The basic law of medical scientific research work is to raise questions, test hypotheses and draw conclusions. Its basic procedures include: the selection of the topic of the topic, the design of the subject, experimental observation or investigation, the processing and organization of research information and data processing, summary and analysis, put forward the conclusion of the study, write the research report and its promotion and application and so on.
One of the first step of scientific research is to choose (select) and establish (decide) the topic to be studied (project), the topic must first be determined, otherwise it is impossible to have a centralized research objectives and directions.
(I) to discover and propose the problem
In medical practice, often encounter some scientific and technological phenomena can not be explained and can not be solved, some people always pay attention to it, in the thought of the formation of a kind of want to explore the problem of the idea, called the initial idea. The initial idea may be limited, shallow, but it is very valuable, because it is a spark in the minds of scientific research workers.
(B) the discovery or the conditions of the problem
1, diligent hands practice, practice makes perfect, practice makes perfect, and other examples illustrate the importance of personal involvement, repeated practice.
2, good observation It is more important to develop good observation habits than to have a lot of academic knowledge. In scientific research to cultivate a positive attitude of exploration, pay attention to things and the habit of change patterns, will help the cultivation and development of observation.
3, hard brain hard thinking, good doubt and thinking. Thinking is the human brain in the appearance, concepts based on analysis, synthesis, judgment, reasoning and other cognitive activities.
4, with a wealth of knowledge research workers must keep up with the development of their own disciplines, so that they have the knowledge and even the fringe disciplines of the broad knowledge, only then it is easy to produce new associations and insights, to find the problem, the problem.
(C) carefully review the literature, do a good job of intelligence research
With the initial idea, put forward the problem, this is just the first step, is not the same as the topic has been determined. Still need to be through in-depth and detailed research of domestic and foreign literature, to find out the theoretical basis of the problem, the value and significance of domestic and foreign research dynamics and development trends. Literature can be searched through the Internet or CD-ROM. Doing this step is the key to avoid low-level repetition.
(D) establish a hypothesis, establish the subject
In the discovery and put forward the problem, and literature review and research on the basis of information, analysis and comparison of the data and information obtained, so that the systematization of the problem, deepening, to find out the key to the problem, for the topic to provide the theoretical and experimental scientific basis, and put forward a hypothetical answer (also known as the hypothesis), the establishment of a scientific hypothesis. Hypothesis. According to the content of the hypothesis, scientific conceptualization, the establishment of research topics.
Second, the subject design
The subject design (project design) refers to the subject of research ideas, technical routes, specific content indicators, methodology, steps, time arrangements, staff division of labor and funding budgets and other sets of research programs.
(a) the significance of the project design
The significance of the project design: ① to enhance the scientific research process, so that errors are controlled to a minimum, to ensure that the results of scientific research is accurate and reliable; ② to ensure that the results of scientific research to accurately answer the question of scientific research topics, to avoid the "text does not match the title"; ③ good scientific research design to avoid unnecessary work or duplication of work; ③ good scientific research design to avoid unnecessary work or duplication of work. Avoid unnecessary work or duplication of work; ④ to ensure that the experimental data can be statistically.
(B) the main content of the subject design
The subject design includes the design of technical programs and the design of the subject implementation program.
1, the basic content of the technical program design
The technical program design includes three major elements: that is, the research factors (or treatment factors), the research object (treatment object) and the resultant effect of three parts.
2, the key elements of the technical program design
(1) the basis of the project
The basis of the project is the key to scientific research. Why carry out this research? What is the basis for this research? This is whether the expert review and approval of the competent departments, planning departments, can be included in the scientific research program and get funding for the first issue.
The basis of the project includes: the research significance of the subject, analysis of the current status of research at home and abroad. Basic research, should focus on combining the international and domestic scientific development trend, discuss the scientific significance of the subject; applied research, should focus on combining the frontiers of the discipline, focusing on the national economy and social development of important scientific and technological issues, discussing its application prospects and value.
(2) research program
The research program is the most important part of the design of the subject, and the level of design of the research program is a direct reflection of the level of scientific research of the researcher.
The research program includes: research objectives, research content and key issues to be resolved, the research methodology to be adopted, technical routes, experimental programs and feasibility analysis, the characteristics of the research and innovation, the expected results of the research.
The research objectives must be clear and the research content must be specific. What problems are ready to solve, what methods to be listed. The technical route to take a systematic engineering, with operability. The innovation of this research is the vitality of the subject, should be fully elaborated. Expected research results is the expected results of the research on this topic, to be realistic, not only to make the experts review to enhance confidence, but also to avoid undue exaggeration caused by the experts distrust.
(C) the main content of the design of the implementation of the program
If the design of the technical program is to solve the problem of "what to do", then the implementation of the program is to solve the problem of "when to do", "Who will do" problem.
