1, industrial pollution
Industrial wastewater pollution in the Yellow River pollution accounted for 60%-70%, domestic sewage pollution accounted for about 30%, and agriculture as well as other pollution accounted for less than 10%. According to the monitoring data: in 2005, the Yellow River basin from the work of the wastewater discharge of 3.2 billion tons, accounting for 73.5% of the total amount of sewage. Industry is the major polluter of the Yellow River, and in industry, chemical, food, brewing, petroleum processing, coking, papermaking and other 5 industries are the main emitters of pollution. According to statistics, COD emissions from these five industries account for about 90% of the Yellow River's working wastewater emissions. The ammonia nitrogen emission accounts for about 80% of the ammonia nitrogen emission of the industrial wastewater of the Yellow River. From the industrial pollution composition, the Yellow River pollutants are mainly organic matter, ammonia nitrogen, biochemical, oxygen demand, petroleum, dissolved oxygen, volatile phenols and mercury are the main components, and some of the heavy metals are also significantly over the standard.
2, agricultural surface pollution
The threat of agricultural surface pollution to the Yellow River is mainly manifested in farmland runoff, soil erosion and decentralized farming. According to the data, by 2007, the Yellow River basin annual surface pollution into the river COD, ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen, total phosphorus have been more than 390,000t, 15,000t, 130,000t and 20,000t respectively.
3, the basin of water resources shortages, the flow is reduced
The Yellow River itself is a relatively water resources of the river, coupled with climate change in recent years to make the basin of rainfall tends to decrease, the Yellow River water volume in general is decreasing, and the water supply has been reduced. Yellow River water volume in general is decreasing trend. On the other hand, the economic and social development of the Yellow River basin on the Yellow River's demand for a sharp increase in the utilization rate of the Yellow River's water resources continue to increase, which directly led to the basin of the ecological environment of the flow is insufficient, exacerbating the deterioration of the quality of the basin's water environment. On the one hand, the amount of incoming water is decreasing, on the other hand, the amount of pollution is increasing, so the Yellow River water pollution situation has become more serious.
4, urban sewage treatment rate is low, sewage is directly discharged into the river
Urban sewage treatment is not up to standard, a large number of sewage that does not meet the standard or even without any treatment is directly discharged into the Yellow River, which is one of the main factors leading to the pollution of the Yellow River. According to statistics, around 2007, the actual amount of sewage treated in the Yellow River Basin per day is not,900,000t, and the treatment rate is only 13%, which is far lower than the national average level
5, local governments do not pay enough attention to environmental protection, and environmental protection is not sufficiently invested;
The industrial structure of the river basin is unreasonable, and the economic growth mode is crude; the system of pollution supervision and management is not smooth, and the environmental protection law enforcement is lax, etc., which are all important factors affecting the quality of the water of the Yellow River. Yellow River water quality is an important factor.
6, the Yellow River pollution, seriously affecting people's lives and life safety.
In 1999, pollution occurred in the following section of the Yellow River Longmen, some downstream cities were forced to stop the Yellow River water supply for a month. 2003, the Yellow River has the most serious pollution since the measured records, Sanmenxia reservoir water into a reservoir of sewage, has been running the seventh Yellow River to Jinjin was forced to interrupt. 2004, the Yellow River mainstem Inner Mongolia section of a serious water pollution incident, which lasted 11 days, the Yellow River The ecology of the 340km-long river channel in the area of Sanhuhekou-Wanjiazhai Reservoir of the main stream of the Yellow River was seriously damaged. To control the pollution of the Yellow River and to protect the good water environment of the Yellow River is the duty and task of those who control the Yellow River, and it is also an urgent task to guarantee the scientific development.
Two, measures to prevent and control water pollution in the Yellow River Basin
1, non-engineering measures, namely, management measures. Mainly according to the main causes of water pollution in the basin and the actual situation and the functional needs of the water body and other aspects of the problem, strengthen the legal system, integrated planning, strengthen supervision and management, as far as possible to reduce the point, surface pollution sources of pollutant emissions and their amount of river, in order to prevent and mitigate the pollution of the ground and groundwater bodies.
(1) the rule of law, combined with the basin's own situation, strengthen the construction of the legal system, the protection of water resources in accordance with the law in order to make the law enforcement of water conservancy law enforcement, rules and regulations, only the Water Law and the Water Pollution Prevention and Control Law and other national laws are not enough, but also must be combined with the actual situation of the basin, strengthen the construction of the legal system, the establishment of a more detailed, easy-to-operate system of laws and regulations, and to achieve the protection of water resources in accordance with the law. As far as the Yellow River Basin is concerned, over the years, the Basin Water Resource Protection Organization, together with the water resource and environmental protection departments of the relevant provinces and districts, has formulated a number of regulations on the prevention and control of water pollution in the basin, and in some provinces and districts, local standards for the discharge of water pollutants have also been formulated. But about the overall situation of the basin of the "Yellow River Water Pollution Prevention and Control Regulations" although after many years, several drafts, so far has not been promulgated and put into effect. It should be seen that, after all, this regulation meets the objective need of unified management of water resources in the basin, is the progress of management means, and should be implemented as soon as possible under the favorable condition that the state attaches great importance to the prevention and control of water pollution in the Yellow River. In addition, according to the survey of river outfalls in the basin and the implementation of water abstraction permit system in recent years, we should formulate the Implementing Measures for Water Environment Management of Water Abstraction Permit and the Measures for the Management of Water Quality Monitoring, etc. as soon as possible. In practice, in addition to the use of administrative and legal means, economic means should also be used to increase the collection of water resource fees, and financial penalties should be imposed on unreasonable use and waste of water resources. Water pollution compensation fees" must be levied to achieve the purpose of limiting the discharge of waste water, waste water treatment and protection of the quality of the water environment.
