Guys, please ask where there are illustration submissions, realistic, beautiful, whatever, Beijing, Beijing Youth Daily IT section needs a lot of cartoons about the network, IT (information industry). Submit your cartoons via the Internet, e-mail: eynet@ or alijia@. Since the first issue of the new millennium, Family Chinese Medicine magazine has set up a new cartoon column called "The Garden of Licorice". The cartoonists Miao Yintang and Ye Chunyang are the hosts of the column, which publishes cartoons on health care, medicine and medical treatment, as well as humorous works on related subjects, with no restrictions on new works and striving for the best (manuscripts are not returnable, so please keep your own low drafts). Please keep your own copies. We welcome your positive contributions. Address:100700 Beijing Dongzhimen Nei Beixinchang 18 "Family Chinese Medicine" Editorial Office Received "China Fishing" is for 90 million fishing enthusiasts, which has "Fishing Music-Cartoon Selection", "Cartoon Appreciation", "Foreign Cartoon Collection" and other columns, reflecting from different perspectives of fishing activities in the anecdotes and joy, and advocating civilized fishing and environmental protection awareness. In order to further improve the column, cartoonists and cartoon enthusiasts are warmly welcome to submit articles. Contributions should be sent to Zhang Jiguo, Editorial Department, China Fishing Magazine, No. 8 Stadium Road, Beijing, 100061, China. Contemporary Family Education Newspaper" Lele Cartoon 100005 Beijing Dongdan Mishi Street Dongdangzi Hutong No. 59, Unit 4, No. 8 Jiang Ping baby cartoons "Qunyin" 100006 Beijing Dongcheng District, Dongfang Hutong North Lane No. 1, Tai Shuangyuan monthly version of the Chinese Art Newspaper "Mirror of Life" 100009 Beijing Xicheng District, before the South China Sea along the No. 11 Yu Jing "China's women" Hahaha Mirror 100010 Dongcheng District, Beijing Shi Jia Hutong No. 24 Tian Li female emotions Hutong 24 Tian Li women's emotional world, marriage and family, social life, ideological connotation of the monthly magazine "Frontline" cartoon edition 100013 Beijing Hepingjie Lou Nanli No. 21 Teng Yuanyuan monthly edition of the Chinese News 100013 Beijing Hepingli North Street No. 5 courtyard Shengxiang Building, second floor Su Juan China Civil Aviation News 100021 Beijing Chaoyang District, Shi Lihe 2264 mailbox Huang Chen financial, securities, investment areas Content; humorous drawings on aviation or tourism themes "Youth and Health" Cartoon Column 100025 Beijing, Chaoyang District, No. 27 Bali Zhuang, Year of the Horse cartoons, jokes "Beijing Labor and Employment News" 100029 Beijing, Chaoyang District, No. 3 Huixin East Street Yang Quansheng "People's Posts and Telecommunications News" Waves 100029 Beijing, Chaoyang District, No. 11 Anyuan Road Li Bo "PLA Life" Military Humor 100035 Beijing, Ping'anli No.3 Zhuzhu single-panel military humor monthly "People's Railway News" Wucai Road 100038 Beijing Fuxingmenwai North Beehive No.3 Wen Xiusheng all kinds of subjects, preferably reflecting the railroad industry subject matter half-monthly column "Comrade in Arms Newspaper" military humor 100041 Beijing Badaichuan A No.1 Zheng Huacai "Bright Newspaper" cartoon special edition 100051 Beijing Yongan Road 106 Bright Newspaper art department Chang Tiejun "military culture" military culture Military Humor of Heaven and Earth 100081 Beijing Haidian District, No. 42, Baishiqiao Road, Wang Tate Leng Yue column China Youth Daily cartoon special edition 100702 Beijing Haiyuncang No. 2 China Youth Daily art department Chao Xidi Workers Daily workers' drawings 100718 Beijing Andingmen outside the six beds of kang Workers Daily art department Xu Jin half-monthly edition of China Women's Daily cartoon special edition 100730 Beijing Dengshikou Street No. 50 Cui Xiaoyun "satire and humor" 100733 Beijing Jintai West Road No. 2 People's Daily Xu Pengfei 010-65092980 half-monthly newspaper "Beijing Daily" traffic lights 100734 Beijing Dongdan West Mounted Hutong 34 art department Sun Yizeng "Beijing Evening News" prickly plum 100734 Beijing Dongdan West Mounted Hutong 35 art department Zhang Guoyi "children's cartoons" 100735 Beijing Dongcheng District Yu Dawu, No.32, North Headquarters Hutong, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100735 Yu Dawu, No.32, North Headquarters Hutong, Dongcheng District, Beijing 010-65122616, 65252296 Monthly magazine "PLA Daily" Comics Selection 100832 Chen Yuxian, Fine Arts Department, No.34, Fuwai Street, Beijing, China Shanghai Talent Market News is a newspaper about talents in Shanghai, which