The main contents of the implementation program include: the composition of the subject group, the division of tasks, the overall arrangement of the research work and the annual progress plan, the basis of the research work, the research conditions that have been available, including the experimental conditions, research sites, instruments and equipment, the source of the case, the research force, the collaborative conditions, etc., are still lacking in the conditions and ways to solve the problem, the budget, including the scientific research operating costs, instrumentation, drugs and reagents, materials, animals and breeding costs. The budget includes research operation cost, instrument and equipment cost, medicine and reagent cost, animal and feeding cost, collaboration cost, project organization and implementation cost, and result appraisal cost.
Three, observation, experiment and investigation
The subject of the design of the program developed and approved, it is necessary to implement, this is the design of the plan into action stage, but also the use of scientific methods to collect perceptual material stage. This stage is the longest and hardest working stage. If the first two phases are mainly responsible for the subject and some of the main researchers involved, and this phase requires the whole group **** with the action. Observation method, experimental method and survey method are the basic means of collecting and obtaining first-hand objective factual materials.
(A) observation (observation) Medical scientific research begins with observation. Observation is the most basic method of medical research. Observation of the basic requirements: must adhere to the comprehensive, objective, factual principles and meticulous scientific attitude, not subjective and arbitrary, not stubborn; to do a good job of detailed, accurate and accurate observation records, can not be taken for granted by subjectivity, can not be fabricated; to do a good job of creative observation, not just pay attention to exclude the other, but at the same time to pay attention to the unexpected or anomalous phenomena.
(2) experiment (experiment) experiment is one of the important means of obtaining accurate and typical scientific research materials. The so-called "experiment" is to obtain information from the phenomena occurring under the experimental conditions artificially. The basic requirements of the experiment: the development of a good experimental program; first do the pre-test, and then do the formal experiment; standardize the experimental operation; do a good job of experimental records; control of experimental error. The measure of success of an experiment is to be able to repeat the results.
(C) investigation (investigation) investigation is to recognize the phenomenon of disease populations, the prevalence of laws and evaluation of a country, a region based on the level of health of the residents of an important method. Such as population health survey, epidemiological survey, endemic disease survey, etiological survey, occupational disease survey and other aspects. The survey has on-site survey, prospective survey, retrospective survey, tracking survey and other types. The basic requirements of the survey: the principle of objectivity must be adhered to, seeking truth from facts, and respecting the objective facts; a detailed survey program and survey forms must be developed; systematic collection, comprehensive records, and a big picture, a small picture.
Four, the processing of research information and data processing
Observation, experimentation and investigation of the end of the activities, then began to obtain the research information for processing, organizing and data processing. Through scientific processing, de-factoring and statistical analysis, in order to reveal the interrelationship between the factors. Preparation for the final summary analysis, inductive reasoning, abstract generalization and presentation of research conclusions. This process is an important step in eliminating chance and discovering the inevitable; through the phenomenon, discovering the law.
The original information obtained, generally large and messy, some are data, some are graphics, some are slices, some are photos. First of all to be classified, in principle, all can be quantified as far as possible with digital representation, slices, photographs and other results can not be quantified, can be graded scoring and other methods of representation. Secondly, information verification should be carried out, including manual verification and computerized verification. Verification of error-free information re-grouped by nature, and then summarize the information, and finally, respectively, statistical processing.
Fifth, summarize and analyze, put forward the conclusion of the study, write a research report
This stage is mainly the use of analysis, synthesis, induction and abstraction and other methods of rational understanding of perceptual materials into rational concepts, from which to draw scientific conclusions. Darwin said: "Science is the organization of facts in order to draw universal laws and conclusions from them."
Summary analysis, that is, the possession of experiments, surveys or observations of perceptual materials, consciously use the dialectical point of view, analyze the design of which theoretically established, and in the experiments have been confirmed; which ideas in the experiments have not been confirmed or not fully confirmed, need to be modified. Thus, around the central idea of the hypothesis, according to the materials, tables, pictures, etc., separate groups, synthesize and distill the ideas illustrated by the materials, and clarify the results obtained from each group of materials, and the conclusions drawn theoretically from the results.
The research report is the most basic of all types of research projects, marking the completion of the project's universal form of expression. Whether it is basic research, applied research or development research, whether animal experiments, clinical observation or field tests, epidemiological surveys, whether drugs, preparations, medical equipment development or medical computer software, etc., the completion of the project must be written after the research (development) report for the completion of the project, acceptance, appraisal and archiving procedures, as well as the application for awards as the main technical information.
The research report includes two major parts, one is the work of the report, the second is a technical report. The former is a summary of the nature of the work of the report, mainly to introduce the subject of the project, the background of the study, the implementation of the plan, the results of the study and the existing problems, the next step in the intention and so on. The latter is the core material of the results, reflecting all the technical content of the subject research.