We know that the three thousand years of the so-called book to take the pile up, medicine, this place is not a pile down, can only pick some typical people and things, it is divided into a stage, pay attention to the development of history is not divided into phases, why should be divided into phases, that is, we are the limitations of the descendants of the three thousand years in the middle of mankind on their own on the biology of the research done? If I were to talk about three thousand years of medicine, I could talk about it for ten hours, or I could talk about it in two hours. I will divide the 3,000 years into four phases. Of course, history cannot be divided into phases, only that later generations have divided it into different phases in order to summarize it. First, there is the period from 1000 BC to the 3rd century AD, which is 1,300 years, then there is the 1,000 years from the 3rd century to the 13th century AD, then there is the three hundred years from the 13th century to the 16th century, and finally there is the 16th century to the present.
1000 BC to the 3rd century AD
Let's start with the first stage. During these 1300 years, the study of life sciences began in the western world, mainly in Greece. Many people and events appeared during this period, we only need to remember three teams. One was Thales and his disciples Anaximander and Anaximander's disciple Anaximenes. The main contribution of these three generations was to relate the composition of the universe, the composition of the earth, to the origin of life, entirely by accumulating and summarizing cosmic phenomena. Such a way of observing and thinking inspired many scientists. Thales was walking while looking at the sky and fell into a big pit. There was no one around to save him. We say "sitting in a well and watching the sky", but he was "sitting in a pit and watching the sky" for three days. We couldn't see anything when we looked at the sky, but he looked at the sky and saw when the solar eclipse would occur next year, and he saw that there would be good weather next year, and that there would be a big olive harvest. After he was rescued on the third day, he used the little money he had at home and borrowed some money to buy back all the olive oil presses around him in the winter. The next year, the olive oil harvest was so abundant that everyone came to rent his olive oil press cars, and he made a fortune. So he really tasted the sweetness of "science and technology is the first productive force".
The second team was composed of Aristotle, his master Plato, his disciple, and his disciple's disciple. The main contribution of this team was to relate the changes in the universe to some basic human phenomena. Plato was a philosopher and in ancient times a life scientist. He made a lot of contributions, the biggest of which was running a school for 900 years. It was crowded with students, but when it was small, there was only one student, Aristotle. Aristotle had many contributions, including the taxonomy of plants and animals, and philosophy. He made a very large contribution to genetics, and some of the ideas he put forward remain unproven or only partially proven.
He was certainly wrong when he said that fleas are changed from dust. But his suggestion of sexual and asexual reproduction is important. Does a person have to have a mom and dad to be themselves? What about the original man? There are reptiles that change with the climate, males when the temperature is high and females when the climate is low; there are eggs that hatch at 23 degrees for the females, 32 degrees for the males, and 26 degrees for the in-between; and snails are hermaphrodites, with males and females all in one body. How did people come to be? Do people have to have a mom and dad to be human? In that case, then mankind is screwed. According to one study, 50 years ago men had 60 million sperm per milliliter. It was no problem to have seven or eight children then. Now there are only 20 million per milliliter, so there is a lot of infertility, and some small groups of infertility have reached 20%. The main reason for this is that the "seed" is not good, and some people blame the "base". When the sperm is only one million, it can't be born, so what will happen to human beings in another 50 or 100 years. We don't have to be nervous, at least we don't have a problem in these generations.
The third team is headed by Galen. Galen was an ancient Western medical sage who linked human understanding of nature to human disease. Galen began writing books at the age of 13 and wrote 256 books, 131 medical books. It took 12 years to publish his books and 12 years to read them. It was different then than now, most books written now are copied, there was no place to copy then. His theories and discoveries ruled medicine and the life sciences for more than 1,000 years, and later generations have come to rely on him even when they are wrong. His death marked the end of all ancient Greek medicine.
