Chapter 1: The Origins of E-Commerce and Past Developments
E-commerce is not new. As early as 1839, when the telegraph first appeared, people began discussing the use of electronic means to conduct business. When trade began to be transmitted over wires in the form of Morse code dots and lines, it marked a new era in the use of electronic means of commerce.
E-commerce is generated and continuously improved in the interactive development of computer technology and network communication technology, and in recent years has relied on the computer interconnection network (i.e., the Internet Internet), which has grown dramatically with its explosive development.
E-commerce initially originated in the computer electronic data processing (EDP) technology, from scientific computing to word processing and business statistics report processing applications. Word processing (WP) software and electronic forms (SPREAD SHEET) software appeared for the standard format (or formatted) business documents electronic data interchange (EDI) development and application of a powerful tool. Government or corporate procurement, corporate business document processing, from the manual preparation and delivery of written documents into the preparation and delivery of electronic documents; with the development of network technology, the exchange of electronic data and information from the tape, floppy disks and other electronic data and information physical carriers sent through the transformation of dedicated value-added communications network transmission, in recent years, more shifted to the public through the Internet (Internet) Transmission. The combination of electronic funds transfer (EFT) technology between banks and electronic data interchange (EDI) technology between enterprises and institutions has given rise to early electronic commerce or electronic commerce (EC, Electronic Commerce). The development of credit card, automatic teller machine (ATM), retail point-of-sale (POS) and on-line electronic funds transfer (POS/EFT) technologies, as well as the corresponding development of network communication and security technologies, have led to today's on-line card-carrying purchases (B to C, Business to Consumer) and business-to-business on-line transactions (B to B, Business to Business). to B, Business to Business), which are the two modes of e-commerce, have developed rapidly. (See Reference 1)
Chapter II: The Present Development of E-Commerce
Section I: The Development of E-Commerce in the World
World e-commerce is developing rapidly, with nearly 40 million people worldwide using the Internet in 1996, and more than 100 million people using the Internet by the end of 1997; the number of domain names of Internet domains logged in December 1996 was about 62.7 million, and the number of domain names of Internet domains logged in was about 1 million. Internet domain names about 62.7 million, to the end of 1997 Internet domain names have multiplied, up to 1.5 million; Internet information flow doubled every 100 days; 1996 Cisco's Internet sales of only $ 100 million, to the end of 1997, its sales on the Internet has reached $ 3.2 billion; January 1997, Dell's sales on the Internet has reached $ 3.2 billion; in January 1997, Dell's sales on the Internet has reached $ 3.2 billion; in January 1997, Dell's sales on the Internet has reached $ 3.2 billion. billion dollars; Dell's sales of computers on the Internet were less than $1 million per day in January 1997 and grew several times that amount to $6 million per day during the December 1997 holiday season. in mid-1998, the U.S. Department of Commerce released a lengthy report titled "The Emerging Digital Economy". The report noted that e-commerce will play an increasingly important role in the global economy, and that corresponding steps have already begun to be implemented in the U.S. and around the globe....... If e-commerce is able to flourish, the digital economy will drive the growth of the world's economy in the 21st Century in the following four ways:
1. Expansion of the Internet
100 million people worldwide used the Internet in 1998. 1 billion are expected to do so by 2005, driving dramatic growth in investment in computers, software, services and communications.
2. Business-to-Business E-Commerce
Using the Web to create, buy, distribute, sell and service products and services can significantly improve productivity. By 2002, the commercial value of business-to-business use of the Internet will exceed $300 billion.
3. Digital Delivery of Goods and Services
The electronic sale and delivery of intangible goods and services, such as software, CD-ROMs, newspapers, magazines, news broadcasts, securities, airline tickets, and insurance policies, will be the largest and most visible driver of the emerging digital economy.
4. Retail Sales of Goods
While sales over the Internet now account for less than 1% of total retail sales, sales of certain products such as computers, automobiles, books, flowers, etc. are growing rapidly. 10 million Internet users in the United States and Canada (16% of all North American Internet users) shopped online in the fall and winter of 1997, an increase from 16 percent) shopped online, 2.6 million more than six months earlier, a 35 percent increase.
