Therefore, Jiujuan, Needle Sutra and Lingshu are actually more than one book. After the Song Dynasty, Su Wen and Ling Shu became two major parts of Huangdi Neijing.
Neijing was named Huangdi, but it was not a real work of Huangdi. Huainanzi once pointed out:
Secular people respect the past more than the present. Therefore, the Taoist must entrust Shennong and Huangdi.
Neijing is not the work of Huangdi, but when did it become a book? Who did it? On this point, there have been different opinions since ancient times, but they have not been able to acquire the knowledge of * * *. For example, Sima Guang pointed out: Su Wen cannot be called the real Huangdi Neijing. He believes that "between Zhou and Han Dynasties, doctors trusted Zhong Er". Throughout the ages, scholars have several opinions about the time when the book of Neijing was written, such as when it was written in the Warring States, when it was written from the end of the Warring States to the Qin and Han Dynasties, when it was written in the Western Han Dynasty, or when it was written later, and so on, which is still one of the most heated issues among scholars. In this debate, one thing is recognized by all, that is, Lu Fuzhi, a medical scientist in the Ming Dynasty, said: "It is hardly a momentary remark to look at his ambition. What he wrote was not written by one person. "
Records of Hanshu Yiwenzhi include Huangdi Neijing and Huangdi Neijing, as well as Bian Que's internal and external classics. Why is it divided into Neijing and Waijing? The Book of Changes has internal and external hexagrams, Spring and Autumn Annals has internal and external newspapers, Zhuangzi has internal and external chapters, and Han Feizi has internal and external storage. Therefore, it can be seen that the division of medicine by Huangdi's Neijing and Waijing is only the second place, and it is not a profound meaning. Now the Huangdi Neijing has long been lost, but it still exists.
After Huangdi Neijing was written, in the process of copying and circulating, the contents were scattered, mixed and supplemented, and the contents of the book were also added in the annotation arrangement of past dynasties. So, what is the original text? What is a rumor? What is an indistinguishable chaotic situation, such as miscellaneous notes, has caused difficulties and disputes for researchers to distinguish and identify. Huangdi Neijing is widely circulated, and now it is divided into Su Wen and Ling Shu.
Su Wen: In the 6th century, Quan Yuan made a comprehensive annotation for the first time. At that time, the seventh volume was lost early, so there were only eight volumes. In 762 AD, he made a second note, entitled Huangdi Neijing, with 24 volumes and 865,438+0 articles, of which 7 articles were added to Old Collection by Wang except 72-73 articles. In 1 1 century, the northern song dynasty collating medical book bureau added collating notes to Wang's notes, and renamed it "Re-Guang Bu Di Nei Wen", which became the blueprint and basis for studying the publishing and engraving of past dynasties after the Song Dynasty, with 10 publishers.
Lingshu: It is called nine volumes in Han Art and Literature. Around the 6th century, it was named Zhen Jing, Jiuwei, Jiuling and Lingshu. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties, various annotated versions of Needle Classic were circulated, which were listed as medical textbooks in Sui and Tang Dynasties, Japan and South Korea, but failed to spread to later generations. As mentioned above, the publication of Lingshu (1 135) became the only nine-volume publication, and although there are differences between 12 and 24 volumes, there is no difference in the content of the article.
There are more than 200 kinds of annotations, excerpts, language translations, foreign annotations and translations of Su Wen and Ling Shu, among which a few have great influence, and each periodical has been printed more than 40 times.
Huangdi Neijing is very rich in content. Su Wen emphasizes the basic theory of human physiology, pathology, disease treatment and man and nature. Lingshu focuses on human anatomy, zang-fu organs, meridians and acupoints acupuncture. The similarity between them is a theoretical discussion of related issues, which does not involve or basically does not involve specific prescriptions and technologies for disease treatment. Therefore, it has become the theoretical source of China's medical development and the theoretical basis for physicians to discuss diseases and health. Although the theories of medical scientists are different and controversial, there are few deviations, and almost all of them seek from Neijing as the criterion of argument. This is the reason why modern people must first learn Neijing when learning Chinese medicine. Because, if you don't master the essence of Neijing, you can't understand and implement the understanding, diagnosis, treatment principles, drug selection prescriptions and so on of various clinical diseases in traditional Chinese medicine.
Scientific achievements of Huangdi Neijing: As mentioned earlier, Huangdi Neijing was not written by one person at a time. Therefore, it is a systematic summary of the development of the previous generation of medicine by many medical scientists in the pre-Qin period, and a high summary of very rich medical experience, which laid the theoretical foundation for the development of traditional Chinese medicine, reached a historical high level, and had many scientific achievements and very correct foresight. Or because of this, Neijing still has its strong vitality.