Now back to China, China is mainly Chinese medicine, of course, there are other Tibetan medicine, Hui medicine, etc., but mainly Chinese medicine, what is the source of Chinese medicine? Some say it comes from saints, some say it comes from witches, some say it comes from natural phenomena. For example, if a dog is injured, it will look for a kind of grass to lick the wound, and if a rat is poisoned, it will take the initiative to drink yellow mud water, and its stomach will not hurt. In ancient times, human society is extremely low productivity, slash-and-burn farming, planting thin harvests, sunrise and sunset, despite that hard work is not enough food, clothing. How did medicine come about? In order to fill their stomachs, everyone ate all kinds of grass. It turned out that some can be eaten, eat good, some can not, eat will be poisoned. Catch animals also eat, and found that eat liver to supplement liver, eat lungs to supplement lungs, eat tail to supplement the whole body. Of course, this last sentence is what I said.
In the middle of this long 1300 years, China also appeared a lot of people many things. We should at least remember three books and three people. Which three books? Basic medicine first "Huangdi Neijing", clinical medicine first "typhoid", pharmacy first "Shennong Ben Cao Jing". The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine is very well written, and there are not many that surpass it. It advocates holistic medicine, which considers a person as a whole and advocates the balance of yin and yang. What does it mean to be healthy? It means balance. Eyes open and close, breathing in and out, arms and legs stretching and contracting, that's balance. Some people are very strong. Is being strong healthy? I often see people. Three years ago, an old lady was so weak that I thought she wouldn't live long. I didn't expect her to come back to see the doctor three years later, and she was still the same as she was then. That's because, she was weak everywhere in her body and kept a balance. Some people are very strong, and yesterday they were playing basketball well, and suddenly they had a myocardial infarction and died. That's why balance is very important for one's health. So how do you regulate balance? Yin and yang, yin in yang, yin in yang, both should be balanced, what is the cure? Restore the balance of yin and yang, not too strong nor too weak.
Chinese medicine talks about the five viscera and six bowels, and Western medicine is different. Our hospital Chinese medicine department research "spleen deficiency", translated to foreigners, they do not understand, this "spleen" how false? Spleen deficiency in Chinese medicine refers to diseases caused by the weakness of the spleen. In Chinese medicine, the spleen promotes circulation, digestion and immunity, and is a manifestation of multiple functions. The five viscera refer to the heart, liver, spleen, lungs and kidneys; the six internal organs contain the small intestine, gallbladder, stomach, large intestine, bladder and triple jiao. But some of the five viscera and six bowels are incomplete, like the pancreas in gastroenterology, which is not found in the Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine. How come it is not there? Because when a person dies, the pancreas is automatically digested and cannot be seen once it is dissected.
The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine emphasizes the whole, and do you believe in qigong? Life is a reaction produced by a variety of cells and molecules interacting with each other. There is a bucket of very salty salt water, you put meat in it becomes what? Salted meat. If you drive a pig in, does it come out as a salty pig? No. Why is that? Because the cells have a kind of energy that can resist foreign invasion. It's like qigong, I cross my left and right hands, the left side is ready, you hit the left side with a wooden stick, what breaks? The wooden stick. If you hit the right side by mistake, what breaks? Your hand breaks. It's like a child being beaten, say mom you hit me on the butt, when you are ready to hit the butt it doesn't hurt so much, if you hit the other side where you are not ready, then it hurts.
Next, "The Treatise on Typhoid Miscellaneous Diseases" talks about the dialectical view of cold, heat and emptiness. The first thing that you need to do is to look, listen, and ask. It advocates the dialectical treatment of different diseases with different medicines to save treatment, the same disease with different causes of the disease is also so. The third book is Shennong Ben Cao Jing, which records 365 flavors of medicines, divided into 120 kinds of upper medicines, 120 kinds of Chinese medicines, and 125 kinds of lower medicines. The upper medicines are highly tonic, the lower medicines are highly offensive, and the Chinese medicines are both tonic and offensive. It is about compounding, of which there are many contraindications. Doctors must see the patient contact, not just look at the labs, the past check diabetes no way to check the sugar, the doctor tasted the patient's urine, until the Cultural Revolution, I went to the countryside, the public **** health center teacher also so take me to check the sun five cups of urine, he tasted in the front, I tasted in the back. He tasted the urine in the front and I tasted it in the back. He tasted it calmly, but I tasted it in the back, why? He used this finger dipped in urine, with that finger to taste, I used this finger dipped in urine with this finger to taste, but the final result is the same, the teacher saw which cup of urine there are flies, there are ants, that is the diabetic's urine.