International organizations around the world have attached great importance to the rapid development of e-commerce, formulated a series of standards and development guidelines, and initiated a number of practical projects. For example, in February 1995, the Group of Seven Western countries launched a "global market for small and medium-sized enterprises" project, e-commerce is listed as the theme of this project. 1996 June United Nations International Trade Commission put forward the "Model Law on Electronic Commerce". 1997 April, the European Union put forward the "European Union Electronic Commerce Action Program
In July of the same year, the U.S. proposed the Global Framework for Electronic Commerce, and in December, the U.S. and the European Union **** issued a joint declaration on e-commerce.
In May 1998, the 50th anniversary of the multilateral trading system held in Geneva and the second WTO Ministerial Conference, the liberalization of e-commerce has become the focus of the meeting, and the formation of the "Declaration on Global E-Commerce", the only outcome of the meeting. Its main elements were: recognition that global electronic commerce was growing and creating new trading opportunities; a decision to establish a comprehensive work plan and that it should include the relevant WTO bodies; and that, without discriminating against what had already been achieved in the work and recognizing the rights and obligations of Members under the WTO Agreements, Members would continue their current practice of not imposing tariffs on electronic transmissions, and that, at the time of the Third Ministerial Conference A decision on its continuation will be taken through consultations.
Electronic commerce is a fundamental change in international trade which involves many complex issues to be resolved.
1. Financial issues
The electronic network is a global medium with no clear national boundaries. Transactions take place online, invisible, intangible, customs is difficult to regulate. E-commerce includes both tangible trade in goods, including intangible trade in services, or both at the same time. Such as computer hardware is goods (subject to customs), software can not be customs, directly transmitted online; CNC machine tool operating procedures can also be transmitted online, payment can also be made online. In this way, according to the traditional way of customs will be difficult to collect taxes based on the full real price of the transaction, the tariff revenue will be affected to a certain extent. Nowadays, the proportion of software in the price composition of products is increasing, so it is necessary to find a solution to solve the problem of fiscal revenue without hindering the development of e-commerce. The implementation of e-commerce involves a major reform of the customs and taxation system.
New technologies have also made it possible to establish electronic payment systems, credit cards, smart cards are rapidly gaining popularity, and other forms of e-money continue to arise. The application of electronic payment system will gradually change the traditional bank payment system, the monetary control and money supply statistics will also have a significant impact.
2. Legal Issues
The globalization of the economy has made the concept of national boundaries more and more fuzzy, the emergence of e-commerce has accelerated the process of globalization of production and sales. In order to implement e-commerce in the world, it is necessary to develop a complete set of universally applicable e-commerce guidelines. This involves the reform of a series of systems such as electronic commerce contracts, documents, authentication of notarized signatures and dispute settlement rules. National laws must also be modified accordingly. At present, the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law has developed a set of model laws on electronic commerce, laying a legal foundation for the development of electronic commerce.
E-commerce also inevitably involves the protection of intellectual property rights. Sellers are concerned about the plagiarism of their intellectual property rights through electronic transmission, and buyers are concerned about the inability to identify the authenticity of their products. Therefore, a new system is needed for the protection of intellectual property rights such as copyright, and this new system should also take into account issues such as domain names and trademarks.
3. Security Issues
This point is the most important for e-commerce. Currently involved in electronic transactions mainly through the Internet network, and when the design of the Internet's purpose is to provide users with a flexible, rapid means of communication, and does not have the security needed for commercial transactions. Therefore, as the Internet gradually develops into the best carrier of electronic transactions, it must be essentially redesigned to make it meet the security of commercial transactions, which includes the following aspects: the confirmation of the information transmitter and receiver, to ensure that the information has not been tampered with during the transmission process, to protect the privacy of sensitive information, and not to be refused payment (to ensure that the buyer can not be falsely claimed that it has been paid or the seller falsely claimed that it has not been paid). ), etc. Only by establishing a global system of security guarantees that people can fully trust to ensure the authenticity, reliability and confidentiality of information can they participate in e-commerce with confidence.
