On November 27, 1848, the brilliant inventor and entrepreneur Alfred? Nobel made a will to use his entire estate to establish a global prize fund to honor those who have made outstanding contributions in five fields: physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace.
The Nobel Foundation was established in June 1900 to fulfill Nobel's will. And on December 10 of the following year, on the occasion of the fifth anniversary of Nobel's death, the first Nobel Prize award ceremony was solemnly held in Sweden. The Nobel Foundation is the owner and actual administrator of the fund, and participates in the management of the award of the prize, but does not participate in the evaluation and deliberation of the prize, which is entirely the responsibility of the four research institutes. The institutions mentioned by Nobel in his will for awarding the prizes are: the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for the Physics and Chemistry Prizes; the Royal Carolinian Institute of Surgery and Medicine for the Physiology or Medicine Prizes; the Swedish Academy of Letters for the Literature Prizes; and the Norwegian Prize Evaluation Committee appointed by the Norwegian Parliament to award the Peace Prize. Each award consists of a gold medal, a citation and a monetary prize, which, depending on the income of the Foundation, ranges from $31,000 to $72,000. In 1968, the Bank of Sweden added a prize for economic sciences, which was awarded for the first time in 1969. The selection of the winners is carried out by the four awarding institutions in the early fall of the previous year. The specific practice is to first send invitations from the awarding body to those research units that are capable of proposing candidates in accordance with the statutes of the Nobel Prize. In the case of the Physics Prize and the Chemistry Prize, for example, about 650 letters were sent out, addressed to the following people: members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, members of the Nobel Committee for the Physics and Chemistry Prizes, former winners of the Physics Prize and the Chemistry Prize, the eight universities in Sweden, and the Academy of Sciences selected 40 to 50 university and research institutes, as well as other scientists from research institutes and large research institutes in foreign countries, who propose candidates. The selection is based on professional competence and international reputation. The Nobel Prize does not accept self-nominations. Nominations of candidates must be communicated in writing to the appropriate committee on February 1 of the year in which the prize is awarded. From February 1, the six Nobel Prize committees begin their selection process on the basis of the nominations. During the period from September to early October, the committees submit their recommendations to the awarding organizations concerned. The awarding bodies have until November 15 to make their final decisions. Deliberations and voting at all stages are held in secret. Prizes are awarded only to individuals, but the Peace Prize may be awarded to institutions. Once a prize has been awarded, it cannot be overturned because of objections. The organization awarding the prize has nothing to do with the state.
The Nobel Prize is open to all people, regardless of nationality, race, religious belief or ideology. Ceremonies for physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and economics are held in Stockholm; while the Peace Prize is awarded in Oslo around December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death, and the winners are usually expected to accept their prizes in person. In the case of the scientific and medical prizes, it has proved over the years to be a matter of little controversy; whereas in the case of the literary and peace prizes, by their very nature, they are most liable to lead to differences of opinion. The Peace Prize has often been reserved.
December 10, 1901 at 4:00 pm, the solemn ceremony of the first award of the Nobel Prize was held in the capital of the Kingdom of Sweden, the magnificent and luxurious Stockholm Music Hall. Countless flowers were arranged on the podium and on both sides of the hall. The hall was full, more than 2,000 guests with an excited mood, to meet this annual recognition of outstanding achievements in the scientific cause of scientists in the scientific ceremony.
At 4:30 p.m., the laureates, accompanied by members of the Nobel Foundation, stepped into their seats in the concert hall to receive their awards. During the solemn ceremony, the president of the foundation gave a concise introduction in Swedish about the contributions of the laureates. The laureates then mounted the podium to deliver their speeches, and then stepped down from the podium to receive the Nobel Prize of Honor and the Nobel Gold Medal from the King of Sweden amidst cheers. Outside the hall, university students formed a welcoming procession, waving colorful flags, waiting to see the faces of these outstanding scientists in person. On the day of the awards, the whole of Stockholm was awash in joy.
After the awards ceremony, a gala dinner is held in honor of the winners. The hall was illuminated. The ceremony was attended by the King, Queen and members of the Swedish royal family, as well as celebrities from all walks of life. The ceremony culminated in a dance for the guests.
The establishment of the Nobel Prize is a great achievement with far-reaching influence in the history of science in the 20th century, even in the history of human civilization. It has played a useful role in the development of scientific endeavor and in the peace and progress of mankind. It inspires people to keep climbing the scientific peak.
Swedish chemist, engineer and industrialist Alfred Nobel was born on Oct. 21, 1833, in the United States. Nobel was born on October 21, 1833 in Stockholm, the capital of Sweden. His father, Emanuel, was a skilled architect. His mother was a descendant of O? Rudbeck, the Swedish naturalist famous for his discovery of the lymphatic vessels (c. 1653).
In 1842, Nobel's mother led the three Nobel brothers out of Stockholm to St. Petersburg, Russia, to join Emanuel, who had opened a gunpowder factory there. Nobel was the youngest of the three brothers at the time, but under the tutor's education, he became a capable chemist at the age of 16, speaking English, French, German, Russian and Swedish languages fluently.
