, trace elements, as well as a variety of amino acids and other nutrients, and plays an important role in Mongolian medicine. Experimental and clinical studies have shown that sour horse milk has significant curative effects on paralysis, hypertension, diabetes, tuberculosis, pre-cardiac pain, etc. Hmong Medicine "A king of medicine, in all directions, three thousand Hmong medicines, eight hundred single prescriptions." -- In ethnomedicine, the integrity of the Hmong medical system is second only to that of Chinese medicine. Ethnic medicine in the "old" Miao is one of the oldest ethnic minorities in China, the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang's "Saying Yuan" said "I heard that the ancient medicine is said to be the father of the Miao", the Chinese folk tradition has also had The Chinese folk traditionally also has a "thousand years Miao people, ten thousand years Miao medicine". Some of the Miao medicine more because of its unique therapeutic effects, and become the tribute of the generations of local officials pilgrimage. It can be said that no matter in the medicinal material or in the therapy, the profound and profound Miao medicine can be comparable with the traditional Chinese medicine. Natural "Medicine Factory" Miao medicine is mainly distributed in the Miao Mountains, Wumeng Mountains, Wuling Mountains and other areas where the Miao people live. Among them, Guizhou, one of China's four major producing areas of local herbs (local herbs refer to herbs with strong regional characteristics, in terms of material, use and efficacy are very unique) is the birthplace of Miao medicine. As the saying goes, "there is no idle grass in Yelang, and there are many medicines in Guizhou", Guizhou's medicinal herbs not only have many varieties and strange medicinal effects, but also grow in a pollution-free ecological environment, which is an important guarantee of the miraculous efficacy of Miao medicine. According to statistics, there are more than 1,500 kinds of common Miao medicines, and there are nearly 200 kinds of commonly used ones. The naming of Hmong medicines is very distinctive, often including the special effects of the drug, appearance, smell and other information, and there are mnemonics to connect the herbs with the therapeutic effects. For example: "If you can't climb the slope, you can't get away from Short Tuo Tuo (also known as Xiao Di Huang Lian Lian, Thousand-Year Short)", "If you can't go up the slope, you can't get away from Inverted Tou Umbrella (also known as Yang Jin Yin Vine, Huang Niu Bubbles)", and "If you can beat all the body, you can't get away from the four pieces of tiles (also known as Four Leaf Fine Pine, Wan Niu Bubble). Also known as the four leaves of the fine Xin, Wan Gen Dan)" and so on. Hmong Medicine's Unique Techniques Hmong medicine is also known for naming diseases in vivid terms: the twitching of the upper limbs as the harrier eagle flashing its wings is called "harrier warp", and the redness and swelling of the knee joints in the shape of a cat's head is called "cat's head syndrome". ...... Hmong doctors say that "there are one hundred and eight diseases", involving internal, external, neurological, orthopedic injuries and a variety of epidemic infectious diseases, each disease has a specific name, so knowing its name is like seeing the disease, and sometimes you only need to know the name of the disease, then you can prescribe the right medicine. Sometimes just by knowing the name of the disease, one can prescribe the right medicine. Hmong medicine in the use of drugs on a lot of single prescription, generally are specialized in specific diseases, for difficult diseases, chronic diseases, geriatrics have special effects. Because of the unique natural "medicine factory", Hmong doctors often use fresh medicines, which is also a unique feature of their diagnosis and treatment. Tibetan medicine Tibetan medicine, born on the snowy plateau, is endowed with unique capital. Tibetan medicine has become a focus of medical attention around the world due to its remarkable efficacy in diseases of the liver and gallbladder, cardiovascular and cerebral vascular diseases, the nervous system, the immune system, the digestive system, gynecology and other diseases. The precious Tibetan herbs are the key to the legend of Tibetan medicine. The highest and largest "treasure bowl" The highest and youngest plateau in the world, the Tibetan Plateau, is the cradle of Tibetan medicine and the main source of modern Tibetan medicine, in addition to Tibet, also includes Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan, Yunnan and other places of Tibetan medicine, Sichuan, Yunnan and other Tibetan autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties. According to the survey, there are more than 2,400 kinds of Tibetan medicinal resources, including 2,172 kinds of plants, 214 kinds of animals and 50 kinds of minerals. Since ancient times, the Tibetan area has been a "treasure bowl" of medicinal plants in China, with hundreds of precious medicinal herbs such as Bei Mu, Panax ginseng, Tian Ma, Ganoderma lucidum, Rhodiola rosea, Cordyceps sinensis, etc. selling well both at home and abroad, and the anti-cancer medicinal plants such as Goumou, Sequoia, Octopus, soft comfrey, etc. being widely developed and utilized. The finely crafted Tibetan medicines Because of the preciousness of the Tibetan medicinal materials, the Tibetan doctors pay great attention to the collection and processing of the Tibetan medicines. Tibetan medicine generally requires colorful taste, no insect pests, no damage, and even have not been sunlight, shadow or water aggression. The flower buds and stems and branches of the herbs are usually collected when they are in their prime, the roots and seeds are dug in the fall, the leaves are to be collected in the summer, the fruits are harvested in the fall, the bark is collected in the winter, spring and fall, and the resin is collected in the spring and fall. Tibetan medicinal herbs in addition to the collection of "the right place, the right time," in addition to the selection of "dry picking, clearing the old", and finally also through the "concoction to remove the poison, adjusting the effect of volatility, the appropriate preparation of the Finally, it has to go through strict processing procedures such as "concocting and removing poison, adjusting and increasing effect, and appropriate preparation". Uyghur Medicine Uyghur medicine, with its ancient and mysterious temperament, has taken the first step towards the world of national medicine under the leadership of modern medical science and technology. Both Chinese and Western Uyghur medicine theory is ancient and mysterious, mainly including three major doctrines, such as temperament, body fluids and organs, etc. It is said that this medical theory was born in the 4th century B.C., which has an important influence on the world's medical science, including Ancient Greece. Xinjiang's unique geographic location, making Uyghur medicine in the "birth" of the beginning of China's traditional Chinese medicine, as well as India, Persia, Arabia, Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Ancient Egypt and other countries have close contact with medicine, is China's national medicine in the most "hybrids It is the most "hybrid" branch of China's national medicine. East meets West Uyghur medicine has a unique effect on the prevention and treatment of tumors, skin diseases, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and has developed 13 dosage forms and 147 varieties of national medicine for the treatment of diabetes, vitiligo and other difficult diseases in the world. The reason why Uyghur medicine can penetrate into the world market lies in the fact that it has preserved the ancestral secret recipe and integrated the research and development of modern medicine. Moreover, Uyghur medicinal herbs are found from the south of Yangtze River Basin in China to North Africa, Mediterranean Sea, West Asia, Central Asia and other places abroad, which is also an important reason for Uyghur medicine to reach the world.