Now only the main points of his scientific achievements are described as follows:
Publicly declare a break with witchcraft. During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, China medicine still focused on the concept of ghosts and gods, which not only sought the factors of ghosts and gods, but also treated them with witchcraft. By the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, this understanding was gradually shaken, and there was a heated debate between theoretical and practical circles about whether there was a ghost factor in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. In this far-reaching struggle, Bian Que, a folk doctor, and the author of Neijing explicitly opposed the theory of ghosts and gods. Historical Records Biography of Bian Que Lungong clearly recorded six intractable diseases in Bian Que's medical practice, one of which was "believing in witches but not doctors". The author of Neijing emphasized in Su Wen's Five Zangs Theory: "Those who are confined to ghosts and gods cannot be as virtuous as they say;" The evil of the needle stone can't be clever. " The intention profoundly clarified their positions and views on the road and direction of medical development, and their views were followed by doctors in past dynasties, thus ensuring that China's medicine has basically been developing along the materialistic view of disease.
Research achievements in human anatomy and physiology. To understand human diseases, we must first understand human beings themselves. The author of Neijing probably directly participated in the anatomical study of human body and dissected the body surface and internal organs on the spot. "Lingshu Water Mirror": "If the husband is eight feet, the meat is here, and the outside can be measured and followed, and his death can be dissected. Its hidden firmness and brittleness, the size of its internal organs, the number of valleys, the length of its pulse, and the turbidity of its blood ... all have a large number. " For example, in Anatomy of Digestive Tract, the geometry of lips, the geometry of the distance between lips and teeth, the weight of tongue, the distance between teeth and pharynx, epiglottis, mouth capacity, the length of esophagus, stomach capacity and body size, cardia, pylorus, the length of small intestine, how to bend, volume, ascending and descending, volume, the weight of large intestine and the shape of anus are all recorded in detail. Another example is the function of digestive system, the function of systemic blood circulation, and the function of genitourinary system. Although there are many general understandings, there are also many scientific conclusions. For example, the relationship between blood and pulse not only divides blood vessels into meridians (large blood vessels), collaterals (branches of large blood vessels) and sun veins (small blood vessels), but also clearly points out that blood vessels run through the human body to produce nutrients and essence, with special emphasis on this kind of operation in the human body, which is endless. In fact, they made a scientific prediction of the human blood circulation system.
Excellent medical technology. Neijing is a theoretical monograph, but some of it also involves medical technology. For example, the book not only describes the water bath therapy and enema technique, but also correctly discusses the surgical toe amputation of thromboangiitis obliterans-gangrene. The medical technology of hollow needle puncture and drainage of ascites is designed in Neijing, which is a successful attempt to improve the treatment level of ascites and alleviate the pain of patients. Although puncture and drainage of ascites with needle failed to create a radical cure method for ascites, it continued to be developed and applied as a medical technology in later generations.
Today, although the equipment conditions and technology have made great progress, the principle is completely consistent. What is commendable is that Neijing also describes the technical requirements for the manufacture of barrel needles, pointing out: "Therefore, to treat needles for them, we must look after the body first and attack to the end." The technical essentials of needle insertion have also reached the steps and methods basically similar to those of modern times.
Advocate disease prevention and emphasize early treatment. China medicine has attached great importance to the idea of promoting human health to prevent diseases since ancient times, and traced its principle back to Neijing. For example, it is repeatedly emphasized that "virtual evil is a thief's wind (referring to evil), and sometimes it is avoided." For another example, it is emphasized that a brilliant medical scientist should treat a disease that is not sick, not a disease that is already sick. If we wait until the disease has developed to a certain extent before medical treatment is carried out, it is like crossing a well with thirst and making weapons after the war. Is it too late?
He also said: A brilliant medical scientist must "save buds" when treating diseases. He also criticized the medical scientist's conclusion that some chronic diseases are easy to cure, pointing out: "Although the disease is long, it can still be cured (treatable), and those who can't be cured can't get root." His ideas are all advanced.
Although there are many contents in Neijing that need to be studied and discussed, its scientific contents and positive exploration ideas are the source of its vigorous vitality for more than 2,000 years.
Neijing not only created an effective record of Chinese doctors' continuous research and application of medical theory and technology for more than 2000 years, but also was studied and applied by Korean, Japanese and Southeast Asian doctors with a history of 1000 years. At the same time, Neijing has been widely collected and circulated by European and American sinologists, private collectors and the National Library for a long time, and some of its works have been partially abridged or translated into English, French and German. Today, with the rapid development of contemporary science, Neijing has received more attention from human beings.
& ltdiv & gt& lta href = "/upload/6 1/79/9 1/ 1986 1799 1.34766 1 1 . gif " target = " _ blank " >& ltimg src = "/upload/6 1/79/9 1/ 1986 1799 1.34766 1 1 . gif " border = " 0 " onload = " JavaScript:if(this . width & gt； screen . width * 0.35)this . width = screen . width * 0.40 " >& lt/a & gt；