1, risk identification, objective assessment, to determine the risk ownership;
2, risk internal control, through standardized operation and maintenance and other ways to achieve the minimization of losses;
3, risk external public relations, to cultivate a risk culture, the whole society **** with the governance, and strive for the masses to maximize the degree of satisfaction.
I. Comprehensive assessment of risk: assess risk and set ownership.
Risk assessment is the premise and basis of risk management, in practice, including a comprehensive assessment of risk and determine the risk of ownership of two key.
1, social risk assessment in a complex environment, the need for scientific identification of risk and set tolerance.
Risk assessment is the first step in the management process, the current stage of risk assessment has a certain universality. For example, the national-level risk sources faced by government risk management mainly include natural disasters, accidents and calamities, critical infrastructure, domestic crimes and foreign terrorist attacks. In China, the main risks for government risk management are four types of sudden public *** events, i.e., natural disasters, accidental catastrophes, public *** health incidents and social security incidents; in the United Kingdom, the country risks include three types, namely, natural events, major accidents and malicious attacks; in the United States, government risk management focuses on homeland security risk management, and the main sources of risk are 18 types of critical infrastructure and key resources; in Canada, the the full range of risks facing the country is categorized into intentional and unintentional risks; in Australia, country risk involves 17 risk areas, both internal and external to state agencies***; and in Germany, country risk is categorized into four categories: natural disasters, technological failures/human error, infrastructure, and terrorism.
Based on explicit tolerance levels, a more refined risk assessment is commonly operationalized by applying the dimensions of "likelihood" and "impact", usually in terms of P(Possibility or Likelihood)R( Risk or Consequence) matrix is used to visualize the assessment and rating.
In practice, the main task of risk assessment is to set the risk tolerance, which is the amount and type of risk that the subject is willing to bear and can tolerate. The setting and changing of risk tolerance is influenced by the external environment such as cultural, social, political, legal, technological, economic and natural environment as well as the internal environment such as the subject's objectives, resources, and actual risk management capabilities, etc. Once the environment changes, the subject's risk tolerance will also change, and consequently, the standards and strategies for risk management identification, analysis, evaluation and response will also change. Therefore, the government should set the risk tolerance level scientifically according to the social mentality, and adjust it in time with the times.
2. Determine risk ownership and build a risk responsibility system.
From the international experience, the risk ownership of the government risk management is clearly realized through the reasonable distribution of risk responsibility, so that all kinds of subjects at all levels not only bear their own responsibilities, but also can be coordinated and comprehensively do a good job of risk management.
First of all, in view of the complexity of management items, fuzzy boundaries, the characteristics of incremental responsibility, the government risk management is usually done:
1) Clearly define the overall responsibility for risk management and the roles and responsibilities of various departments;
2) Actively collaborate to achieve the risk of risk responsibility through the risk management organization **** share.
For example, the British government firstly clarifies that the main risk responsibility lies with the government departments, and on this basis, these government departments then, according to the nature and scale of the risk, firstly, pass part of the responsibility to their subordinate organizations to undertake, and secondly, sign a risk ****-sharing contract with other relevant units to share the risk.
Secondly, in response to the characteristics of the management of the main body of the fragmentation of the government risk management of the main practices:
1) the establishment of risk management of the leading institutions;
2) the establishment of the corresponding institutions for the classification of the management and hierarchical management.
For example, the British government takes the protection of public safety as one of the core tasks of the government, and for this reason, the government undertakes the responsibilities of formulating regulations, taking care of the services, and implementing the management of risk management in three aspects. Accordingly, the British government clearly divided the government risk management of three types of units: organization and implementation of units, implementation support units, specific implementation of the business sector.
China's practice in emergency management, taken also on the basis of a clear risk responsibility, to determine the main body of risk responsibility, to take the combination of classification management, hierarchical responsibility and territorial management, and rely on a unified leadership, comprehensive coordination, so as to build the responsibility system.
Two, the risk of internal control: the standard operation and maintenance, the legal system cured.
Government risk management risk internal control, is the main body of management in the process of internal operation, to carry out risk-minimizing operation design, mainly relying on standardized operation and maintenance and the development of laws and regulations to be cured.
1, the development of risk management standards, standardized risk internal control.
The formulation of management standards, conducive to avoiding common risks and standardize organizational behavior, is a typical practice of risk internal control. Starting from Australia and New Zealand, western countries have formulated national risk management standards to guide and promote the development of risk management. The national standards that have greater influence and are recognized by ISO are the Australian and New Zealand Risk Management Standard (AS/NZS4360:1995), the Canadian Risk Management Standard (CAN/CSA-Q850-97), the British Risk Management Standard (BS-6079-3:2000) and the Japanese Risk Management Standard (JISQ2001:200l). The specific content of the standard may depend on national conditions, to the Australian and New Zealand risk standards, for example, risk management standards mainly include: application scope and concept, risk management requirements, risk management, risk management, risk management, risk management steps, risk management records and archives; annexes provide a set of methods and procedures suitable for the actual operation of risk management in all types of organizations, to meet the needs of integrated risk management.
