There are a lot of weird things happening in our lives and many people don't really know why, they are always scared of these and say things they would rather believe than not believe. Here I am with you to learn about things that science can not explain.
Things that science can not explain
■ The universe:
1, what is the universe made of?
One off-the-cuff answer is that it's made of all those bright stars. But in recent decades, scientists have increasingly found this answer to be incorrect. Astronomers believe that the stars, planets, galaxies? And of course, us? or ordinary matter, make up less than 5 percent of the total mass of the universe. The other 25%, they estimate, could be dark matter made up of undiscovered particles. And the remaining 70%? Astronomers think it could be dark energy? The force that's accelerating the expansion of the universe. What is the nature of dark matter and dark energy? Scientists are using gas pedals and telescopes to find the answers to these questions, and if they do, the implications will be cosmic.
2. Are we unique in the universe?
Forty-five years ago, astronomer Falk? Drake first launched Project Ozma, a search for extraterrestrial civilizations? Using huge antennas (radio telescopes) to receive signals emitted by extraterrestrial civilizations. 45 years later, astronomers' efforts are still going strong. However, even the largest project to date, Phoenix? Phoenix? program, no radio signals from alien civilizations have been found.
■Earth:
3. How does the Earth work on the inside?
More than 40 years ago, a revolution in Earth science occurred. The theory of plate tectonics updated knowledge about the Earth itself. But the question of the Earth's inner workings remains the same as it was before the revolution. What scientists have done in the last 40 years is to model the egg? into a crust, a mantle and a core. With increasingly sophisticated seismic wave imaging, scientists are studying the workings of the Earth's vast machinery. But it could take another half-century to revolutionize science.
4. How hot will the Earth's greenhouse get?
Although the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is certain to continue to increase this century, and although this increase is certain to bring about global warming, the extent of the warming is still uncertain. Scientists generally believe that doubling the concentration of carbon dioxide over the century will result in a warming of between 1.5°C and 4.5°C. But this is not precise enough. But that's not precise enough. Scientists are developing new mathematical models to try to make the numbers more convincing.
■Math and Science:
5. Can the laws of physics be unified?
An apple falling to the ground, a bolt of lightning streaking across the sky, uranium atoms decaying in a nuclear power plant reactor and releasing energy at the same time, a super-accelerator smashing a proton: these phenomena represent the action of the four fundamental forces of nature: gravitation, electromagnetism, the weak force, and the strong force. All physical phenomena in the universe can be explained by these four fundamental forces. But scientists are not satisfied. Is it possible to unify these four forces into one? In the 1960s, physicists discovered that the weak force and the electromagnetic force could be united as different aspects of one thing, collectively called the electroweak force. But can the other two forces be unified with it?
6. Is there a deeper principle underneath quantum uncertainty and non-determinism?
Quantum theory has been around for more than 100 years, and it has yielded compelling applications, but it is also counter-intuitive: the uncertainty principle of quantum mechanics says that we can't accurately obtain the momentum and position of an object at the same time. And nondeterminism allows the entanglement of two particles in a quantum entangled state to collapse at the same time, no matter how far apart they are. Einstein said that even though he was very impressed by quantum mechanics, what? An inner voice tells me that it is not yet the real thing.
7. How far can we push chemical self-assembly?
Chemists are, in a sense, the most inventive of people, because they keep making new kinds of molecules. Even though today's chemists are able to create very complex chemical structures, can they make this work both simple and complex? In other words, make? The raw materials? The atoms themselves? Assemble? into complex structures, like the self-assembling properties that life exhibits. There are already some examples of chemical self-assembly, such as the creation of double membrane structures like cell membranes. But more advanced self-assembly, such as bottom-up fabrication of integrated circuits, remains a dream.
8. What are the limits of conventional computing?
Some things seem simple but are complex to solve, such as a salesman traveling through several interconnected cities, how can he travel the closest total distance? The increase in the number of cities would intimidate even the most powerful computer. In the 1940s, Shannon, the father of information theory, formulated the physical laws by which information (in the form of bits) is stored and transmitted. No conventional computer can surpass this law. So, in terms of engineering, how powerful a computer can we eventually build? However, non-traditional computers may not be subject to these limitations, such as the quantum computers that have emerged in recent years.