4. Market Access Issues
The first and foremost condition for the development of e-commerce is a sound and wide-coverage telecommunications infrastructure. However, this infrastructure is currently inadequate in many countries. Infrastructure development can be accelerated by private competition, but not all governments are willing to privatize telecommunication infrastructure. State-owned basic telecommunication facilities can only be conducive to the development of electronic commerce through greatly reduced tariffs, free leased lines, free networking, and the adoption of advanced communication equipment and common technical standards.
5. Informatization Concept Issues
Since the operation mode of e-commerce is very different from people's inherent consumption and shopping habits, e-commerce is a problem that cannot be ignored if it is to flourish and be successfully integrated into a country or even the world.
6. Technical talent
The real development of the Internet and e-commerce is just a matter of recent years, and thus many companies and businesses now lack sufficient technical personnel to deal with the various problems encountered in e-commerce, especially in the global Internet e-commerce with 24 × 7 (24 hours a day, 7 days a week) requirements, and therefore urgently need to work. This is especially true because e-commerce on the global Internet has 24×7 (24 hours a day, 7 days a week) requirements, and there is an urgent need for a large number of technical professionals to manage it. The shortage of technical personnel may become an important factor hindering the development of e-commerce. (See Reference 2)
Section 2: The Development of E-Commerce in China
The publicity and rise of e-commerce in China is one or two years later than that in foreign countries. 1997 to 1998, e-commerce began to become a hot topic in China. In these two years, two consecutive seminars on China's e-commerce application and market were held.'98 Shanghai International E-commerce Forum was held in April 1998, and many ministries and commissions sent people to participate in this meeting. in November 1998, the International Symposium on China's e-commerce development strategy (E-Commerce CHINA In November 1998, the International Symposium on E-Commerce Development Strategies in China ('98) was held in Beijing. This conference studied the development strategy of e-commerce in China and the supporting system for the development of e-commerce in China, and explored a mode of e-commerce development suitable for China's national conditions.
Currently, China's Internet users have reached 117.5 million, and the number of Chinese enterprises with their own domain names on the Internet has exceeded 480,000. China Internet Network Information Center's latest survey shows that 71.8% of Internet users are eager to do online shopping. China has done a lot of work in e-commerce, these useful exploration has greatly contributed to the development of e-commerce in China.
The Chinese government and enterprises are keenly aware of the huge impact of information technology and e-commerce on economic growth and competitiveness of enterprises, and have implemented a series of gold-letter projects such as the "Golden Bridge", the "Golden Card", and the "Golden Gate". Golden Bridge", "Golden Card", "Golden Pass" and a series of other golden projects have been implemented successively. Since 1994, China's securities trading network has covered the whole country, connecting nearly 2,600 business departments of more than 300 securities companies, with more than 39.8 million account-holding investors, and the highest daily turnover reaching more than 30 billion yuan, which has strongly supported the development of China's securities market. China's financial settlement system is connected to more than 600 terrestrial satellite stations and more than 1,000 transceiver stations, covering all cities above prefecture level and more than 700 counties nationwide, with an average of 50,000 to 60,000 transactions per day, greatly improving the efficiency of foreign exchange transfers and shortening the time that funds are in transit. China's civil aviation booking system has been in operation for 12 years, and in 1997 more than 55.6 million tickets were booked through the system, amounting to nearly 20 billion yuan. As of June 1997, China*** had issued 50.56 million credit cards of various kinds and more than 60 million non-bank IC stored-value cards. In addition, networks such as the China Ocean Shipping Container Information System, the China Commodity Trading Network and the China Commodity Ordering System have been established.