2. Systematic internal control of risks is implemented and solidified through the legal system.
Systematic internal control is the key, only to build up a unified leadership, each in its own way, efficient operation of the government risk management network in order to maximize the realization of the value of risk internal control. Taking the UK as an example, the government risk management organization includes three types of leading agencies, support units and specific implementation departments, which have different positions in the overall risk management system of the UK country.
The first category, the leading organization is mainly responsible for the formulation of risk management policies, including the Cabinet Office and the Ministry of Finance. The National Emergency Secretariat of the Cabinet Office, together with the Budget Execution Team of the Ministry of Finance and the Risk Support Team of the Ministry of Finance, formulate policies related to risk management within the government, design and grasp the process of assessing the government's risk management construction, and solve the practical problems existing in the construction of the overall risk management.
The second type, the support unit mainly provides support for risk management decision-making, the support unit includes the National Level Inspection Committee, the Joint Intelligence Committee, the Civil Service Management Committee, etc. It evaluates the implementation of risk management for the departments under its purview, provides corresponding research and consulting reports, provides risk management advice for the head of the executive branch and senior officials, and provides information and technical safeguards for risk management. It also provides information and technical support for risk management.
The third category, specific executive departments are mainly responsible for the implementation of risk management policies. Each functional department implements risk management within the scope of its functions. The UK Government*** has 24 Cabinet Departments, including the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS), the Department for Communities and Local Government (DCLG), the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS), the Department for Education (DfE), the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) and the Department for International Development (DFID), in addition to the Prime Minister's Office (PMO) and 10 other offices.
The legal system is a guarantee that the internal control of government risks must be solidified by the legal system in order to be standardized and sustainable. Germany in September 2009 revised the "Citizenship Protection and Disaster Relief Act," Article 18, paragraph 1, clearly states that "in conjunction with the L?nder's *** with the efforts of the Federal Government to carry out a nationwide risk analysis". The Australian Government's legal system for risk management is well developed and detailed. The main Victorian documents that guide and regulate risk management include the Victorian Insurance Sector Act, the Financial Management Act, and the Victorian Government Management Innovation Program. The Victorian Insurance Sector Act focuses more on state-level insurance and provides risk management advice and training for relevant departments. Robust legislation enables many of the risks facing the management of the Australian government to be effectively controlled.
Third, external public relations for risk: fostering a culture of social**** governance.
The external public relations of government risk management is, on the one hand, due to the public as an external jury, has the right to evaluate the performance of government risk management; on the other hand, the government risk management is also in urgent need of the participation of all sectors of the community in order to govern in the long run.
1, cultivate risk culture, sustainable development.
The sustainable development of government risk management requires the government to cultivate a risk management culture; risk culture constitutes a benign environment for government risk management, which is conducive to the mobilization of reforms, the implementation and execution of management, and the innovation of measures.
In practice, governments such as Canada and the United Kingdom have carried out the cultivation and application of risk culture in the process of reform; proposed the establishment of a learning and resilient risk management culture. It promotes civil servants to form a correct understanding and perception of risk, improves their risk awareness and sense of responsibility, fosters an organizational environment conducive to risk avoidance and handling, and supports the development of an organizational culture capable of effective risk-taking and change.
2. Advocating social synergy and full participation in risk governance.
The government carries out risk management is the protagonist and the main force, but the risk management of the risk society needs the cooperation of the whole society. The masses are not only one of the subjects of social risk management, but also may be the most direct source of social risk. Therefore, government risk management requires social synergy and full participation, both for the purpose of all-round risk governance, but also for the minimization of risk.
①The government actively forms the social order of the risk society, advocating that the masses consciously resist social risks and refrain from engaging in or participating in activities that may lead to public *** security problems;
②Guiding the masses to consciously carry out risk investigation and hidden danger cleanup in view of their own relevance to their own interests;
③Using the numerical advantage of the masses, organizing the masses and social organizations to carry out orderly social
③Take advantage of the number of people, organize the masses and social organizations to carry out orderly social supervision, timely warning and disposal;
④Cultivate the masses to be the "first responder", under the premise of qualified skills, carry out self-help and mutual assistance, increase the social security of a wide range of security;
⑤Organize and coordinate, encourage the masses to carry out mutual assistance in the neighborhood, the formation of the social atmosphere conducive to the safety of the public ****.