■Biology:
9. What is the biological basis of consciousness?
The 17th century French philosopher famously said: ? I think, therefore I am? As you can see, consciousness has been a topic of philosophical discussion for a long time. Modern science suggests that consciousness emerges from the collaboration of hundreds of millions of neurons in the brain. But this is still too general, and how, specifically, do neurons produce consciousness? In recent years, scientists have found methods and tools to objectively study this most subjective and personal of things, and with the help of brain-damaged patients, scientists have been able to glimpse the mysteries of consciousness. In addition to figuring out exactly how consciousness works, scientists want to know the answer to a deeper question: why does it exist, and how did it originate?
10. What controls organ regeneration?
Some organisms have extraordinary powers of repair: a severed earthworm can regrow half its body, and a salamander can rebuild a damaged limb? Humans, by contrast, seem to have less regenerative powers. No one can regrow fingers, and bones are always used. Of some comfort is the liver. A partially removed liver can be restored to its original state. Scientists have found that animals that can regenerate their organs grow new ones by restarting the genetic program of embryonic development when necessary. Could humans use a similar technique to replace their own parts under human control?
11. How can a skin cell become a nerve cell?
In the middle of the last century, biologists created cloned tadpoles by putting the nucleus of a frog's somatic cell into the frog's enucleated egg cell. In recent years, research on human embryonic stem cells has been in full swing. By placing the nucleus of a human body cell into an egg cell, scientists expect to create a wide variety of human body cells, such as nerve cells, osteoblasts, cardiac muscle cells, and so on. Although scientists have had some success, they still know little about what makes this technique of somatic cell nuclear transfer work. Indeed, the enucleated egg cell plays a crucial role in the process? But what is the mechanism?
12. How does a somatic cell become a whole plant?
In a sense, plants seem to have more flexibility than animals. A plant's somatic cells can be turned back into plant embryonic cells without the need for cumbersome somatic cell nuclear transfer. Scientists have been exploiting this property of plants for a long time. From a small piece of plant tissue, a seedling can be grown in a laboratory that could feed a forest. But why do plant cells have such flexibility? Scientists have found some clues, such as the role of the plant's growth hormone in this process.
13. How and where did life begin?
Scientists have found fossils of 3.4 billion-year-old microbes, and traces of biological photosynthesis can be found in even older rocks. So what about proteins and DNA, the two pillars of life? Which appeared on Earth first? Or together? Scientists think it's more likely that RNA came before the first two. Another question is, in what environment did life originate? One hypothesis is that life first began in hot water at the bottom of the ocean. Nowadays, while scientists are exploring the development of simple organisms to self-replicating organisms in the laboratory, the study of comets and Mars will also bring important insights into this question.
14. What determines species diversity?
This is a planet teeming with life, but it is not equally thriving in every corner. Some regions are home to more species than others. Tropical zones have higher species diversity than cold zones. Why is this? Is it just because it's hotter in the tropics than in the frigid zone? Scientists believe that interactions between organisms and their environment play a key role in diversity. Of course, there are other forces that change diversity, such as predator-prey relationships. But the first question facing scientists is how to get basic data on global species diversity? How many species are out there?
15. How did cooperative behavior evolve?
You can easily see altruistic behavior in social animals. For example, bees pass information about food to other bees. Human and other primate societies are also full of cooperative behavior. Darwin, the founder of the theory of evolution, offered a number of explanations for the phenomenon of cooperation, such as the fact that mutual help between relatives actually promotes the likelihood of reproduction in the entire family. Today, scientists are searching for the genetic basis of cooperative behavior. And game theory? a mathematical theory of competition, cooperation and the rules of the game, can also help scientists understand how cooperative behavior works. Darwin observed and explained the phenomenon of cooperation, and today's scientists want to take that explanation even further and hopefully answer the question of how it came about.
