Electronic components
Commonly used devices in electronic circuits include: resistors, capacitors, electronic circuits include: resistors, capacitors, diodes, transistors, SCRs, flick switches, liquid crystals, diodes, transistors, SCRs, flick switches, liquid crystals, light-emitting diodes, buzzers, a variety of sensors, chips, relays, light diodes, buzzers, Various sensors, chips, relays, transformers, varistors, fuses, optocouplers, filters, transformers, varistors, fuses, optocouplers, filters, plug-ins, motors, antennas and other plug-ins, motors, antennas and more. This courseware only the most commonly used various components to explain, components to explain, you students should pay attention to accumulate relevant knowledge in their daily. Related knowledge.
Resistors
Resistors, often referred to simply as resistors. Resistor is almost any electronic circuit in an indispensable device, the material to the current obstruction is called the resistance of the material. A substance with low resistance is called an electrical conductor, or conductor for short. Substances with high resistance are called electrical insulators, or insulators for short. The main role in the circuit is: shunt, current limiting, voltage division, bias, filtering (used in combination with capacitors), impedance matching, buffer, load, protection and other roles. The symbols of the resistors represent the resistors
1, types of resistors
2, color ring resistor reading method
3, resistors in the circuit of the application of the example of the carbon film resistor
1, it is the use of high-temperature vacuum coating technology will be tightly attached to the surface of the ceramic rods in the formation of a carbon film, and then add the appropriate joints to cut and seal the protection of the surface of the epoxy resin coated and become. Its surface is often coated with green protective paint. The thickness of the carbon film determines the size of the resistance value, and the resistor is usually controlled by controlling the thickness of the film and the groove.
22. The error rate of carbon film resistors is generally divided into three levels: Level I error I rate of 5%, Level II error rate of 10%, and Level III error rate of 20%. 3. An electron gun housing labeled with RT47kI indicates that this is a carbon film resistor with a resistance value of 47k and a permissible deviation of ±5%.4. Operating Temperature Range: -55℃～+155℃ 5. 155℃5, Carbon Film Resistors range from 1~10M
Metal Film Resistors
This type of resistor is generally made by the vacuum evaporation process, where the alloy is heated in a vacuum and the alloy evaporates to form a conductive metal film on the surface of the ceramic rod. The metal film thickness can be changed to control the resistance value. Advantages: small size, high precision, good stability, low noise, small inductance; disadvantages: high cost. Resistor noise is generated by an irregular voltage rise and fall in the resistor
Carbon Film Resistors
Distinguishing: It is difficult to differentiate from the appearance of the resistor, if the resistor is marked with a letter, the second position indicates the material, T for carbon film resistors, J for metal film resistors. The value of metal film resistor increases with the increase of resistance temperature; the value of carbon resistor decreases with the increase of resistance temperature.
Wirewound Resistors
Wirewound resistors are characterized by extremely high resistance accuracy, low noise, stability and reliability during operation, and the ability to withstand high temperatures, and can still operate normally at an ambient temperature of 170°C. However, they are large in size and have a high resistance value. However, it is large in size and low in resistance value, mostly below 100K. In addition, due to structural reasons, its distribution capacitance and inductance coefficient are relatively large, and cannot be used in high frequency circuits. These resistors are usually used in high power circuits for voltage reduction or loads.
Cement Resistors
Cement Resistors are made of industrial high frequency electronic ceramic shells, which are filled and sealed with special non-flammable heat-resistant cement. It is characterized by high power resistance, easy heat dissipation, high stability, excellent insulation properties, its insulation resistance up to 100M, and excellent flame retardant, explosion-proof. It is widely used in computers, televisions, instruments, meters, audio. In the case of a short circuit in the load, can be quickly in the resistance wire with the welding pin between the fuse, the circuit has a protective function. Rated power is generally more than 1 watt. Disadvantages: Inductive, large size, should not be used as a larger resistance value of the resistor.