In 1850, his father sent Noble to Paris to study chemistry, and then a year later to the United States to study for four years under the direction of ship designer Ericson. In the U.S., he learned techniques related to mechanical engineering and mastered scientific knowledge such as how heat is generated when a substance is burned and how gas expansion can be turned into force. After returning to St. Petersburg from the United States, Nobel worked in his father's factory. Due to the outbreak of the Crimean War, the Russian military orders increased dramatically, prompting the Nobel factory to take out a loan to expand the factory to meet production. But in the second year of the war, when the British and French forces captured Sevastopol, the succeeding Tsar Alexander II announced his surrender. The war stopped, no more orders for weapons came, and the Nobel factory was devastated. In the war with borrowed money to expand the factory equipment, are idle and useless. 1859, the Noble family factory bankruptcy, parents with the Russian-born little brother returned to Sweden, the Noble brothers three stayed in Russia to live, soon, his father developed in Sweden into hydrochloric acid gunpowder, called Alfred to go back to help a hand.
In the summer of 1863, 30-year-old Alfred Nobel returned to Stockholm for the second time. Nobel returned to Stockholm for a second time to devote himself to the new gunpowder invention his father had undertaken by adding nitroglycerin to black powder. He ignored his father's invention, however, and worked alone on the research he had begun in Russia. His research was to create a small explosion and then use the small explosion to cause a big bang effect. After more than 50 tests, in October 1863, he finally invented the nitroglycerine bomb detonator: detonator. The use of gunpowder in mines has been going on ever since.
Alfred and his father were actively involved in building a factory. Business was booming, and even the Swedish government came to their door to place orders. However, in 1864, when the explosive was put into production soon, the factory exploded and Alfred's brother was killed. The Swedish government then forbade the rebuilding of the factory. However, Nobel remained steadfast and continued to work on this dangerous experiment. He moved the experiment to a barge. He worked for more than four years and did more than 400 tests, but still could not tame the horse of nitroglycerin. One day, he lit the detonator and stared at it with two eyes. Suddenly a loud bang shook the sky, smoke filled the air, people lost their voices and shouted: "Nobel is finished! Nobel is finished!" After a while, from the smoke rushed out a black, blood-soaked man, he jumped wildly, shouting: "I did it! I did it!" As it turned out, Nobel was not dead.
In 1867, Nobel invented high explosives - a mixture of trinitro glycerine and diatomaceous earth, patented, and immediately applied to mining and road building up, greatly reducing the heavy physical labor, work efficiency prestige to improve. Later, this explosive was used to blow through the Alps, and a nine-mile tunnel was built years ahead of schedule, saving more than five million dollars.
The invention of safe high explosives, so that Noble's factory rapid development, distributed to many countries. But he was not satisfied, continue to work hard, in 1875 and invented "smokeless gunpowder". In addition, he also made many inventions in chemistry, alone in the United Kingdom was awarded more than 120 patents.
Alfred Nobel invented gunpowder. Nobel's invention of gunpowder, while contributing to peaceful production, was also used in war, costing many lives.
"I invented gunpowder several times with the dream of peace. However, it became a weapon to kill each other. Is it right for me to invent powerful weapons to eliminate war?" Alfred? Alfred Nobel was confused. At this time, he met Mrs. Zitner, the author of the novel "Let's Lay Down Our Arms". In this novel of hers, her heartfelt wish for peace is fully expressed.
August 1892, held in Bern, Switzerland, the world peace conference, Mrs. Zitner in the meeting shouted: "Eliminate the war, to defend world peace!" After the meeting, Alfred? After the conference, Alfred Nobel said profoundly, "It seems that I was wrong. It is not powerful weapons that can prevent wars, but rather, like you, telling people about the horrors of war and guiding them not to start wars, which can be conducive to peace."
From this point on, he thought about the Nobel Prize. Later, he wrote this to Mrs. Zitna; "I would like to give a part of my property and establish a prize. This prize, in Europe, to be awarded to those who have done the most to realize the ideal of peace." In 1894, at the age of 61, after saving the Swedish steel company Balfors, Alfred sighed: "I am old. Indeed I am worn out!" He added, "I want to live a quiet life!"
In 1895, when his research into mixed smokeless gunpowder was stolen and he lost his case, he became so angry that his body gave out and he suffered a heart attack.
"I don't have long to live. Yes, write a will and leave it!" Alfred? Nobel thought
"I set up the Nobel Explosives Company in various countries and made a lot of money. I must repay it in thanks." At that moment, Alfred's heart ached like pins and needles as he thought of the explosives used in the war, that he had made.
"Many people died because of the explosives. I have to make amends!" Alfred made up his mind: to leave a will that would benefit the happiness and peace of mankind!
On November 27, 1845, a moonlit night, Alfred? Nobel wrote this famous will:
"I offer my entire fortune and use the interest on it to establish five prizes:
I. The Prize for Physics; II. The Prize for Chemistry. These two are chosen by the Swedish Academy of Sciences.
Three, the Prize for Physiology or Medicine. Selected by the Carolingian Institute, Stockholm.
IV. Prize in Literature. Selected by the Bachelor of Arts Institute in Stockholm.
V. Peace Prize. Selected by five members of the Norwegian Parliament.
It is desired that each of the above prizes be awarded to the most appropriate person, regardless of country."
Alfred died on December 10, 1896 at the age of 63 at his home in Sanremo. The soul of Alfred, who prayed for world peace, was transformed into a Nobel Prize, radiating a brilliant light.