I. Division of the Four Major Geographic Regions
Location Scope: east of the Daxinganling and Usshering Ridge, north of the Qinling-Huaihe River, and east of the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea.
Northern region Main provinces: the three northeastern provinces, all or most of the provinces in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, as well as the southeastern part of Gansu Province and the northern part of
Jiangsu and Anhui Provinces.
Delineation based on: is the northern part of China's monsoon climate zone, January 0 ℃ isotherm and 800 mm
annual isothermal precipitation line to the north.
Location range: south of the Qinling-Huaihe River, east of the Tibetan Plateau, southeast of the East China Sea, the South China Sea.
Southern region Main provinces: including the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the southern coastal and southwestern provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions).
Delineation based on: is the southern part of China's monsoon climate zone, January 0 ℃ isotherm and 800 millimeters
annual precipitation line south.
Location range: roughly west of the Daxinganling, north of the Great Wall and the Kunlun Mountains - Altun Mountain.
Northwest region Main provinces: including Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Ningxia and northwestern Gansu.
Delineation based on: non-monsoon climate zone, deep inland, 400 millimeters west of the annual precipitation line.
Location range: located west of the Hengduan Mountains, north of the Himalayas, south of the Kunlun Mountains and Altun Mountain.
Qinghai-Tibetan region Main provinces: including Tibet, Qinghai and Sichuan in the west.
Delineation based on: is a unique geographical unit, high altitude, cold climate.
Second, the northern region and the southern region
January 0 ℃ isotherm.
The geographical significance of the Qinling - Huaihe River line The demarcation line between the southern region and the northern region.
800 millimeters of annual precipitation line.
Annual precipitation: less in the north; more in the south.
North and South River flow: small in the northern region; large in the southern region.
Natural differences Typical vegetation types: temperate deciduous broad-leaved forests in the northern region; subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests in the southern region.
Land use types: northern region, dryland-based; southern region, paddy field-based.
Farming system Main crops: northern areas, wheat, soybeans, etc.; southern areas, rice, oilseed rape, etc..
Crop ripening system: northern areas, one year or two years of maturity;
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North and South
South areas, one year of biannual or ternary maturity.
Human differences Traditional means of transportation: the northern region, land-based, more cars, horse-drawn carriages; the southern region, the water transport status is prominent.
Traditional dwellings: northern region: smaller roof slope, thicker walls;
southern region: large roof slope, high walls.
Third, the Northwest and Qinghai-Tibet
Reason: located inland, the east-west distance is long, the region has a vast area of plateau, there are mountain ranges such as the Daxinganling and the eastern plains
Separated, making the more west, by the influence of the sea is smaller.
The terrain dominated by the Plateau Basin is characterized by significant wind erosion, with the vastness of the Gobi and deserts in the west.
Manifestations of drought From east to west, the ground vegetation changes from grassland-desert grassland-desert.
The Northwest Region has few rivers and many inland rivers.
The distribution of farmland, villages, towns and cities is mostly in the form of bands or points along the rivers or foothill water sources.
High: not only high altitude, the average altitude of 4000 meters above sea level, but also in the Tibetan plateau there are many tall mountains.
Alpine Cold Cold: because of the high so cold (every 100 meters above sea level, the temperature drops 0.6 ℃); and because of the high, many mountain peaks
Qinghai-Tibetan region Year-round snow does not melt, glaciers are widely spread, and exacerbated the degree of cold.
Abundant solar energy resources: (cause) the air is thin and clean, the water vapor content is very little, the sunlight through the atmosphere with less loss,
stronger direct radiation
Inner Mongolia is mainly temperate grassland pastures.
Rangeland characteristics Xinjiang is mainly mountain rangeland.
Pastoral as Qinghai and Tibet are mainly alpine pastures.
The main areas Inner Mongolia's Sanhe horse, Sanhe sheep.
Livestock specialties Fine wool of Xinjiang.
The yak and Tibetan sheep of Qinghai-Tibet.
Mudflat sheep of Ningxia.
Chapter 16: Understanding Provincial Regions
I. Beijing, the political and cultural center of the country
Latitudinal location: roughly 40°N, 116°E.
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Geography Land and Sea Location: only 150 kilometers in a straight line from the Bohai Sea.
Location From the northwest out of Juyongguan, you can enter the Inner Mongolia Plateau;
Relative location To the west is the Loess Plateau energy base and the vast northwest;
To the south is the productive Huanghuaihai Plain;
To the east out of the Shanhaiguan, you can enter the northeastern region.
Climate: warm temperate continental monsoon climate, with long winters and summers and short springs and autumns.
Nature Terrain and topography: high in the west and north, low in the east and south, surrounded by mountains on three sides in the west, north and northeast,
Conditions The southeast is a plain that slopes gently toward the Bohai Sea.