Row resistance
Row resistance: also divided into parallel resistance and series resistance. The calculation method of parallel resistance (RP) is as (471 means 470). Its internal structure is shown in Figure 1, so that if a row of resistance is composed of n resistors, then it has n + 1 pins, generally speaking, the leftmost one is the public **** pin. It is usually marked with a color dot on the row of resistors. The difference between a series resistor (RN) and a parallel resistor is that the individual resistors of the series resistor are separated from each other.
Chip Resistors (SMDResistance)
1. Resistance Value: Indicates the size of the resistor, e.g., 47, 220K, 4.7M.2. Error: Indicates the range of resistance error, e.g., ±1%, ±5%, ±20%. 3. For example: 16V, 25V, 35V, 50V, 100V4. Package: the shape of the volume of the resistor code, for example: 1206, 0805, 0603, 0402, 0201. 0603 means that the length and width of 60Mil, 30Mil. (1.6x0.8mm) Mil Mil is the imperial unit of length (1mil=0.0254mm) 5. Maximum operating temperature range: Temperatureoperatingmax125℃. Maximum operating temperature of 125 degrees. The use of four-digit representation: the first two third for the effective number, the fourth for the effective number after the "0" number. Precision is ±1% as shown in the resistor labeled "8222", the resistor is 82.2K
Precision Adjustable Resistors
Wirewound Potentiometer Structure: The resistor wire is wound on the substrate and curved into a round shape, and the brushes are sliding on the resistor wire. Advantages: high power (up to 25w), high precision, small temperature coefficient, high temperature resistance, good stability; Disadvantages: low resolution, poor abrasion resistance, poor high frequency performance, high price. Uses: high temperature and high power circuit and precision regulation circuit.
Potentiometers
Sensitive resistors belong to sensors, which play a huge role in modern information technology, production automation, military, transportation, environmental protection, energy, medical care, home appliances and other fields. From a variety of complex engineering systems to people's daily life of food, clothing, housing and transportation, are inseparable from a variety of sensitive resistors. If the computer is equivalent to the human brain, communication is equivalent to the human nerve, then the sensor is equivalent to the human senses. From a narrow point of view, the sensor is the external information into electrical sensors is the external information into electrical signals device. For example: the signal of the device sensitive resistor
Photoresistor
Photoresistor, also known as the light pipe, commonly used in the production of materials such as cadmium sulfide. These materials have the characteristic of rapidly decreasing resistance when exposed to light of a specific wavelength.
Voltage Sensitive Resistors
"Voltage Sensitive Resistors" means that the resistance value changes with the voltage within a certain range of current and voltage, or that the resistance value is sensitive to voltage. The most important feature of the varistor is that when the voltage added to it is lower than its threshold "UN", the current flowing through it is very small, equivalent to a closed valve, when the voltage exceeds the UN, the current flowing through it surges, equivalent to the valve is open. Using this function, you can inhibit the abnormal overvoltage that often occurs in the circuit, and protect the circuit from overvoltage damage. For example, 220V
Thermistor
Thermistor is the development of early, a variety of more mature development of sensitive components. Thermistor is composed of semiconductor ceramic material. Its resistance value with the temperature change curve is non-linear.
The role of the resistor
The R1 resistor in the schematic diagram above is a buffer to prevent the input voltage (0 ~ 0.7V) is too high to the crystal transistor breakdown burnt. R2 resistor is mainly used to do the load. R3 resistor is mainly used as a protection to prevent the power supply voltage increases and burns the resistor R2
Methods of marking the value of the resistor
Direct method: Direct method with the number and unit directly. The direct method: the method of directly labeling the resistance value with numbers and units, which can usually be omitted. The method is to use a combination of numeric and special symbols, such as M, K, R. For example, 4K7, 1R9. (The first 2 to 3 digits represent the RMS value, and the last digit represents the multiplier.) For example, 102=1000, 1001=1000. Color Rings: A method of marking the main parameters of a resistor by using color rings of different colors on the resistor's surface.