Some domestic departments and enterprises made bold attempts to set up commodity trading centers using computer information networks. on October 28, 1997, the State Economic and Trade Commission approved the establishment of the China Commodity Trading Center was officially opened, and sought to unify and manage all the commodity transactions of all the enterprises in the country through the Internet. on April 7, 1998, Beijing Starfish Caduceus Computer Company and Shaanxi Huaxing Import and Export Company carried out the first electronic transaction using the China Commodity Trading System running on the Internet. at noon on April 13, a container truck full of Compaq computers worth 1.66 million yuan arrived in Beijing from Xi'an, marking the start of China's e-commerce has officially begun to operate in practice. on July 1, the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation's online "China Commodity Trading Market" was opened, with the opening of the "China Commodity Trading Center" approved by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Economic Cooperation. The Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation's online "China Commodity Exchange Market" was opened, allowing customers to look for information on the Internet, conduct business negotiations in the encrypted negotiation room on the Internet, and sign contracts. The State Administration of Domestic Trade (SADT) has an online commodity trading center. Several ministries and commissions have jointly set up the online China Stock Commodity Transfer Center. Guangdong has an online commodity trading center. Hunan has an e-commerce center, and there are now several instances of online trading.
However, the current online commodity trading centers are basically just online to complete part of the process of e-commerce, and did not complete the whole process from looking for information to electronic payment. China's commodity trading center opened a few months since only one business, because the payment of goods through a transit, merchants also pay taxes to the tax department twice. Banks, legal and tax issues make those who want to go online to the enterprise's heart concerns, deterred. At present, banks, foreign trade, commerce, post and telecommunications and other departments have begun to solve e-commerce needs to be resolved, tax, industry and commerce, legal, customs and other departments have also begun to study these related issues.
Shanghai, Beijing, Guangzhou and Xi'an and other central cities in the development of e-commerce process in the forefront. In recent years, the Shanghai Municipal Government attaches great importance to the construction of information technology. 1996 officially launched the construction of the Shanghai Information Port project, a clear "a platform, five backbone projects, twenty key information application system" construction program, a platform refers to the construction of the information infrastructure in Shanghai. The goal of the program is in the near future, the completion of a broadband, high-speed, high-capacity multimedia information transmission network, connecting the government, culture, public **** information and other resources network, connecting education, finance, business, entertainment and other applications, and gradually extended to ordinary families, so that Shanghai's e-commerce close to the "thousands of households! "By the end of 1997, Shanghai's fiber-optic cable was in operation. By the end of 1997, Shanghai's fiber-optic cable laying length has reached 8,824 kilometers, the total number of telephone exchanges reached 5.2 million, cell phones reached 1.5 million, the penetration rate of residential telephones reached 59.19 per 100 households, wired telephones and mobile telephones basically eliminated the households to be installed.
Shanghai has built the country's largest local high-speed digital data network and local packet switching network, has basically built a high-speed synchronous digital network (SDH), high-speed, broadband Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) switching network is also a successful initial experiment. The penetration rate of home computers in Shanghai has exceeded 10%. On this basis, Shanghai has successively developed five key projects to promote e-commerce, namely, Shanghai Information Interactive Network, Shanghai Community Service Network, Shanghai International Economic and Trade Electronic Data Interchange Network, Shanghai Gold Card and Payment Collection System, and Shanghai Social Security Network. The most characteristic ones are Shanghai Community Service Network, Shanghai International Economic and Trade Electronic Data Interchange Network and Shanghai Social Security Network. Among them, the community service network organically combines computers and community services to provide a variety of colorful services for the public. International economic and trade electronic data exchange network to Shanghai Customs, port and shipping, foreign economic and trade three sub-centers connected, the initial realization of paperless trade, increasing the opportunities for Shanghai enterprises to participate in international trade. For example, the city's Oriental International Group Silk Import and Export Co., Ltd. and other enterprises have established electronic trade partnerships with large foreign importers through the EDI export order system. Shanghai social security network through the computer network, the city-wide implementation of pension, medical, industrial injury, maternity, unemployment and other insurance services, "five insurance card", the public only need to hold a social security IC card, you can enjoy the corresponding social security services, the initial realization of the insurance industry's electronic and network.
Recently, Intel and Xi'an Terra Nova announced to work together to open up the e-commerce market, *** with the launch of e-commerce A plan - SMEs online settle down project for the industry in Shaanxi Province, the industry has been brewing for a long time e-commerce program to open up a precedent. A plan is a low-cost enterprise online settle down program, the purpose of the A program is a low-cost enterprise online home program, the purpose is not in the immediate interests, but expect to strengthen the cultivation of the e-commerce market as well as the development of the Internet's deep application, so that enterprises in the online "live and work in peace and happiness".