The next story is about three people. The first is Zhang Zhongjing, he was a governor of Changsha, the official was very good, and then not, because the family of more than 200 people, the disease died only 70 or so left. He went home and studied medicine to cure the sick and save people, and he became a famous doctor. The second one is Bian Magpie, who used to be the manager of an inn and made friends all over the world, and met a very famous old Chinese doctor. So he stopped being a "manager" and devoted himself to learning medicine, and once he learned it, he became a "magpie" and wrote the "Magpie's Internal Canon" and the "Magpie's External Canon", which were widely used to help the people in the world. He was so famous that he was envied by the Imperial Doctor, who took the opportunity to kill him. The third was Hua Tuo, who was so famous that he cured Cao Cao's migraine headache and Cao Cao wanted to keep him as his "health doctor". Cao Cao wanted to keep him as a "health doctor", but Hua Tuo refused and was arrested when he tried to cure the people. Hua Tuo was too busy treating the sick and saving the people to write a treatise, but when he had time in prison, he wrote a small book, which was not passed down, and the prison guards did not dare to pass it on to the public, so they burned it. But two things were passed down. One was the Five Animal Play, which is now known as radio gymnastics. One of his disciples practiced the Five Animal Play and lived to be 101 years old. The other was the invention of Ma Bo San. Before him, people had no anesthesia for surgery, how to do, hit a catty of white wine, the patient drank half, the doctor drank half, gall. It still didn't work, so they asked a few people to hold it down. Hua Tuo invented anesthesia 800 years before the West.
1000 years from the 3rd century to the 13th century
The 1300 years in China and abroad are over. Now on to the second phase, by this 1000 years, the western life sciences had regressed to almost zero. Why? Political corruption, social unrest, the rise of religion, the popularity of theology, the development of science was seriously undermined, and in the end it was gone. In China, on the other hand, clinical medicine continued to develop during this period. This period in China was the heyday of the Qin, Han, and Tang dynasties. There was political clarity, social stability, and technological advancement. The capital of many dynasties was in Xi'an, and foreigners say that they have not visited China until they have been to Xi'an. Chinese people say, "Jiangnan's talents are the generals of Shandong, but Shaanxi's yellow soil buries the emperor." There are more than 250 emperors in the history of China, and more than 70 of them are buried in Shaanxi, and many of them are very influential emperors. Do you know there was a Mr. Wu Zetian? Women are called Mr. if they have done something, otherwise they are called Ms.. Mr. Wu Zetian married 2 emperors in his life, gave birth to 2 emperors, became a handful of emperors, and influenced a large number of emperors.
A thousand years, because of political clarity, social stability, scientific and technological progress, people live in peace and happiness, medicine and medical doctors are greatly respected. This time medicine and science to the top of the world, one is zero one is the top. I hope you also remember three books three people. The first person is called Wang Shuhe, he has two major contributions, one is to Zhang Zhongjing's "typhoid miscellany" passed down, and the second is to write his own book called "Pulse Classic". He divided the feeling of pulse into dozens of different combinations to find out if you're pregnant, especially if you're having a baby, and he was very accurate, unlike me now, where I'm basically 50 percent correct. Is it a heart attack. God, the emperor wants to examine them these physicians, call them over, let a man and a woman hiding in the mosquito net each stretched out a hand, he a pulse, suffer, this is a monster, one hand is a woman, one hand is a man. His "Pulse Meridian" spread to Europe through Arabia.
