The main representative product is 75% ethanol. Its mechanism of action is to kill bacteria or inactivate viruses by dehydrating pathogenic microorganisms or dissolving the viral lipid coat membrane, but the effective concentration must be more than 75%, so research suggests that 75% alcohol can kill both bacteria and viruses can be inactivated. 75% alcohol disinfection can be applied to a variety of scenarios: ① Skin disinfection [3]: a study suggests that the use of 75% alcohol cotton wool rubbing hand disinfection for 1min, the hands of the sanitary The average pass rate of hand hygiene is 98.6%; ② object surface disinfection [4]: a study suggests that using 75% alcohol to disinfect the surface of the object, the average number of viable bacteria detected is 3 cfu/cm2, which is in line with the standard. 75% alcohol advantages: inexpensive, easy to obtain, safety, can be used for disinfection of the skin and mucous membranes. The disadvantage is that alcohol is flammable, there are security risks, and easy to volatile duration is not long, once sprayed volatile can not reach 75% concentration, so can only be used for skin and small items disinfection, should be prohibited on the home air, the environment and other wide range of spray disinfection, to ensure safety.
2.2 Chlorine disinfectants
The main representative product is 84 disinfectant (sodium hypochlorite), 84 disinfectant is a mixture of sodium hypochlorite and sodium chloride solution, disinfection is sodium hypochlorite. 84 disinfectant mechanism: has a strong oxidizing, oxidizing bacterial/viral nucleic acid material so as to kill bacteria and viruses [5]. 84 disinfectant is mainly used for medical treatment, Sanitation, public **** place disinfection, a study showed that the use of 84 disinfectant on the hospital door handle wipe showed that it can significantly kill Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa [5]. Another study suggests that sodium hypochlorite has better inactivation of feline cupripovirus, human influenza virus, measles virus, canine distemper virus, human herpesvirus, human adenovirus, canine adenovirus, and canine microvirus [6].The advantages of 84 disinfectant are that it is inexpensive, not volatile, long-lasting, and has strong inactivation of viruses. But the disadvantage is that 84 disinfectant has a strong oxidizing and bleaching, on the metal, clothing, leather, skin mucosa has a strong corrosive, in addition to 84 disinfectant encounter acidic components easily generate chlorine gas on the respiratory mucosa damage, and may be teratogenic, so 84 disinfectant is recommended for open ventilated public **** environment disinfection, can not be used for indoor family disinfection, and also not used for the skin mucous membranes, food, Clothing, bathroom and other disinfection, easy to cause corrosion and poisoning occurs, especially pregnant women can not be used, the use of the process must bring gloves.
2.3 Phenols
The main representative of the product is p-chloro-m-xylenol (Dilu, Willowood), is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent, most of the bacterial organisms, fungi have the efficacy of killing, the mechanism is mainly to make the microbial proteins denatured to achieve the effect of bacteriostasis, but no inactivation of viruses [7]. The application of p-chloro-m-xylenol disinfection scenarios are more, including: ① skin disinfection: a study confirmed that p-chloro-m-xylenol on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, respectively, the role of 5 min and 10 min, the average logarithmic value of the kill are >5; with a concentration of 500 mg/L p-chloro-m-xylenol disinfectant solution, Candida albicans, the role of 10 min, the average logarithmic value of the kill is >5 [ 7]. 7]. (ii) Disinfection of articles (clothing, toys, etc.): In one study, it was confirmed that the average logarithmic kill rate of p-chloro-m-xylene-phenol disinfectant on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a suspension was >5.00 after 1.5 min of action [8]. The advantages of p-chloro-m-xylenol disinfectants are that they are less irritating, safer, and can be used to disinfect skin mucous membranes, clothing, toys, office supplies, and so on. Its disadvantage is that p-chloro-m-xylenol has no inactivation effect on viruses, which has limited application value during the epidemic prevention period, and the price is relatively expensive, which is not suitable for disinfection of the home environment and the public **** environment.
2.4 Quaternary ammonium disinfectants
The main representative product is benzalkonium chloride, which is a quaternary ammonium cationic surfactant. Benzalkonium chloride is a dual-function disinfectant, which can kill bacteria/fungi and inactivate viruses. A large number of domestic and foreign literature confirms that benzalkonium chloride has a broad-spectrum bacterial/fungal killing effect, in vitro studies have confirmed that benzalkonium chloride has a significant kill Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, and other pathogenic microorganisms, but also significantly inactivate SARS, MERSr-CoV, influenza viruses (A, B), parainfluenza viruses (PSV-1, 2, 3), avian influenza viruses, and other viral inactivation, 2, 3), avian influenza virus (H7N9), Newcastle disease virus, bursal disease virus, adenovirus, HIV virus, HSV-2, enterovirus, cytomegalovirus, BK virus, poliovirus (PV), coxsackievirus, and Ebola virus, with an inactivation rate of more than 95%, and its viral inactivation ability is even better than that of sodium hypochlorite [9-10]. Benzalkonium chloride can be used for disinfection in multiple scenarios: ① Skin and mucous membrane disinfection: a foreign study on the reduction of transient Staphylococcus aureus on the skin of healthcare workers by benzalkonium chloride hand sanitizer [11], compared with 70% ethanol hand washing, benzalkonium chloride hand sanitizer for one week of the use of the transient S. aureus counts on the fingertips of the healthcare workers were significantly reduced; ② Disinfection of articles (clothing, toys, office supplies, etc.): a study from the Japan Institute of Chemical Therapy suggests that A study from the Japan Institute of Chemical Therapy suggests [9], after treatment with benzalkonium chloride, SARS, MERSr-CoV, influenza viruses (A, B), parainfluenza viruses (PSV-1, 2, 3), avian influenza viruses (H7N9, etc.) have been inactivated significantly, and there is no damage to people, significantly better than sodium hypochlorite (84 disinfectant), and is therefore highly recommended for the inactivation of vaccine production equipment; (iii) For environmental disinfection: a study from Brussels Hospital in Paris suggests [10], the inactivation rate of HSV-2, CMV, RSV, ADV viruses was more than 95% after 5min treatment with benzalkonium chloride, the lowest inactivation concentration was 0.0025%, and the inactivation rate of ENV, BKV, ADV viruses was more than 99% after 1min treatment. Advantages of benzalkonium chloride: colorless, tasteless, non-irritating, can be used for disinfection of skin and mucous membranes, clothing; non-volatile and long lasting suitable for environmental and object disinfection; high safety, can be used for pregnant women and newborns. Disadvantages of benzalkonium chloride: relatively high price, limited access.
2.5 Iodine-containing disinfectants
Currently, the main products include povidone-iodine and povidone-iodine. It is a class of high-efficiency, broad-spectrum disinfectants that can kill bacteria, germ cells, a very small number of viruses (DNA viruses), phages, mycobacteria, protozoa, fungi and other pathogens, with a wide range of applications. Iodophor plays a bactericidal role is mainly the element iodine itself, which can halogenate bacterial proteins and make enzymes inactive, leading to the death of microorganisms [12-13]. Currently, iodophor/polyvidone iodine is mainly used for wound or skin disinfection, and several studies have confirmed that iodophor or povidone iodine can be used for preoperative skin disinfection as well as postoperative wound disinfection, which significantly reduces the incidence of infection [14-15]. Advantages of iodine-containing disinfectants: they are non-irritating and safe, so they are commonly used to disinfect skin and mucous membranes in healthcare settings. The disadvantage is that it has a darker color and is relatively expensive, making it unsuitable for object disinfection and environmental disinfection.