Although China has done a lot of useful work in e-commerce, but these can only be regarded as the primary stage of e-commerce some attempts, can not be said to be the true meaning of e-commerce activities. On the whole, the development of e-commerce in China is still stuck in the security, confidentiality, authentication, legal and other technical means and standards and norms of maturity and reliability of the discussion. Nowadays, e-commerce in China mostly focuses on theoretical research, and its practical application is still basically in a vacuum. China not only needs to solve the global e-commerce development process encountered in the *** sexual problems, but also urgently need to solve a series of unique problems:
1. Poor quality of the domestic computer information network
These years, although the rapid development of China's computer information network, but from the requirements of e-commerce, whether it is the network technology, network management, information content, technical standards, tariffs, communication speed, security and confidentiality of the Internet. Level, communication speed, security and confidentiality conditions, there are large gaps, affecting the continued expansion of the network.
2. Low penetration rate of enterprise informatization
The degree of informatization of enterprises is directly related to the foundation of e-commerce, China's enterprises are being restructured, the modern enterprise system has not yet been generally established, and the current progress of enterprise informatization is not satisfactory. In about 15,000 large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises, about 10% of the enterprises basically realized the enterprise information technology, about 70% of the enterprises have a certain means of information or proceed to the realization of the direction of enterprise information technology, about 20% of the enterprises have only a small number of computers, but in addition to being used as a financial, typewriter, there are few other applications.
Currently registered in the State Administration for Industry and Commerce of about 10 million small and medium-sized enterprises, only about a few percent of the enterprise has a certain amount of modern information means.
3. Insufficient support for the financial system
E-commerce needs to be carried out means of payment and settlement. Therefore, there is a need for high-quality, efficient financial services and its electronic cooperation. At present, China's level of financial services and electronic degree is not high, the online payment problem largely hindered the development of China's e-commerce process. China's financial industry urgently needs to adapt to the global integration process and accelerate the pace of change. Not long ago Internet "Jiefang Daily" reported that the Shanghai Xinhua Bookstore released on the Internet book information, a great response, received a large number of orders, of which 85% of the orders from foreign countries; but due to the domestic electronic means of payment has not been established, the business can not be closed, resulting in considerable economic losses. Change the existing payment methods to realize the real online payment, not only is the key to the development of China's e-commerce, but also the urgent needs of the market.
4. Informatization policy needs to be improved
Currently China's informatization policy, especially the development of e-commerce-related policies are not clear enough, the corresponding standards, laws and regulations are very unsound, cross-sectoral, cross-regional coordination there is a big problem. E-commerce is a complex social engineering, involved in e-commerce is not only the two sides of the transaction, and more importantly, involves the industrial and commercial administration, customs, insurance, finance and taxation, banking and many other departments and different regions, different countries, which requires a unified legal and policy framework, as well as cross-departmental, cross-regional, strong and comprehensive coordination of the organization, in order to promote the vigorous development of e-commerce.
5. Inadequate socialized credit system
Currently China's market is still very immature, and the socialized credit system is very inadequate. Counterfeit and shoddy goods are often prohibited in the market, fraud occurs from time to time, and the transaction behavior lacks the necessary self-discipline and strict social supervision. In this case, to develop e-commerce, it is necessary to accelerate the cultivation of the market, to create a more mature and standardized social credit environment, in order to facilitate the smooth transformation of traditional business to e-commerce.
6. Language Barrier Issues
Since the vast majority of information on the Internet is in English, for a considerable number of enterprises and a considerable number of people, the language barrier has become a headache that restricts them from carrying out enterprise informatization and developing e-commerce. (See Reference 3)
Chapter 3: The Future Development of E-Commerce
Section I: Future Development Trends of E-Commerce
E-commerce is undoubtedly the centerpiece of the economic model of the 21st century, and with the continuous development of e-commerce software and hardware, e-commerce is bound to replace the traditional economy. Looking at the development of e-commerce in recent years, its future development trend is estimated to have the following aspects:
One, multi-channel retailing intertwined with each other The shopper's eyes in the merchandise mail-order catalogs, retail stores, Web sites jump back and forth between the user hopes that all aspects can be naturally connected. In the future, these separate parts will be intermingled into one.
