The concept meaning of 1, quota and budget quota
In the construction and production activities, in order to complete the qualified products of a certain unit or a certain construction and production task, it is necessary to consume certain labor, materials, machinery and equipment and funds. Affected by objective factors such as region, market, price and management, the consumption level of different projects is different. In order to standardize the management and economic accounting of construction activities, the average consumption standard of project engineering formulated and published by relevant state departments according to relevant national or regional statistical data is taken as the quota.
From the concept definition, quota is a legal standard based on the development level of social productive forces in a certain time and scope, and the consumption of manpower, material resources and financial resources in the production process. Therefore, the quota can be an important "yardstick" to test, measure and constrain the technology, management and capital use of the main enterprises in related construction activities.
Detailed estimation quota
In the field of construction engineering, there are many kinds of quotas, which can be divided into: national unified quota, industry unified quota and regional unified quota according to management level; According to the purpose, it can be divided into budget estimate index, construction quota, budget quota and budget estimate quota.
Budget quota refers to the quantitative standards of labor, materials, machinery and equipment, funds, etc. It is required to complete the structural members or sub-projects of a certain measurement unit under normal construction conditions. Specifically, the budget quota is the quota of labor, materials, machinery and other expenses involved in the preparation of the construction drawing budget.
Budget quota provides a unified and reliable parameter for calculating the consumption of labor, materials and machinery (machine-team). At the same time, because the issuing agency of budget quota is a government agency, the parameter standard of budget quota formation is more authoritative. Therefore, the budget quota plays an important role and significance in the project investment control, bidding competition and profit control of the construction unit.
"Work Plan for Project Cost Reform" puts forward that "the stipulation that the maximum bid price limit shall be priced by quota shall be abolished and the budget quota shall be gradually stopped", that is, in the future project cost management, the state will no longer provide various parameter standards for related construction activities to prepare the construction drawing budget and construction budget. According to the dynamic market information, the construction unit or the construction unit should collect and make relevant cost parameter standards by itself or by entrusting a professional cost consulting organization, so as to complete the construction drawing budget and construction budget and realize the purpose of project investment control, bidding competition and project profit control.
2. Limitations of traditional budget quota
Engineering quota is a management control system formulated by the state to strengthen construction management and rationally arrange labor resources in the planned economy era. Although this management control system has been continuously improved in the course of decades of development, with the rapid development of domestic market economy, this traditional quota management system can no longer meet the development needs of the construction industry.
Limitations of budget quota preparation
At present, China's engineering budget quota mainly collects, summarizes, studies and analyzes the relevant information and data of previous engineering cases through local cost stations, quota stations and other institutions, and then compiles and publishes budget quota documents. That is, the budget quota document is a summary and analysis of engineering cases in the past period, and its parameters and basis reflect the average production level of the industry in a period and stage.
However, the construction market environment is always in a dynamic process, especially with the continuous innovation of new materials, new processes and new management modes, the budget quota can not accurately reflect the average production level of the current construction industry, and can not provide accurate and immediate parameter basis for project cost management.
It is difficult for the budget quota to effectively release the market vitality.
The project budget quota system has been implemented in China for decades. Whether it is the project investment control of the construction unit or the bidding competition and profit control of the construction unit, it is habitually dependent on the parameter basis provided by the budget quota, lacking active data investigation and analysis. The contractor's quotation is often based on a fixed price and then rises by a certain proportion, instead of investigating and analyzing the market prices of labor, materials and mechanical equipment, which leads to the serious disconnection between the capital and profit control of enterprises and the market, and is prone to risks in the later construction stage.
At the same time, at present, China implements the principle of winning the bid at a low price. Contractors tend to constantly reduce costs, even quote below the cost price, mainly focusing on how to win the bid, and later make profits through engineering changes and claims. This brings serious time limit for a project, quality and production safety risks. In fact, the construction unit is well aware of this, but due to the lack of dynamic and effective construction market information, it is impossible to conduct reasonable and effective quotation analysis and management.
The Work Plan for Engineering Cost Reform proposes to gradually cancel the budget quota, build a market price information publishing platform, unify information publishing standards and rules, and encourage enterprises and institutions to publish their own labor, materials and machinery market price information through the information platform for market participants to choose. This makes the investment control of the construction unit more reasonable, and also helps to curb the long-standing malicious bidding phenomenon of construction enterprises, and shifts the main energy to how to improve their own technical strength, talent reserve and management ability, thus reducing the cost of enterprises and giving full play to the advantages of winning the bid at a reasonable low price.
3. The impact of canceling the budget quota on related subjects.
The cancellation of budget quota has many influences on project cost management, mainly from the perspective of related activities on construction units, construction units and engineering consulting units.
construction unit
From the point of view of price control, construction units are in a weak position among all kinds of market players. On the one hand, the talents of the construction unit are highly mobile, and only the decision-making level is relatively stable; On the other hand, the industry has long relied on the vicious habit of engineering quota, which makes it lack of accumulation and compilation of relevant engineering case data and parameters. After canceling the budget quota, it will directly affect the investment control work of the construction unit, such as investment estimation, design estimation and construction drawing budget.
For the construction unit, on the one hand, enterprises can strengthen their quota accumulation and compilation in the future, that is, get rid of the vicious habit of relying on production quotas, attach importance to basic research and development, and form an effective basis for relevant investment control work; On the other hand, we can outsource the quota compilation of related enterprises and achieve the investment control goal through professional engineering consulting units.
construction organization
The construction unit, like the construction unit, also relies on the budget quota compiled by the state for a long time, and the quota is directly applied to the tender offer. After canceling the budget quota, the construction unit is still facing the embarrassing situation of lacking effective compilation basis. But at present, some list items can still be directly applied to the market price, such as plastering unit price; But the other part needs its own data collection, analysis and compilation, such as the price of weathered rock and granite in rotary excavation piles after geological exploration.
In the future bidding activities, the construction unit needs to conduct detailed pre-market research and make a quotation according to the real market parameters of personnel, equipment and other expenses and the strength of its own enterprise. After all, in order to avoid the risk of quality, safety and construction period in the later period, the construction unit will take the initiative to set the corresponding threshold to avoid winning the bid at an unreasonable low price. In this case, construction enterprises can only concentrate on optimizing their own technical strength, talent reserve and construction management, and reduce construction costs through their comprehensive strength.
In addition, it should be noted that for the budget staff of the construction unit, canceling the budget quota will pose unprecedented challenges to their work content, workload and working ability standards. Budget preparation will inevitably involve on-site man-hour analysis, material consumption analysis, mechanical depreciation calculation, inflation correction and so on. Judging from the current ability level and salary level of budget staff in construction enterprises, it will be a great challenge to prepare construction budget through existing budget staff.
Engineering consulting unit
If the challenge is greater than the opportunity for the construction unit and the construction unit, then the opportunity is greater than the challenge for the engineering consulting unit. As mentioned above, after the budget quota is cancelled, the construction unit and the construction unit cannot complete the relevant budget preparation by themselves, and it is urgent to use professional institutions to complete investment control and profit control, which is a market opportunity for engineering consulting units.
Of course, the cancellation of budget quota also has a certain impact on engineering consulting units, but considering that engineering consulting units have collected and accumulated a large number of price data and settlement statements due to their business operations, and engineering consulting units are also enterprises with relatively dense budget talents, this has formed an important advantage in the wave of cost management reform.