The second figure is Sun Simiao, who lived for more than 100 years and wrote the Thousand Gold Formula. He advocated the "great doctor of sincerity", that is, you want to be a doctor, you have to be brilliant, not to earn money for the purpose, not to take the red packet, you think of doing a surgery how much you can share, that is certainly not good for people. If you use medical skills as a tool to earn money, you have to be penalized by the criminal law; if you have medical malpractice, you have to be penalized even more. Of course, if you are a good doctor, you can enter the Hanlin Academy. The third one, Tao Hongjing, was a pharmacologist in the Tang Dynasty who wrote a book called Xinxiu Ben Cao (新修本草). This is the first Chinese pharmacopeia, and the first in the world, 800 years before the West.
Three people, three books, scientists get great respect, science gets great respect, medicine gets great respect. Fan Zhongyan said, "Not to be a good prime minister, when a good doctor." That is to say, you do not go to be a prime minister, the second career should be a doctor. Respect for doctors and medicine reflects the civilization of a nation and the reverence for science.
Three hundred years from the 13th century to the 16th century
The 1,000 years of China is over, followed by three hundred years of the West, which is the three hundred years of their rise. Because the Renaissance happened. Why did the Renaissance happen? Because of political corruption to the point that "the government forced the people to rebel, the people had to rebel", in addition to the bubonic plague epidemic, some countries within a few days a quarter of the people died. The third reason was that a Chinese man brought the Four Great Inventions of China with him, who was this man? Who was this man? Genghis Khan.
So there was a renaissance in medicine, and there were a lot of scientists. For example, the anatomist Da? Finch. In the past, when you studied anatomy, you either became a painter or a doctor. Da Vinci is a left-handed, wrote a lot of things others can not understand. The second is the Belgian Vesalius, who did a lot of dissection and found some real evidence. There was a girl who died, his uncle said it was poisoning, he said no, it was caused by girdle. In those days, women in the West had to gird their loins, and the more they girded their stomachs, the smaller they got. He said it was caused by prolonged blood circulation. After this, it had a major impact on western society and women stopped girding their loins, which was a revolutionary change. In addition, he corrected the errors of Galen who ruled for a thousand years, and there were more than 200 errors in the skeletal anatomy alone. He said that the human thigh bone was straight; Galen said it was curved. People argued that Galen was right, that it used to be curved, but now it was straight, and that this was because humans wore pants for 1,000 years and became straight. Galen said the human breastbone was seven pieces, he said it was only one. The people argued that Galen was open-minded and therefore had seven pieces, but now he was small-minded and only had one piece. Vesali was very angry, he said to the students, you can not just believe in authority, you practice what you learn than follow the authority to learn better. Later he was persecuted and didn't even know how he died. Another example is Santureton who opened up metabolism. He realized that people eat so much and don't poop out so much, and where does the difference go? In order to understand, he got a cane chair, a pole weighing. Every day, he sat on the wicker chair, ate, drank, shit, and weighed himself. A weighing weighing more than thirty years, and finally found that people are to "sweat", and thus metabolism arose. There are too many scientists to talk about, in short, Western medicine in the previous 1,000 years behind, in these three hundred years to catch up.
In this period of China, from the Song Dynasty, the capital was moved to Kaifeng and Nanjing. From the Song Dynasty onwards, they began to talk about Cheng Zhu's theory of science, which was very hostile to science. Foreigners used gunpowder to make guns and cannons, and we made fireworks. For example, people used the printing press to preach the Bible, but we printed ghost tickets. People used the compass to navigate and discover new continents, but we used it to read feng shui, and we still do. There is also alchemy which we started to do, and it is also the beginning of the western chemical industry. We used heavy metals to make elixirs, and because of the elixir of immortality, seven emperors died in China.
Our medicine gradually went downhill, but there are still a couple of great things that happened that are worth mentioning because the accumulation is so thick. Li Shizhen is one. He won three times in the Xiu Cai exam, but there was no post. He then studied medicine on his own and worked as a medical scribe at the Imperial Hospital. When he was 33 years old, he began to travel extensively in the mountains, tasting herbs and writing the Compendium of Materia Medica (本草纲目). Around the thirteenth century A.D., Chinese medicine practitioners began to apply the "human pox inoculation method" to prevent smallpox, which became the forerunner of medical immunology in the world. In the thirteenth century, smallpox epidemic, if not for the Chinese "pox inoculation method", perhaps the human race would not be here. Voltaire said, this is a good and clever people, they invented the "pox method" to save mankind. Nowadays, immunology is still unable to tell what happened to the "pox-planting method". This is the way things are, people come up in 300 years, we go down in 300 years, and China and the West met in the 16th century.