Two, more satisfied online shopping University of Michigan researchers track online consumer satisfaction every quarter. The latest report shows that in the fourth quarter of last year, consumers had a more pleasant shopping experience online than offline.
Experts at Barris Interactive, a US-based research firm, say consumers now know what online retailers can offer them. A few years ago, e-commerce companies didn't know what they were doing and suffered numerous failures as a result. Now that the recession has pulled consumers back online, there is a higher degree of certainty about the online shopping experience.
Three: Online shopping is my business For retailers and their marketing departments, the Web offers special capabilities for understanding where consumers come from, where they surf the Web, what drives their purchasing decisions, and why they throw away their shopping baskets and leave the store.
But despite the vast amount of information available on e-commerce sites, consumer behavior remains unpredictable, and changing it through e-commerce is even more difficult. A professor at the University of Pennsylvania pointed out that consumer behavior itself is quite fixed, the network is difficult to change it, shoppers will still do what I do.
Four, medium-sized e-commerce site to reduce eBay, Amazon as the representative of the large site will continue to occupy most of the online retail revenue, small specific sites also have room to survive. The difficulty is that those sandwiched in the middle of the medium-sized e-commerce sites, these sites in the overhead program with the big sites, but it is difficult to occupy a large enough market share to support its survival. It was for this reason that Egghead.com was acquired by Amazon.
Fifth, more sites are running profitable e-commerce sites are becoming more and more profitable, and the news that so-and-so site is starting to make a profit is no longer media news. Amazon finally accomplished its wish in the fourth quarter of last year, becoming a member of the big family of profitable sites. (See Reference 4)
Section II: The future development trend of e-commerce in China
(I) Deepening development
1, e-commerce infrastructure will be increasingly perfect
Image communication network, multimedia communication network will be built to use the trend of the three networks is unstoppable, high-speed broadband Internet will play a more and more important role in the development of e-commerce, the constraints on the "network bottlenecks" of the development of e-commerce in China, and the development of the "network bottlenecks" of the "network bottleneck". E-commerce development constraints on China's "network bottleneck" is expected to be eased and gradually resolved. The development of e-commerce in China will have a good network platform and operating environment. Consumers' Internet access costs will become more and more inexpensive. Mobile e-commerce will develop rapidly. Mobile communication will become the main media for e-commerce.
2, e-commerce support environment will be gradually standardized and improved
E-commerce social and business environment is more mature. It is expected that by 2003, the network population can reach more than 60 million, second only to the United States. The consumption concept and behavior of Internet users will change, and the acceptance of e-commerce will continue to increase. Enterprises to deepen the understanding of e-commerce, the implementation of e-commerce urgency and conscientiousness will be greatly improved.
The legal environment of e-commerce will be more perfect. With the introduction and implementation of basic laws and regulations related to e-commerce, domestic e-commerce will be effective legal protection.
The security of e-commerce will be strongly improved. China will combine the national conditions and play the leading role of the state in guaranteeing the security of e-commerce transactions, eliminating people's concerns about the current security of e-commerce.
The logistics system of e-commerce will be gradually improved. With the development of e-commerce and the need for cross-regional specialized logistics channels will be established and improved in due course, so that e-commerce companies in the distribution system to choose more space, the cost will be reduced.
3, the depth of the development of e-commerce will be further expanded
With the e-commerce technology innovation and integration of the degree of improvement, enterprise e-commerce will be deep into the depths of the new generation of e-commerce will surface, instead of the current simple to rely on "Web site + e-mail" approach. E-commerce enterprises will be from the primary form of online stores and portals, the transition to the enterprise's core business processes, customer relationship management, etc. are extended to the Internet, so that products and services closer to user needs. Interactive, real-time enterprise information exchange has become the *** with the characteristics of the network will become the enterprise resource planning, customer relationship management and supply chain management of the central nervous system. Enterprises will be created to form a new value chain, the old and new up and down stakeholders united to form a more efficient strategic alliance, *** with the pursuit of greater benefits.