The nominal value is the resistance value marked on the surface of the resistor. Its representation of the direct marking method, text symbol method, color-coded method. 1) Direct marking method Direct marking method; directly with Arabic numerals and unit symbols. Straight labeling method is generally used for larger power resistors. Such as: RJ1W2.7KΩ±5%
5.1K±5%
2) Text Symbol Method Text Symbol Method: the text, symbols, a regular combination of the resistance value of the resistor and the error. Such as: Ohm Ω Ω megohm M Ω G Ω symbols before the integer, the symbols behind the digital first decimal and the second decimal. For example: 0.2Ω can be marked as Ω24.7kΩ can be marked as 4k75K1 said 5.1K said 7.4M
3) Color coding method color coding method: with a different color of the ribbon or color point in the resistor color coding method on the surface of the marking of the nominal value and the allowable error. Generally used for small power resistors.
Ordinary resistors use four rings
5. Selection of resistor common sense,
(1) According to the technical specifications of the electronic equipment and the specific requirements of the circuit to select the type of resistor and the level of error. (2) In order to improve the reliability of the equipment, to extend the service life, the rated power should be selected greater than the actual power consumption of 1.5-2 times.152 (3) Resistors should be measured and verified before mounting. (4) When assembling electronic instruments, if non-color ring resistors are used, the nominal value of the resistor should be marked with the mark facing upwards and the marking order should be consistent so as to facilitate observation.
(5) When soldering resistors, the soldering iron should not stay too long.
(6) When connecting resistors in series or parallel in a circuit to obtain the desired resistance value, the power rating should be considered. Resistors of the same resistance in series or parallel, the power rating is equal to the sum of the power ratings of the individual resistors; resistors of different resistance in series, the power rating depends on the high resistance resistor. When connected in parallel, the power rating depends on the lower resistance, and needs to be calculated before application.
Capacitors
Capacitors are a kind of energy storage components. Mainly used in power supply filtering, signal filtering, signal coupling, resonance, DC isolation and other circuits.
1 Farad (F) = 1000 millifarads (mF) = 1000000 microfarads (?F) 1 microfarads (uF) = 1000 nanofarads (nF) = 1000000 picofarads (pF)
Multiple capacitors in parallel formula: C = C1 + C2 + C3 + ... + CnMultiple capacitors in series formula: 1/C = 1/C1+1/C2+...+1/Cn
(1) according to its structure, can be divided into the following three kinds of) according to its structure, fixed capacitors: Ⅰ) fixed capacitors: capacitance is fixed irreconcilable, we call fixed capacitors. Figure 2-l shows the shape and circuit symbols for several fixed capacitors. Which figure (a) capacitor symbols (with "+" sign for electrolytic capacitors); Figure (b) porcelain dielectric capacitors; Figure (C) mica capacitors; Figure (d) polyester film capacitors; Figure (e) metallized paper capacitors; Figure (f) electrolytic capacitors.
II) semi-variable capacitors (fine-tuning capacitors): capacitor capacity can be in a small range) semi-variable capacitors (fine-tuning capacitors) within the change, its variable capacity for a few to dozens of picofarads, up to one hundred picofarads (ceramic as a dielectric), suitable for the adjustment of the whole machine does not need to change the capacitance of occasions often. Often air, mica or ceramic as a medium. Its shape and circuit symbols shown in Figure 2-2.
III) variable capacitors: variable capacitors: there are many types of variable capacitors, according to the structure of a single, double, triple, quadruple, etc.. According to the media are air dielectric, book film dielectric two categories. Its shape is shown in Figure 23
(2) according to the function of capacitance can be divided into the following types)
Aluminum electrolytic capacitors: it has a large capacity, small size, high withstand voltage (but the higher the withstand voltage, the larger the body of aluminum electrolytic capacitors. Commonly used in AC bypass and filtering. The disadvantage is that the capacity error is large, and with the frequency and change, low insulation resistance. Use must be careful not to reverse, if the reverse, the electrolysis will be reversed, the oxide film will soon become thin, the leakage current increases sharply, if the added DC voltage is too large, the capacitor will soon heat up, and even cause an explosion. Symbol: (CD) Capacitance: 0.47 - 10000?F Rated voltage: 6.3 - 450V General electrolytic capacitor withstanding voltage graded 6.3V, 10V, 16V, 25V, 50V, etc. Applications: power supply filtering, low frequency coupling, decoupling, bypass, etc.
Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors
Aluminum electrolytic capacitors have a positive and negative electrode (the shell of the negative end, another connector is positive). Generally, the capacitor shell are marked with "+", "-" mark, such as the absence of marking the long lead for the "+" end, the short lead for the "-" end, tantalum capacitor symbol: () symbol: (CA): (capacitance: capacity: 0.1 - 1000? rated voltage: rated voltage: 6.3 - 125V main features: loss, leakage of small main features: loss, in the application of aluminum electrolytic capacitors: applications: applications: as a class of electrolytic capacitors. A class of electrolytic capacitors. Widely used in communications, aerospace and military applications. Widely used in communications, aerospace and military industry, aerospace and military industry, undersea cables and advanced electronic devices, civil electrical appliances, and advanced electronic devices, civil electrical appliances, televisions and many other aspects. Television sets and many other aspects. SMD tantalum capacitors have a horizontal line is positive, the other side is negative; positive, the other side is negative; lead tantalum capacitors long leg is positive, tantalum capacitors long leg is positive, short leg is negative Porcelain dielectric capacitors with a high dielectric constant capacitor ceramic 〈barium titanate a titanium oxide〉 extruded into a round tube, disc or disk as a medium, and burned seepage method will be plated with silver in the ceramics as electrodes made of it is subdivided into high-frequency ceramic dielectric and low-frequency ceramic dielectric Two kinds of
High-frequency ceramic capacitors
Symbol: (CC) Capacity: 1 - 6800p Rated voltage: 63 - 500V Main features: high-frequency loss is small, good stability Application: high-frequency circuit
Low-frequency ceramic capacitors
Symbol: (CT) Capacity: 10p - 4.7?Rated voltage: 50V - 100V Main features: small size, inexpensive, high loss, poor stability Applications: low frequency circuits that do not require high
Monolithic capacitors
Monolithic capacitor is a multilayer ceramic capacitor alias monolithic capacitor features: good temperature characteristics, good frequency characteristics. General capacitance with the rise in frequency, the capacitance shows a decline in the law, monolithic capacitors decline less, the capacity is more stable withstand voltage: two times the rated voltage capacity range: 0.5 PF - 1 ΜF.
Polypropylene capacitors
Symbol: (CBB) capacitance: 1000p - 10?rated voltage: 63 - 2000V main features non-polar, insulation, high impedance, frequency characteristics. impedance is very high, excellent frequency characteristics (wide frequency response), and very low dielectric loss. Application: instead of most of the polyphenylene or mica capacitors, used in demanding circuits
Electric motors generally have two windings, that is, the main winding and auxiliary winding main winding directly into the circuit, the auxiliary winding through the capacitor after the series into the circuit so that the auxiliary winding there is a difference in the angle of capacitor to play a role in shifting the phase so that the phase appears to be a deviation, so that it is equivalent to obtaining the 2-phase electricity, and the phase is different! The rotor can be started up, and then the main winding to maintain the magnetic field to let him run, the auxiliary winding to continue to promote, so that it is not because of external forces and stop.
Capacitors in the electric fan
Polyester capacitors (polyester capacitors)
Excellent advantages: film capacitors, film capacitance, precision, loss angle, insulation resistance, temperature characteristics, reliability and adapt to the environment and other indicators are better than electrolytic capacitors, ceramic capacitors, two kinds of capacitance in the foreign capacitor withstand voltage value of the expression method, 2A indicates that the withstand voltage of 1.0 × 10 ^ 2 V = 100V. For example, 473 indicates that the capacity of 47000Pf, J indicates that the capacity of the allowable deviation of ± 5%. 2A473J that 47000Pf ± 5%, withstand voltage 100V.