16. How do you get a panoramic view from a large amount of biological data?
Life is so complex that almost every biologist can only explore a very small area. This is despite the fact that each of these areas generates a huge amount of descriptive data. But scientists are able to derive a holistic picture from these vast amounts of data, for example, how do organisms work? The emerging discipline of systems biology offers some hope of answering these questions. It seeks to link the various branches of biology, using math, engineering and computer science to make biology more quantifiable. But no one yet knows whether these methods will ultimately allow scientists to understand the whole picture of how biology works.
The scientific explanation of the paranormal events
said that there is an old neighborhood, no elevator of the kind, the lights at the entrance of the building suddenly broke down, flickering, and there are a lot of residents have found that every time you walk the dog to bring it back, to the entrance of the building dog will bark, especially afraid, refused to go in, forced to pull in after the dog will also wail a wail.
So the neighborhood spread, said the dog can see unclean things, a few days ago, a building who died, and now it is estimated to come back to sin and so on, suddenly immersed in a horrible atmosphere in the neighborhood?
Finally found that is the age of repair, underground buried wires exposed, so the lights poor contact, flickering, and people wearing shoes can not feel, but the dog every time you pass from that time will be electrified a little?
Explaining the paranormal with scienceWhile researchers used to blame electromagnetic fields and infrasound, the real reason behind the hauntings may be in our brains.
The real reason behind hauntings may lie within our brains.
The explanation for the phenomenon of ghosts may be even more frightening than the ghosts themselves:? You can't even trust your own brain.?
Sina Technology News November 4, Beijing time, ghost stories often happen to those who do not know the truth, so who says they will not happen to themselves? These stories are also passed on by word of mouth, and the sources often seem to be very credible. Coupled with today's internet, these stories are even more likely to reach the ears of almost everyone.
Silence can also remind skeptics of ghosts. If ghostly noises in the middle of the night don't come from actual ghosts, who do they come from? While researchers have blamed electromagnetic fields and infrasound, the real reason behind hauntings may lie within our brains.
Catching ghosts in sound
One seemingly plausible explanation for haunted houses is that people do react to something in their environment? But in reality, this ? something? is much more mundane than a ghost without a resting place.
Infrasound may be one of the culprits, and in 1998, a researcher at Coventry University in the UK, Vic? Vic Tandy and his colleague, Prof. Tony Lawrence. Together with colleague Prof. Tony Lawrence, Tandy wrote a paper based on Tandy's bizarre experience working in a medical machinery manufacturing store. The store's clerks had reported that they had developed a creepy feeling that something was in the room? presence? None of Tandy had previously been present, but one night he suddenly felt cold and gloomy. He checked the room to make sure there were no leaks from the bottle containing the medical gas, and sat back down at his desk. That's when he suddenly saw a gray form out of the corner of his eye. By the time he got up the courage to take a good look at it, it had disappeared into nothingness.
Later, during a metal cutting session, Tandy wondered if acoustic energy might be causing the strange experiences he and his colleagues were having. In a paper published in 1998 in the Journal of the Physical Research Society, they wrote that after a fan in the building was turned off, the ? ghost? then disappeared.
But proving it is much harder. There are many things that produce infrasound, from gusts of wind from an air conditioner to earthquakes. In one experiment, researchers hid some infrasound makers in Edinburgh's Mary King's Alley, a tourist attraction featuring ghosts. The alley is now buried deep underground, but in the 17th century it served as an alleyway and passageway linking a series of tall buildings. According to local legend, the Black Death was sealed within these walls, and some unsuspecting tour groups arrived during the 2007 Ghost Festival. As they strolled through these creepy alleys, infrasound waves echoed around them.
The results of the experiment showed that playing infrasound or noise did not change the number of people who reported having a spooky experience. But the total number of such experiences did increase among those tours that accompanied the infrasound, as more people reported experiencing the creepy feeling several times. At the same time, about twenty percent of visitors on these tours reported feeling a rise in the temperature around them during the tour. This compares to only five percent of tourists on noise-playing tours who reported this phenomenon, according to previous research.