has a column of "Talent Comics". We hope that colleagues in the cartoon industry will give us their contributions, and the contribution fee will be favorable. Contributions should be sent to: Shang Hua, Art Editor, Talent Market News, No. 78, Dangjiadu Road, Shanghai 200063, China Newspaper Cartoon Happy Forest, 17th Floor, No. 300, Hankou Road, Shanghai 200001, China Jing'an Times, Cartoon Edition, No. 145, Nanyang Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai 200040, China Huang Guo'an, Comic Book World, New People's Evening News, No. 755, Weihai Road, Shanghai, China 200040, New People's Evening News, Art Department. Zheng Xinyao "scientific life" science and technology humor 200050 Shanghai Zhenning Road, Lane 405, No. 65 Liu Xuheng Heilongjiang "Heilongjiang Daily" "swan. Cartoon" special issue is the only special issue of the cartoon in Heilongjiang Province, two issues per month, published on Thursday, please the national cartoon authors contribute. Contact: Qi Bing, E-mail: arthlj@ address 150010) Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, Daoli District, Lot Street, No. 1, "Life of the Party" magazine, for the monthly, sponsored by the = = = = Heilongjiang Provincial Party Committee, one of the earliest party building periodicals founded in the country, the establishment of a "color palette" cartoon special edition, two pages per issue, more, Single-panel can be, black and white, color manuscripts are not limited. Text is also welcome, sketches, essays, jokes are needed, as long as short, lively, lively and meaningful. As long as they are short, lively, interesting and meaningful, they will not be returned and will be paid well. Manuscripts should be sent to: (150001) Harbin City, Ash River Street, No. 11, "Life of the Party" magazine, Zhao Minghu receipt. Guangdong Province: Shenzhen Metropolis Daily has opened a new page, and needs a large number of single-panel cartoons and four-panel cartoons, and the fee will be favorable, about 80 yuan per piece. We hope that the works are funny and easy to enjoy; four-panel cartoons are better if they are a series, and we hope that the subject matter is close to ordinary life and has the atmosphere of the times. Submission e-mail: zhou78jie@ address: (518034) shenzhen futian district business newspaper road shenzhen metropolis newspaper culture and entertainment studio happy edition zhou jie receive telephone: (0755) 8195149 (evening) 3337753 (office) "south daily" "sea breeze cartoon" 510601 guangzhou city guangzhou city Avenue, No. 289 in the South said the newspaper Arts and Culture Department (Zhao Xiaosu) "Shenzhen Special Administrative Region Newspaper" "Le Du Cuckoo" 518009 Guangdong Province, Shenzhen City, Xiangmihu Shenzhen Special Administrative Region Newspaper (Zhuang Xilong) "Shenzhen Evening News" "Humor City" (weekly) 518000 Shenzhen City, Baoan Shenzhen Business News (Liu Li), "Comic Vision", North Road 518034 Shenzhen Metropolis Daily (Xu Ruohan), Futian District, Shenzhen, "Comic Window", Nanfeng 510080 No. 41, Erma Road, Zhusigang, Dongshan District, Guangzhou, China (Guoli Cai), "Zhuhai SAR Newspaper "Cartoon Special Edition" 519015 Zhuhai, Guangdong Province (Bao Zewei) Zhujiang Evening News "Drawing Special Edition" 519015 Zhuhai, Guangdong Province (Zhao Chongjing) Accompanying You "Happy Station " 519015 Zhuhai City, Guangdong Province (Chen Qilin) "The Beginning of Man" "Cartoon Edition" 510050 Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province "Southern Workers' Newspaper" "Five Sheep's Corner" (biweekly) 510110 Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province No. 5, Dongyuan Heng Road Guangdong Labor Union Building (Su Chen) Nanhai Daily "Cartoon Garden" (biweekly) 528000 Nan Gui Xi Road, Nanhai City, Guangdong Province (Qi Ling) New Express "Cartoon Daguan" 510450 No. 733 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou (Kuang Biao) Guangdong Quality "Cartoon World" 510220 Guangdong Quality Editorial Department, 7th Floor, Provincial Quality Building, Nantian West Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou City (Hu Di) Lingnan Youth Newspaper "Cartoon Channel" Color Edition 510121 No. 10, Tongle Road, Renmin Middle Road, Guangzhou City, China (Foshan Literature and Art) "Hundreds of life" (semimonthly) 528000 Foshan City, Guangdong Province, Jihua Road, Far East Road, Cargo Hill Development Building, 26th Floor (cartoon Qiang) "Guangzhou Youth Daily" "Happy Moment" (weekly) 510030 Guangzhou City, Beijing North Road, within the Palace of Youth Culture (Sun Xueqing) ) "Environment" 510045 Guangzhou Dongfengzhong Road, No. 335, seventh floor of the "Environment" magazine (Song Fei) "Southern Rural News" "Humor and cartoons" 510601 Guangzhou City, Guangzhou Avenue in 289 (Mai Zhiliang) Jiangsu Province, "Fire" (full-color monthly) "fire cartoons "(210013) Nanjing, Longjiang District, Nanjing City, Baiyunyuan 90, Room 402 Song Hongbing receipt. Jiangsu Workers' Newspaper, "Humor World" column has resumed, two issues per month, welcome a large number of humorous cartoons and cartoons in line with the characteristics of the newspaper, the best work from the best pay. Address: (210024) No. 156 Shanghai Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Workers' Newspaper, Tiancheng. Henan Province Luoyang Evening News special edition of cartoons, a full page every month, is now widely soliciting contributions from the cartoon industry. Satirical, humorous and life cartoons are available. Contributions should be sent to Li Renwei, editor of Luoyang Evening News, Ding Ding South Road, Luoyang City, Henan Province, 471000. Rural Electrician" is a scientific and popular technical publication on rural electricity use sponsored by the Agricultural Electricity Department of the State Power Corporation and Central China Electric Power Group Corporation*** under the supervision of the State Power Corporation. Published with a junior high school education level can read and understand, with the work, the main content of 10KV under the power equipment technology and township (town) power management station (power supply) of the power management experience. Readers are engaged in agricultural electric work of science and technology, management personnel, rural electricians, factory and mine electricians and so on. It is the only popular science book on electricity in China's electric power system. Domestic uniform issue number: CN42-1250/TM, international standard issue number: ISSNl006-8910, domestic and foreign public circulation. In order to improve the readability and interest of the periodical, the periodical is open to the national cartoon industry to collect cartoon manuscripts related to electricity. We hope that colleagues in the cartoon industry will give us their contributions, and the contribution fee will be favorable. Manuscripts sent to: Rural Electrician Magazine of Huazhong Electric Power Group Company, Xu Dong Road, Wuhan 430077, China Tel: 027-86772556 or post: 461000 Xu Tian Road, Xuchang City, Henan Province, "Rural Electrician" Distribution Department, Tel: 0374-2332418, "Cartoon Monthly" 450003 Wang Lin, Newspaper Building, Agricultural Road, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China 450008 Zhengzhou City, Agriculture Road, No. 28 Henan Daily Newspaper Group Zhang Guoxiao 0371-5795927 subject matter, form is not limited to, welcome a single humorous paintings and portraits, photocopies can also be (to ensure that the first) zgxmh@50-600 yuan / piece of the monthly Jiaozuo Daily Shanyang Gallery 454002 Jiaozuo City, Henan Province, No. 56, Donghuan Road, the General Editor's Office of the close-to-life, satirical humor monthly Shi Ping Half-page "Jiaozuo Daily - Life Morning Magazine" Hahaha mirror 454002 Jiaozuo City, Henan Province, the middle of the East Ring Road "Jiaozuo Daily" Society cartoon column Gu Peili all kinds of cartoon works (including color), appreciation and review articles, 6-8 per week, a weekly "Luoyang Daily" cartoon special edition 471000 Luoyang City, Henan Province, Ding Ding South Road, Li Renwei satirical, humorous, life cartoons are available Monthly edition of "Henan rural newspaper" countryside gallery 450003 Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, Agricultural Road, newspaper building member Dehui "Dahe newspaper" Dahe cartoons 450003 Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, Agricultural Road, newspaper building Dahe newspaper news weekly department Zhao Feng "Zhumadian newspaper" strange beans 463000 Zhumadian City, Henan Province, Zhumadian newspaper "women's life" cartoons and humor 450003 Zhengzhou City, son-in-law No. 15, Jinshui Road Chang Qun Anhui Province, "Fuxiao newspaper" "acacia" (234000) Anhui Suzhou City (Wang Zhongxiang) "Xin'an Evening News" "cartoon special edition" (230001) Hefei City, Anhui Province, Jinzhai Road, No. 206 (Shi Jing) Bengbu said the newspaper "Harmony garden" (2330001) Bengbu City, Anhui Province, No. 189 Shengli Road (Qi Yuesheng) "computer knowledge and technology" "cartoon edition" (230041) Hefei City, Anhui Province, (Zhang Ning) "Anhui Daily" Sophora" monthly (230000) Hefei City, Anhui Jinzhai Road, No. 298 (Xu Tianfang) "health and life" "cartoon special edition" (230063) Hefei City, Anhui Yuejin Road, No. 1, 11th