Symbol: (CL)
Mica capacitor mica chip as a dielectric capacitor. It is characterized by stable high-frequency performance, small loss, small leakage current, high withstand voltage (from several hundred volts to several thousand volts), but small capacity (from tens of picofarads to tens of thousands of picofarads).
2, capacitor model nomenclature capacitor model nomenclature see table 2-1
Example: CJX-250-0.33-+10% capacitor command meaning:
Table 2-1
3, capacitor capacity value Marking method,
(1) with 2-4 digits and a letter to indicate the method)-digit and a letter to indicate the method with 2-4 digits and a letter to indicate the nominal capacitance
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quantity, in which the number indicates the effective value, the letter indicates the magnitude of the value. The letters are m, u, n, and p. The letter m denotes millifarads (10-3F), u denotes microfarads (10-6F), n denotes millimicrofarads (10-9F), and P denotes micromicrofarads (10-12F). Letters also sometimes denote fractional 10-9FP10-12F points. Such as 33m said 33000uF; 47n said 0.047uF; 3u3 said 3.3uF; 5n9 said 5900pF; 2P2 said 2.2pF. In addition, there are some in front of the number plus R, it is expressed as a fraction of a few microfarads, that is, the R said the decimal point, such as R22 said 0.22pF. (2) does not mark the unit of the direct method of expression) This method is to use the 1 Indicates the size of the capacity. The first two digits for the capacitor nominal capacity of the effective number, the third digit indicates the effective number of digits behind the number of zeros, their unit is pF. such as 102 said 1000pF; 221 said 220pF; 224 said 22X104PF. in this method of expression there is a special case, that is, when the third digit with "9 ", the capacity is expressed by multiplying the effective number by 10-1. Such as 229 that 22X10-1pF that is 2.2pF. (4) the capacity of the color ring representation) color ring representation is to use different colors to indicate different numbers.
The specific method is: along the direction of the capacitor leads, the first, two kinds of color ring on behalf of the effective number of capacitance, the third kind of color ring indicates the effective number of zeroes behind the number of units of pF. such as encountered in the capacitor color ring of the width of the width of two or three color ring, it is indicated that the color of the two or three of the same number. Such as along the lead direction, the first color ring of the color of brown, the second color ring of the color of green, the third color ring of the color of orange, the capacitor's capacity of 15,000pF that is, 0.015uF; and such as the first width of the color ring of orange, the second color ring of red, the capacitor's capacity of 3300pF, as shown in Figure 2-4.
Figure 2-4 color-coded representation of capacitance
Triode
Semiconductor triode is also known as crystal triode, it can be said that it is the most important device in electronic circuits. Its most important function is current amplification and switching action. Triode as the name suggests has three electrodes. The triode consists of two PN structure, *** with an electrode to become the base of the triode (with the letter b). b the other two electrodes to become the collector (with the letter c) and hair c emitter (with the letter e). Due to different combinations, the form e into one type of NPN-type triode and another type of PNP-type triode. There are many types of triodes, and different models have different uses. Most of the triode is plastic package or metal package, the appearance of common triode, there is an arrow electrode is the emitter, the arrow towards the outside of the NPN-type triode, while the arrow towards the inside of the PNP-type. In fact the direction of the arrow is the direction of the current.
Relay
Relay is a kind of automatic electrical appliance that turns on or off the control circuit according to some kind of input signal change, so as to realize automatic control and protection. Its input can be electric quantity such as current, voltage, etc., or non-electric quantity such as temperature
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, time, pressure, speed, etc., and the output will make the action of the contacts or the change of electric parameters. Relay applications are very wide, there are many types, here only on the current electronic products commonly used in the basic structure of the solid state relay and the use of characteristics for the introduction of solid state relay (SSR) principle of operation and characteristics of the solid state relay is a kind of two terminals for the input, the other two terminals for the output of a four-terminal device, the middle of the use of isolation devices to achieve the electrical isolation of the input and output. According to the type of load power supply, solid state relay can be divided into AC type and DC type. According to the switch type can be divided into normally open and normally closed type. According to the isolation type can be divided into hybrid, transformer isolation type and photoelectric isolation type, photoelectric isolation type for the most.