Rivers: Yongding River, Chaobai River, North Canal, and other rivers pass through the territory.
The Great Hall of the People (the seat of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress)
National Political Center Zhongnanhai (the seat of the Party Central Committee and the State Council)
Cities There are many foreign embassies, representative offices of international organizations, and correspondent stations of foreign news agencies in Beijing
Functions The largest concentration of higher education institutions in the country.
National Cultural Center There are many stadiums, and some major international and domestic sporting events are often held here.
There are more than 120 museums of various kinds.
There are many national arts and cultural organizations.
The ancient capital (the old city pattern was formed in the Yuan,, Ming and Ming Dynasties), has a deep cultural deposits. Long history, today's Beijing
Long In the architectural style as well as the city's planning pattern to a large extent retained the original style.
History Unique history and culture, highlighting the cultural function of Beijing, can vigorously develop tourism.
With the old city as the center, expand in all directions and build satellite cities.
In the construction and development of the city, attention is paid to maintaining the basic pattern and original appearance of the old city.
Construction Increase infrastructure construction, and actively develop high-tech industries.
Second, the special administrative regions - Hong Kong and Macao
Location: located in the southern tip of mainland China, respectively located in the Pearl River Estuary on the east and west sides (Hong Kong on the east side,
Macao on the west side), and Guangdong Province.
Composition Hong Kong: Hong Kong Island, Kowloon Peninsula, New Territories.
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Overview Macao: Macao Peninsula, Taipa Island, Coloane Island.
Population and area Hong Kong: an area of 1,098 square kilometers, with a population of 6,665,000 people. It is a small place with a large population
Macao: an area of 25.4 square kilometers and a population of 438,000 people.
System: Capitalist system.
Industrial composition (tertiary industry): Hong Kong, international trade, transportation and finance, information services, tourism;
Hong Kong and Macao and the motherland within Macao, gaming tourism.
Close relationship between Hong Kong and the motherland Complementary advantages, mutual benefit (the motherland mainland natural resources, labor resources and
Mainland connection Low cost; Hong Kong has a wealth of capital, technology, talent and management experience),
re-export trade.
Third, the motherland's sacred territory - Taiwan
Location: east of the Pacific Ocean, west of the Taiwan Strait and Fujian Province.
Overview Composition: Taiwan Island and the nearby Penghu Islands, Diaoyu Islands and many other islands.
Population and area: The area is 36,000 square kilometers with a population of 22 million.
System: Capitalist system.
Natural profile: mountainous, subtropical and tropical climate, warm and humid, superior natural environment.
Beautiful Treasure Island Abundant resources: forests, minerals (Oriental salt silo), aquatic resources (Pearl of the Sea in the southeast of the motherland)
Abundant products: rice (rice silo on the sea), sugarcane (Sweet Island of the East), tea, and tropical,
Subtropical fruits (Fruit of the Town)
Before the 1960s: agriculture and processing of agricultural products, mainly. exported sugar, pineapple, rice, camphor, etc.
Large educated and trained labor force.
Economy Strengths and conditions Island with many ports.
Absorption of foreign capital.
After the 1960s, a great deal of effort was put into building export processing zones.
(Export-oriented economy) Policies to encourage the development of export industries.
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Distribution characteristics: mainly in the west.
Influential factors: topography, development history, population distribution, etc..
Fourth, an important position in the development of the west - Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
Location: the northwest border of China.
Overview Terrain: three mountains sandwiched between two basins (Altai Mountains, Tianshan Mountains, Kunlun Mountains, Jungar Basin, Tarim Basin).
Ethnicity: Uyghur, Han Chinese as the main multi-ethnic settlement.
Climate: non-monsoon zone, continental climate, low precipitation, arid.
High mountains (Altai Mountains, Tianshan Mountains, Kunlun Mountains).
Natural landscape Desert (the interior of the two basins is difficult to preserve surface water due to strong evaporation, forming a desert).
Landscapes Oases (distributed in the premontane plains at the edge of the basins and partly along the rivers, with water coming from
precipitation and snow and ice melt).
Human landscape: the distribution of population, cities, transportation, and agriculture is linear and punctuated by surface and water sources.
Abundant heat and intense light in summer (good for melon and fruit coloring).
Advantageous conditions High temperature difference between day and night in summer (favoring sugar accumulation in melons and sugar crops).
Agriculture Water conservancy facilities such as water diversion canals, irrigation canals and qanats provide a stable source of irrigation water.
Main crops: wheat, corn, sorghum and so on.
Specialty agriculture: cotton, sugar beet and many kinds of melons and fruits.
Future direction of agricultural development: deep processing of agricultural products, the brand benefits of the grapevine, and industrialization of agriculture.