(2) do a good job of publicity Increase publicity to raise awareness of the protection of water resources water resources protection is a mass work, only the vast number of people in the basin **** with the participation of the people, in order to receive good results. Therefore, to increase the new "Water Law", "Water Pollution Prevention and Control Law" and other laws and regulations of the publicity and implementation of the work, in order to enhance the awareness of the whole population to protect water resources, *** with the protection of water resources.
2, engineering measures in the river water pollution in a wider range, longer, heavier, to control or mitigate pollution only by non-engineering measures is not enough, but also must take highly targeted engineering measures. Engineering measures are treatment measures. They mainly include various types of wastewater treatment devices (facilities), wastewater treatment plants and treatment systems with different treatment depths. In the "Yellow River Basin Water Resources Protection Plan", it is generally designed according to three levels: decentralized treatment of key pollution sources (industrial and mining enterprises), selecting targeted treatment devices or facilities according to the characteristics of their wastewater; centralized treatment of urban sewage using sewage treatment plants with different depths of treatment; and in the areas with suitable natural conditions, in line with the principle of adapting to the local conditions, basically focusing on the sewage land ecological treatment system, that is, the implementation of sewage resource utilization projects. The implementation of sewage resource utilization projects. In some of the more polluted large and medium-sized cities in the river, most of these three levels as a system of engineering considerations, and the combination of engineering measures to optimize the program.
(1) the construction of a large number of high-efficiency sewage treatment plants in the Yellow River Basin provinces, key cities, industrial wastewater and domestic sewage treatment level is far below the national average. Comprehensive, in-depth treatment of waste water is a fundamental measure to combat pollution. Therefore, we should build a large number of high-efficiency sewage treatment plants, and greatly improve the rate of urban and industrial wastewater treatment, wastewater treatment standards and the depth of wastewater treatment. At present, the first step is to reach the standard of wastewater discharge, and later to further reduce the discharge of wastewater and pollutants. Of the 3.95 billion tons of wastewater discharged into the Yellow River Basin in 2004, less than 20% of the total amount of wastewater discharged was treated by sewage treatment plants, and a large amount of untreated wastewater containing high concentration of pollutants was directly discharged into the Yellow River. According to incomplete statistics, there are 932 outfalls in the Yellow River Basin exceeding the standard, and the water quality of 71 first-class tributaries exceeding Class V reaches 53.5%. Basin annual sewage: Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) amounted to 973,000 t, ammonia nitrogen 124,000 t. So many seriously polluted wastewater, sewage, river water, directly or indirectly discharged to the Yellow River, the Yellow River is not polluted reason? We can order the closure of one or a few factories, but we can't order most of the factories to stop production, and we can't prevent the tributaries that collect a lot of waste water and sewage and are seriously polluted from flowing into the Yellow River. Therefore, the state and local governments should invest more in building a large number of high-efficiency sewage treatment plants according to local conditions, so that waste water can be strictly treated and discharged in accordance with the standards.
(2) take effective water conservation measures in the Yellow River Basin water resources, mainly agricultural water, and most of them are big lead, big storage, big water irrigation, irrigation method is backward, water consumption, water use efficiency is low, serious waste, and lead to pesticides, fertilizers in the soil, a large number of loss, aggravate the pollution of the water body. At present, the price of water in most of the artesian irrigation areas in the basin is less than 40% of the cost, and only 18% of the cost in the lower reaches of the basin, so if we adopt price leverage, advanced irrigation control technology, farmland engineering, management of water conservation and other measures, there is a huge potential for water saving in agricultural irrigation water. In view of the huge potential of water conservation in the Yellow River Basin, we should vigorously implement the water conservation plan of the Yellow River Basin, emphasize the promotion and application of water conservation technology, formulate relevant laws and regulations on water conservation, and strengthen the management of water conservation. Water conservation is not only an important way to alleviate the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources in the Yellow River Basin, but also an important way to effectively protect the water resources of the Yellow River and reduce the water pollution of the Yellow River.
(3) Strengthening ecological engineering construction While preventing and controlling water pollution, the relevant departments should also strengthen the rational use of water resources in the basin and ecological engineering construction, planting grasses and trees, sealing the mountains to cultivate forests and grasses, protecting vegetation, conserving water, comprehensively improving the ecological environment of the basin, and alleviating the pollution of the Yellow River caused by soil erosion.