Inductors
The graphic of an inductor is shown above. Although they are not used much in electronic production, they are equally important in circuits. An inductor, like a capacitor, is an energy storage element that converts electrical energy into magnetic field energy and stores the energy in the magnetic field. Inductor with the symbol L, its basic unit is Henry (H), commonly used millihenry (mH) for the unit. It often works together with capacitors to form LC filters, LC oscillators and so on. In addition, people also use the characteristics of the inductor, the manufacture of chokes, transformers, relays and so on. The characteristics of inductors are exactly the opposite of those of capacitors, which have the property of preventing the passage of alternating current and allowing the passage of direct current. There are a number of inductor coils on a small radio, almost all of which are hollow coils wound with enameled wire or wound on a skeleton core or iron core. There are antenna coils (which are wound with enameled wire on magnetic rods), IF transformers (commonly known as mid-period), input-output transformers, and so on.
Crystal oscillator
Crystal oscillator is generally called a crystal resonator, is an electromechanical device, is a very small electrical loss of quartz crystals by precision cutting and grinding and plating electrode welded lead made. This crystal has a very important characteristic, if it is energized, it will produce mechanical oscillation, and vice versa, if it is given mechanical force, it will produce electricity, this characteristic is called the electromechanical effect. They have a very important characteristic, their oscillation frequency is closely related to their shape, material, cutting direction, etc.. Because the quartz crystal chemical properties are very stable, the coefficient of thermal expansion is very small, its oscillation frequency is also very stable,
Digital Tube
By the light-emitting diode unit connection is divided into *** anode digital tube and *** cathode digital tube. Tube and *** cathode digital tube. ***Anodic digital tube is the anode of all light-emitting diodes are connected together to form a common ***Anode (COM) light-emitting diodes are connected together to form a common ***Anodic digital tube. The digital tube. * * * * anode digital tube in the application should be public * * * * pole COM to receive received +5V, when a field of light-emitting diode cathode to receive, extremely low level, the corresponding field on the light. When the cathode of a field is connected to, extremely low level, the corresponding field will be lit. When the cathode of a field is high, the corresponding field is not lit 。。。。 When the cathode of *** cathode is high, the corresponding field is not lit. A *** cathode digital tube is a digital tube in which the cathodes of all light-emitting diodes are connected together to form a common *** cathode (COM). The *** cathode digital tube in the digital tube. Formation of a male *** cathode of the digital tube application should be the male *** pole COM to the ground line
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To the ground line GND when the application should be the male *** pole to the ground line when the application should be the male *** pole to the ground line when the anode of a field light-emitting diode is a high level, a certain field light-emitting diode's anode is a high level, the corresponding field will light up. When the anode of a field is low, the field is lit. When the anode of a field is low, the corresponding field is not lit. The corresponding field is not lit.
Key switches
Switches
As the name suggests, they are used to control the opening and closing of circuits to control the operating state of circuits. Switches are divided into locking switches, unlocked switches, light touch switches, membrane switches, high-power switches, etc., the following we will be in the form of pictures of the switch to categorize the mediator dial. Switch micro switch switch
Buzzer
Buzzer is an integrated structure of the electronic buzzer, using DC voltage power supply, widely used in computers, printers, copiers, alarms, electronic toys, automotive electronics, telephones, timers, and other electronic products as a sound device.
Fuse
Fuse, that is, fuse, is a kind of installed in the circuit, to ensure that the electrical fuse, that is, fuse, is a kind of installed in the circuit, the road safe operation of electrical components. Also known as a fuse, road safe operation of electrical components. Also known as a fuse, the IEC 127 standard defines it as a "fuse-link". Fuse" (wire) will be in the current abnormally high to a certain height and a certain time, height and a certain time, its own fuse cut off the current, so as to play a role in protecting the cut off the current, the role of safe operation of the circuit. The role of the safe operation of the circuit.