The predicted reserves of oil and natural gas account for about 1/3 of the country's total land reserves.
Energy brought to the west Make the local natural gas resources to be developed on a large scale;
Abundance Benefits Transportation of large quantities of gas to the eastern market, increasing local revenues;
West-to-East Gas Transmission Bringing other related industries to the development of the industry, increasing employment opportunities.
Bringing to the east Easing the energy shortage in the east;
Benefits Natural gas is a clean energy, which is very useful for the improvement of the environment in the east.
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Use of advanced well-drilling technology, vigorously develop and utilize groundwater resources.
Great efforts to build water conservancy infrastructure, such as inter-basin water transfer, reservoirs and so on.
Water resources Actively adopt advanced water-saving irrigation technology and develop water-saving agriculture.
Sustainable Issues Change the structure of agricultural cultivation, and increase the proportion of crops that use less water, have high economic value, and have high yields.
Development Save water and prevent water pollution.
Development Problem: The development process kind of attention to the economic and ecological benefits of win-win.
Chapter 17: Understanding the Provincial Regions
I. The Pearl River Delta, an Ocean-Facing Development Region
Geography Located in the southeast of Guangdong Province, the lower reaches of the Pearl River, adjacent to Hong Kong and Macao, and across the sea from Southeast Asia.
Opening up to the outside world Located in the subtropics, it is a humid region with a superior climate and a good agricultural base.
The Frontier The earliest region in China to open up, giving more autonomy to economic activities.
Advantages of development Superior conditions, attracting a large number of overseas Chinese investment.
A model and leading open area for the rest of the country.
Proximity to Hong Kong and Macao, close enough to receive the proliferation of industries from Hong Kong and Macao.
Development conditions There are a large number of overseas Chinese, which can introduce a large amount of foreign investment.
The advantage of having an excellent seaport makes it easy for foreign trade.
Outward-looking Rich in labor resources.
Economy The introduction of capital from abroad, advanced technology, equipment and management, foreign-funded enterprises accounted for the largest proportion.
Economic Characteristics Processing and assembly of light industrial products are the mainstay, and products are mainly sold to Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan and the United States.
China's rapid urbanization and higher level of development of the region.
Basic characteristics A unique land
utilization landscape where residential, industrial and infrastructure land is interspersed with agricultural land
It is the inevitable result of the reform and opening up and the socio-economic development of the Pearl River Delta region.
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Reasons for the formation of towns and cities Industrial development leads to the development of the service sector, and the development of industry and services will absorb a large number of labor.
Development The development of industry and services, infrastructure construction and improvement, prompting the expansion of non-agricultural land.
Reason: urbanization is developing too fast.
Problems and causes of urbanization Problems: Relative lagging behind in urban planning, scientific management, environmental protection, etc., occupation of large areas of
beneficial land, serious pollution of "three wastes", and poor living
and working conditions of some urban residents.
Second, the southwest border of the characteristics of the tourist area - Xishuangbanna
Located in the eastern part of Asia, facing the Pacific Ocean, southwest of the Indian Ocean, in the southernmost Hengduan Mountain Range,
Regional location Therefore, the formation of a unique tropical monsoon climate.
Southeast Asia neighboring, conducive to the formation of tourism scale, conducive to open up a wider space.
Unique landscape features of the rainforest: the vertical structure of the rainforest, tall trees,
Abundant endemic huge plate-like roots, and the forest of one tree.
Tourism resources Biomes Causes of the rainforest: hot and rainy climate.
Tropical animal kingdom: the rainforest is a good hiding place and sufficient food sources for tropical animals
provide favorable conditions for survival, here live thousands of species of animals, free and easy
so it is called the "tropical animal kingdom".
Nature and humanity: Xishuangbanna is a relatively concentrated area of ethnic minorities in China, with the Dai as the main body.
Advantage: thanks to the unique location advantages and resource advantages and the national and Yunnan policy to encourage.
Characteristics: ethnic and local characteristics of tourism resources.
Prosperous development Significance: driving the development of related sectors and industries, increasing employment opportunities and per capita income, and promoting the tourism industry in Xishuangbanna
The development of the tourism economy has become an important local pillar industry.
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Continuity: the tourism industry's prosperity and development depends not only on the quantity and quality of tourism resources, but also depends on the scientific and rational nature of the development and utilization of the protection of these resources
.
Chapter 18, "Understanding Cross-Provincial Regions"
I. The Loess Plateau, a special topographic area with long gullies and ravines
Location and From Taihang Mountains in the east to the Wusheling Mountains in the west, the Qinling Mountains in the south, and the Great Wall in the north, the land spans Shanxi, Shaanxi,
World Scope Ningxia, Gansu, and other provinces.
Largest Loess Plateau Landscape: Loess, Liang and Northwest are the typical landforms of the Loess Plateau.