This is not enough to prove that ghosts are caused by infrasound. After all, people in haunted houses usually only feel a drop in temperature, not excessive warmth. Furthermore, why is it that the average number of people who report an increase in spooky experiences per person in an infrasound environment has not increased? We are still not sure of the reasons.
Electromagnetic fields at work
Another explanation people have for ghosts is electromagnetic energy. There may not be ghosts around us, but there are plenty of electromagnetic fields created by power lines and electronic devices. So does electricity create a ghost-like atmosphere for us?
A number of small experiments have shown that EMFs may actually do this, and in 2000, cognitive neuroscientist Michael Pursinger of Laurentian University in Canada showed that the electromagnetic field can create a ghost-like atmosphere for us. Persinger (Michael Persinger), along with colleagues, used magnetic fields to stimulate the brain of a 45-year-old man who claimed to have seen a ghost. Through the magnetic field, they managed to get the man to ? re-see? a ghost similar to the one he had seen years ago, along with a corresponding sense of fear. The study was published in the journal Perceptual and Motor Skills.
The following year, in the same journal, Persinger and colleagues published another study, in which a teenager claimed that the Holy Spirit had impregnated her and that she could feel a baby sitting on her shoulder. The girl had previously suffered a brain injury, but the trauma wasn't the only reason for the epiphany: there was an electronic clock next to her bed that emitted magnetic pulses similar to those that can induce seizures in rats. Immediately after this electronic clock was removed, her sensations disappeared. Persinger and colleagues believe that some people are particularly susceptible to disturbances in the temporal lobe, which happens to be where the brain synthesizes information.
Christopher French, a psychologist at Goldsmiths, University of London, has been working on the study. French (Christopher French) has been studying the root causes of bizarre phenomena, and he says that the importance of the temporal lobe to a person's sense of reality can be seen in patients who have had brain surgery. When doctors stimulate the part of the brain where the temporal lobe meets the parietal lobe ? known as the temporal junction, they can then literally have a sense of? out-of-body experience? this experience under their control.
Inside your head
But French and colleagues failed to find much evidence that infrasound and electromagnetic fields could explain the apparition. He and his team of researchers built a cabin where they hoped to create ? scientific? haunting phenomena. Participants are required to spend 50 minutes in the infrasound and complex electromagnetic fields (or maybe nothing at all) and then report on the sensations they create while in the house.
Most people reported that they had some eerie sensations during the experiment. About 80% reported feeling dizzy, half reported feeling like they were spinning, and another 23% reported feeling like their souls left their physical bodies. Remarkably, another 23 percent reported feeling the presence of a ghost, while 8 percent felt extreme fear.
Some of these experiments did emulate the feeling of being haunted; others, however, were less pronounced in their effects (for example, in one experiment, 5% of people said they felt sexually aroused). But as the researchers analyzed the data, they realized that the experimental conditions themselves didn't matter. Whether the electromagnetic field was turned on or not, whether infrasound was played or not, the results were no different. However, they also found that the level of cue felt by the experimental individuals had a significant impact on the results.
? The simplest explanation is that if you say to people who are susceptible to suggestion, ? Come in, you're going to have some spooky experiences,? then some people will actually have spooky experiences.? French said.
As French's research illustrates, the real cause of haunting may lie in the human brain itself. In a 1996 study published in the journal Perceptual and Motor Skills, two subjects were asked to keep a diary for a month, noting what appeared to be in their homes? haunted? phenomena in their homes. As a result, after this, they suddenly saw ghost-like objects all over the place. In a follow-up study, the researchers came up with a hypothesis that the haunting phenomenon occurs only because people misinterpret ambiguous events as paranormal, and are then led to look for something even more spooky.
Some basic personality traits may contribute to the tendency to think of a dark figure as a ghost at night. A recent survey conducted by Chapman University in California showed that the more timid a person is in general, the more likely they are to believe in paranormal events. In another study, published in August 2013 in the journal Consciousness and Cognition, scientists found that people who believe in paranormal events are more likely to believe in the visions of spirit carriers or that something is the result of the deliberate actions of a spiritual entity.