Transformer
Constituted by the core and coil wound on the insulating skeleton. Insulated copper wires are wound on plastic skeletons, each of which requires two sets of coils to be wound for input and output. The coils are separated from each other by insulating paper. After winding, a number of core sheets are inserted in the center of the plastic skeleton. This enables the inductance of the coils to be significantly increased. A transformer utilizes the principle of electromagnetic induction to transfer electrical energy from one of its windings to several other windings. Transformers have important functions in electrical circuits: coupling AC signals and blocking DC signals, and can change the ratio of input to output voltages; the use of transformers to make the impedance at both ends of the circuit to get a good match, in order to maximize the transmission of signal power. Power transformer is the high-voltage electricity into civilian utility, and many of our appliances are using low-voltage DC power supply work, the need for a power transformer to 220V AC utility converted to low-voltage AC, and then rectified by a diode, capacitor filtering, the formation of DC power supply to the appliances. Television tubes require tens of thousands of volts to work, is supplied by the "line output transformer".
Infrared receiver transmitter
Commonly used infrared remote control system is generally divided into two parts of the transmitter and receiver. The main component of the transmitter part of the infrared light-emitting diode. It is actually a special light-emitting diode; because of its internal material is different from ordinary light-emitting diodes, and thus in its ends when a certain voltage is applied, it will send out infrared light rather than visible light. Receiving part of the infrared receiver tube is a photosensitive diode. In practice, the infrared receiver diode to add reverse bias, it can be
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Operating normally, that is, the infrared receiver diode in the circuit application is the reverse application, so as to obtain a higher sensitivity. Infrared light-emitting diodes are generally available in round and square shapes.
Universal boards, PCBs
Printed circuit boards (printedcircuitboard, pcb) are found in almost every kind of electronic device. Printed circuit board if there are electronic parts in a particular device, then they are also set in the pcb of different sizes. In addition to fixing a variety of small parts, the main function of the pcb is to provide the upper parts of the mutual electrical connection. With the electronic equipment is more and more complex, the need for more and more parts, pcb on the head of the line and the parts are more and more intensive.
Universal board
Bread board
Name: Bread board (also known as the universal circuit board or integrated circuit board) due to the board has a lot of small jacks, very much like the bread in the small holes, and therefore named. Classification: single breadboard, combined breadboard, solderless breadboard. Purpose: test integrated circuits use: no welding and manual wiring, insert the components into the holes to test the circuit and components, easy to use. Before use should determine which components of the pins should be connected together, and then to be connected together with the pins inserted into the same group of five small holes.
Jumpers, Dupont cables, crocodile clips
Dupont cables can be used to expand the pins of the experimental board to increase the experimental projects. Alligator clips are used to make temporary circuit connections, shaped like the mouth of the alligator terminal - also known as "spring clips", "electrical clips"
Digital Multimeter
Digital Multimeter, a multi-purpose multimeter, is a digital multimeter that can be used for a variety of purposes. Digital multimeter, a multi-purpose electronic measuring instrument, digital multimeter, a multi-purpose electronic measuring instrument, generally contains an ammeter, voltmeter, generally contains an ammeter, voltmeter, ohmmeter, and other feats sometimes referred to as a multimeter, multimeter, energy, sometimes referred to as a multimeter, multimeter, multimeter, or tri-meter. Meter, or triple meter. Digital multimeters are available in portable units for basic troubleshooting, as well as in bench-placed units, type units, as well as in bench-placed units, some with resolutions up to seven or eight digits; some with resolutions up to seven or eight digits; such equipment, common in laboratories, equipment, common in laboratories, is generally used as a reference for voltages or resistances, a reference for voltages or resistances, or for adjusting the Performance of multifunctional standardizers. The performance of the calibrator. Measurements of current, voltage, and resistance, Measurements of current, voltage, and resistance, are generally regarded as the basic functions of a multimeter. basic functions of a multimeter. The brand name of the early multimeter manufacturer, Commercial AVO, is an abbreviation of the names of these three units of measure that the device is capable of measuring: an abbreviation of the names of these three units of measure: amperes (Ampere), volts (Volt), and ohms (Ohm). ,,.
Microcontroller