The 16th century to the present 400 years
In the 16th and 17th centuries, Chinese and foreign medicine formed a scissors difference, the stone development of the four hundred years, the two have opened up a big gap. At that time, China's per capita GDP and the United Kingdom, France and Germany is about the same, are about 600 U.S. dollars. However, the first industrial revolution created a powerful Britain, China is dreaming; the second industrial revolution created a powerful Germany, China is still like a sleeping lion does not wake up; the third industrial revolution created a powerful Japan and the United States, China is still sleeping.
400 years have passed, China by 600 dollars to 1000 dollars, Japan is our 35 times, the United States is 32 times, Britain, France and Germany is 25 times. If the world's 100 dollars to share, the United States took 32, Japan took 13, Britain, France and Germany each took 5, already 60, there are 40 by the remaining countries to share. China will take 3 dollars, which will be divided among 1.3 billion people. Some people say, "Don't be a sick cat if the tiger is not powerful. I think it's worse than a sick cat, because the tiger eats more.
It was during this period that a large number of scientists appeared abroad. At this time, the foreigners of science went up again, the emergence of two of the greatest scientists, one is Galileo to the macro development, the invention of now we have been on the moon. There was also Levin Hooke who invented the microscope. The 16th century out of a lot of people, such as Flemmi invented penicillin, Pasteur found that biological corruption caused by microorganisms, Nisda invented disinfection, a big step forward.
We all know Darwin, his father and grandfather are scientists, grandpa and uncle are also famous scientists. Unfortunately, he didn't study well, and he changed schools many times and couldn't learn well. His father got angry and said he was only good for catching rats and bugs. At that time, the British fleet had a 5-year voyage to travel around the world, and 2 masses were to be chosen to participate. Unfortunately no one signed up. Darwin said he wanted to go. His father refused, saying that unless another person as stupid as you convinces me otherwise, I'll let you go. It was Darwin's uncle who persuaded him, saying that since he was only catching mice and bugs at home anyway, he might as well go out and see what it was like. And his dad agreed. After five years, he realized the origin of species, "the survival of the fittest". In long-term evolution, if you can adapt to changes in the environment, you can survive. I didn't realize that Darwin went home and still liked to play, and played for ten years, and didn't write a paper. Then Wallace wrote a paper that was better than his, even though the latter did not participate in the voyage. Darwin became anxious and held his paper back from publication. Then Darwin's friend said you write it too and publish both of your papers in the same journal. And so both papers were published. Later, Wallace proposed to categorize this as "Darwinism". Darwin was very touched, I did not realize that there are people in the world who are so aggrieved, and still give their own things to others.
In the past 400 years, science in the West has developed rapidly, and there are a lot of scientists, too many to mention. However, China's daily talk of theory and the middle way, confusing the line between right and wrong, between forward and backward, greatly hindered the development of science. At this time foreigners began to send missionaries into China. One pastor said that when foreign guns could not lift a single horizontal log in China, he opened the door of China with a scalpel. All kinds of Western medical doctrines and Western medicines began to enter China. Look at the fact that more than 90% of the current theories of Western medicine are Western theories. How many of the current instruments and equipment are of our own production? 97% of the medicines we eat are imitations of foreign ones.
What is even more ridiculous is that some people have come out to openly oppose Chinese medicine. The reason for the existence and development of human beings is the history of the struggle against diseases. Chinese medicine has enabled the Chinese people to flourish until now, can you say it is not scientific at all? The word "science" has been around for only 1 000 years, but how many years has Chinese medicine been around? Chinese medicine has its own theories, according to the standards of Western medicine, like playing ping-pong with the standards of basketball to judge.