(2) to the development of professionalization
1, the trend of individual consumer specialization
To meet the consumer's personalized requirements, the provision of specialized product lines and professional level of service is essential. In the next few years, China's online shopping population will continue to be the middle and high income level of the population is mainly, they have strong purchasing power, higher education, life's personalized demands are relatively strong. Especially for those goods and services with high technical content and knowledge content, people generally hope to get expert guidance before purchase. Therefore, the ability to provide one-stop service "vertical website" and a certain type of products and services "professional website" has greater development potential.
2, the trend of specialization for enterprise customers
B2B e-commerce mode, the development of specific industries based on the "professional e-commerce platform" is also a trend. Such as the "U.S. business network" is for domestic small and medium-sized enterprises to open up foreign markets, professional website, dedicated to chemical industry services, "China Chemical Information Network" in the industry has a greater impact.
(C) to the internationalization of development
Relying on the Internet, e-commerce can transcend the limits of time and space, effectively breaking down the various tangible and intangible barriers between countries and regions, and stimulating the development of foreign trade in countries and regions. With the international e-commerce environment standardization and improvement, China's e-commerce enterprises are bound to go global. This is the need to adapt to economic globalization and enhance the international competitiveness of China's enterprises. E-commerce for China's small and medium-sized enterprises to develop international markets, the use of foreign resources is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity. With the help of e-commerce, small and medium-sized traditional market competitiveness can be strengthened, and have more opportunities to sell their products to various countries and regions around the world.
(D) to the regionalization of the development
E-commerce regionalization of the trend is on China's unique conditions. China is a large population, a vast country, social groups in terms of income, attitudes, cultural level and so on have different characteristics. China is still a developing country with low per capita income, and the imbalance between urban and rural economies, the gradient of economic development between the east and west, and the hierarchy of regional income structure are all very obvious. At present, the Internet population is mainly concentrated in large cities, and for a long time to come, the Internet population will still be dominated by large cities, medium-sized cities and economically developed coastal areas. The regional characteristics of B2 C e-commerce mode are very obvious. B2C mode-based e-commerce enterprises in the resource planning, distribution system construction, marketing and other aspects must take full account of this reality, to take a focused regionalization strategy, in order to most effectively expand the scale and effectiveness of online marketing.
In short, China as a developing country, to successfully carry out e-commerce activities, there are still many obstacles. With the strengthening of national informatization and the improvement of enterprise informatization, the gap between China and developed countries will be gradually shortened. It should be said that there are still many difficulties in the development of e-commerce in China, but the prospect is very bright. (See Reference 5)
Chapter 4: Countermeasures and Reflections on E-Commerce in China
As a developing country, the environment of e-commerce in China is quite different from that of foreign countries. We should make a long-term plan according to our own financial strength, national strength, and implement e-commerce step by step and phase by phase, and take the road of e-commerce development with Chinese characteristics.
1. Active participation in the international dialogue
E-commerce is the inevitable product of globalization of the world economy and the development of science and technology, and its development momentum is unstoppable. At present, e-commerce in technology has been initially with the implementation of conditions, as long as the major trading countries recognized, the bank is willing to accept electronic payments, customs accept electronic bills of lading, the court recognized the electronic signing of the contract, e-commerce will be like the 70's the rise of the container trade, the development of the 21st century as the main mode of trade. Merchants and consumers will inevitably choose simple and fast e-commerce, will not give up the simple on the complicated, choose the traditional way of trade.
Promoted by the United States, international organizations and governments of developed countries have published e-commerce documents, and from the trend of development of multilateral trade liberalization, there will soon be the introduction of international agreements and rules in this area. The current international negotiations on e-commerce are mainly concentrated among a few developed countries, and if developing countries do not participate in the dialogue in a timely manner, it is not conducive to the formation of an international framework for e-commerce.