Loess pile Loess Plateau uniformity indicates that it is blown from above rather than washed by running water.
Accumulation area Wind formation said The loess particles are getting finer and finer from north-west to south-east indicating that they are blown from the north-west.
Evidence The bedrock minerals of the Loess Plateau are different from the loess minerals of Central Asia and Mongolia; the loess minerals, however, are of the same composition as the Gobi
Desert minerals, which suggests that the loess material is from the area of Central Asia and Mongolia.
The ground is broken, the density of gullies is high, there are many slopes, and the sides of the gullies often appear upright cliffs.
Causes Loess characteristics: loose soil, many substances soluble in water, low erosion resistance.
Precipitation is concentrated in July and August, with heavy rainfall.
Severe Sparse vegetation.
Soil and water erosion Settlements and Here agriculture is developed, villages and towns are densely populated in the better-preserved loess, and most of them are built with a greater density of
Cultivated land villages, towns, and cultivated land.
Once soil erosion reaches a certain level, it will affect the villages, towns and cultivated land.
Natural impacts: the Loess Plateau has broken topography, loose soil, arid climate, and large seasonal and inter-annual variations in precipitation,
fragile Lack of water resources. Frequent droughts, heavy rains, floods, prone to mudslides, landslides,
Ecological environment subsidence and other disasters.
Man-made impacts: growing population, indiscriminate logging, reclamation of wasteland and destruction of the ecological environment leading to frequent natural disasters.
Adopt biological measures such as planting trees and grasses and engineering measures such as building terraces and earth dams to comprehensively control soil erosion.
Ecological construction Reasonable arrangement of production activities, such as steep slopes returned to the forest, overgrazing places, reduce the number of livestock grazing and so on.
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The implementation of family planning to control the population and reduce environmental pressure.
Two, the river as the lifeline of the region - the Yangtze River along the belt
East from Shanghai, west to Panzhihua, Sichuan, east and west more than 3,000 kilometers long, north and south width
Superior 100 to 200 kilometers along the Yangtze River east-west belt distribution.
Geographic location This region is in the subtropics, distributed along the Yangtze River, can enter the ocean through the Yangtze River, water transportation is convenient,
Geographic location Therefore, the geographical location is superior.
Location and self-terrain Terrain: The terrain is generally low and flat, with plains and low hills dominating.
Natural conditions Climate: subtropical monsoon climate zone, hot in summer, mild in winter, four distinct seasons, abundant precipitation.
Natural conditions The upper and middle upper reaches of the Yangtze River flow through high mountain valleys, with large drop-offs, high cliffs and turbulent currents.
Characteristics of the lower reaches The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River flow through plains and basins, with gentle terrain and slow currents.
Different sections of the Yangtze River The upper reaches are utilized for power generation, tourism, and so on.
The way of utilization The middle and lower reaches of the river are conducive to shipping, freshwater aquaculture, tourism and so on.
Natural resources: especially rich in non-ferrous metal minerals.
The region takes the main stream of Yangtze River as the horizontal axis, connecting the coastal economic zone in the east and the vast inland area in the west,
constituting an "H" shape, which is the link between the east and the west.
Ties This area not only links the upper reaches of the Yangtze River with the lower reaches of the provincial economic regions, but more importantly, it connects the east and west
two major economic regions, forming a corridor for industry and technology, information, and commerce from the west to the east.
The Yangtze River is a transportation channel for river and sea transport from west to east.
New of the shore Radiation basis and conditions: the region has a strong agricultural and industrial base. Development of high-tech and related industries
Belt and radiation The level is leading in China and the land and water transportation is convenient.
Radiation Role Radiation The driving force of radiation: the most dynamic high-tech and related industries.
Direction of Radiation: The economic and technological advantages of the region have integrated the economy of the north and the south of China and strengthened
inter-regional economic cooperation.
The world's similarly famous industrial zone along the river: the Rhine River Basin Economic Zone, the Mississippi River Industrial Zone along the river.
Chapter 19 China Going Global
Promoting the Region Basic national conditions: vast territory and regional differences.
Sustainable Development Ways to promote regional sustainable development: adapt to local conditions and strengthen inter-regional cooperation.
Basic national conditions: a large developing country with a large population and a low per capita GNP, development is the first priority for a considerable period of time in the future
In the world.
Seeking development World situation: In the 21st century, the world economy is moving towards globalization, and politics is moving towards multi-polarization. The links between countries
are getting closer and closer, and the competition is getting fiercer and fiercer.
Development strategy: join the competition, seeking development, competition in cooperation, cooperation in competition, *** with the development.
Responsibility: to defend world peace, protect the earth's ecological environment, and promote the progress of human society,
shoulders a great responsibility.