Looking back on these 3,000 years of history, I have a few lessons:
The first point is to cherish the current social environment. Eighteen big call us scientific and technological innovation, innovation-driven development, a thousand true, where the development of medicine is often the time of social progress, so the comrades here to cherish the current social environment, the time to be born to be responsible for their own affairs.
The second point is to use philosophical thinking to consider science, to study science. Many big scientists in the end are philosophers, philosophy is the study of science science, is the study of the law, science is limited to one plus one must equal two, and philosophy is not, philosophy, philosophy plus one as long as it is equal to the results on the line, depending on your results on my good. Some people say that talking about anything is Chinese medicine is not scientific, what do you mean Chinese medicine is not scientific, science came out when science is only a thousand years, Chinese medicine is already a few thousand years, you say Chinese medicine is not scientific, why do not you say science is not Chinese medicine it! A lot of people take the word science as the truth this is not right, say you engage in this thing is not scientific, that I am not scientific, do not put all the things in the world is the truth of science, it is difficult to say. Say science is the most important, I say not necessarily, safety is more important than science. You do not say that science is eternal, the truth is not eternal, why some truth is eternal? Because you can not live so long, you live so long it has to change, so that the water to the lower part of the flow that is geocentric attraction, you have to go to heaven, it will not to the lower part of the flow. The sun rises in the east, that is the earth turns, in the future the earth does not necessarily turn, you do not even know if the sun is still there, how do you know the sun is there? There is sunlight, but that was shot out eight minutes ago, right? It didn't come out five minutes ago? Cowherd and Weaving Maiden magpie bridge meeting, that is sixteen years ago, people light are running sixteen years, if thirteen years fourteen years, the cowherd and Weaving Maiden have moved on, will still meet? So look at anything to look at dynamically, people must not look at dynamically to be in trouble, you will be depressed. What is forward? All three hundred and sixty degrees of a human being is a way forward, it's just that you face that point. So I have two words to share with you, is also my motto, the first sentence is called "always go forward," to have "waves rolling waves exciting the sky, cross-current through the diarrhea only forward, light boat on the waves flying body to go, back to laugh at the shore of the pines waiting for the leisure" of the spirit, the second sentence is called The second line is called "Negative to the end". "Pangu opened the world turmoil, the sun and the moon go back and forth forever as usual, see all the Qiankun know a thousand history, dare to laugh at Qu Weng white cast river." Forever forward, life must mark a direction, always go forward, do not retreat because of the road ahead of the difficulties, and not because of the left and right have wonderful and temptation, otherwise you even if you go forward, the left three circles right three circles, in place to beat the circle, will always be nothing.
The last point is to return from the micro to the macro. Medicine has evolved to become more and more microscopic, from Levin? Hook led science from the macro to the micro, human research is becoming more and more detailed. From tissues to cells, to sub-cells, molecules, atoms to quarks, more and more microscopic, in fact, microscopic can only see certain things, everything is in a certain macro, leaving the macro is wrong. So many of our doctors can only see one disease, how many things are delayed. It is to return to the macro, why? For example, some people see Mount Huashan and Mount Emei, have been to a moment to figure out what the difference is, this is the macro. But some people go to study the sand of Mount Emei and compare it with Mount Hua, and there is no difference. There is a difference in the sand, there is a difference in the bricks, there is no difference in the elements, there is basically no difference in the elements, why do you go to study it, have you had enough? So we must stand at a certain level to return to the whole, we do not want to see the patient's disease, to see people's disease is the lower doctor, only to see the sick people is the upper doctor. I hope that Guiyang Medical College teaches people to look at the sick, not to look at people's diseases.
Faced with three thousand years of medicine in and out, we have a lot of many feelings, we once had a brilliant time, but now very embarrassing time, but hard-working and courageous Chinese, we only need to cherish the current social environment, we only need to use philosophical thinking to consider science, as long as from the micro back to the macro, we will surely in the realization of the great revival of the Chinese nation's political at the same time, we will certainly will realize the great rejuvenation in science and medicine. A sunset and fog fly together, the autumn water *** long sky a color of science and technology from time to time will be displayed in front of comrades, students, ready? Thank you all!