floor of the News and Publication Building (Fang Fei) "Rural Children's Newspaper" " Cartoon special edition" (234000) 169 Qishui Road, Suzhou City, Anhui Province, China (Zhao Hua) "Anhui Workers Newspaper" "five flavors" (230074) No. 43 Lujiang Road, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China (Zhou Xianming) "Junior Expo" "cartoon special edition "(230061) No. 419 Changjiang Road, Hefei City, Anhui Province (Xi Weide Jin Tingting) Hebei Province, "Hebei Politics and Law Newspaper" "Xiezhi Yuan" (050051) Shijiazhuang City, Yuhua West Road, No. 518, the Vice Department of Qi Meilu legal system, and other types of subject matter of the monthly edition of the "Handan Daily "Tribulus terrestris garden" (056002) Handan City, Bushebei six streets, No. 42 Feng Yantang "miscellaneous writings newspaper" "mustard garden" (050013) Shijiazhuang City, Yuhua East Road, No. 210, Liu Juncai published a single satirical cartoon "Langfang Daily "The world's hundred states" (065000) 18 Bin'an Road, Langfang City, Hebei Province, Wang Deng "Women's World" "cartoons and humor" (050051) Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, Yuxi Road, No. 510, Gao Yuedong "Baoding Evening Post". "Hundreds of World Elephants" (071000) Huang He, No. 47, Dongfengzhong Road, Baoding, Hebei, China "Children's World" "Happy Paradise" (050071) Mu Jie, No. 45, Beimao Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China "Children's Art Newspaper" (050021) Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, No. 92 Fuqiang Street, Dongfang Xi Tel: 0311-5811914 to the quality of the pay half-monthly newspaper picture story, comic book version of the opening of the following columns: Happy Fruit: in line with the children's art aesthetics and appreciation of the habit of the content of healthy domestic and foreign subjects of various single-panel, multi-grid, series of comic strips, humorous paintings to be selected. Wisdom fast food: puzzle, enlightenment, interesting comics and drawings (including intellectual drawing games, stories, etc.). Haha mirror: children and adolescents cartoon enthusiasts creates the cartoon work submission selection. Cartoon appreciation: domestic and foreign cartoon appreciation, evaluation. Famous person introduction: domestic and foreign cartoon master work, art style, life deeds introduction. Drawing story: according to the humor story, the joke adapts the comic strip work. Children's humor: short humorous small joke, fable, etc. Sichuan Province "Chengdu Evening News" needs the combination of humor and funny cartoons, the subject matter can reflect the urban life, single frame, multi-frame can be, excellent manuscripts, excellent pay.
What are the characteristics of the illustrations in Tian Gong Kaifu?
The first edition of Tian Gong Kai Wu is accompanied by one hundred and twenty-one illustrations depicting more than one hundred and thirty production techniques and the names, shapes and processes of tools. There are more than two hundred and seventy images of working people in the drawings: farmers cultivating the fields, artisans weaving colorful brocade, boatmen sailing the rivers and seas, many old workers, but also pastoral children and teenagers, as well as women engaged in weaving and ethnic minorities entering the river to pick jade, in addition, there are also soldiers in drills and battles. Looking at these many vivid images, it is as if we have been transported to a production site more than three hundred years ago. The use of so many images to represent labor production and laborers is rare in ancient science and technology books, both in China and the world. The illustrations include mechanical drawings of more complex structures, such as flower machines, water pestles and waterwheels, etc. The proportions are largely appropriate, with a three-dimensional sense, and the drawing skills are quite high. These illustrations, for the study of China's ancient (especially the Ming Dynasty) the history of science and technology and the production activities of the working people, is a very important image of the material, has been cited by a large number of modern works on the history of science and technology in China and abroad.
What about the prospects for commercial illustration?
I. What is the future of illustration? Smells pretty good.
When it comes to illustration, I believe we are no strangers. Illustration, an era of gold under the pen. Illustrators are equally favored by many young people. Whether it is advertising, animation, publishing industry, or become a freelance illustrator, the salary is very optimistic.
Especially in recent years, with the rapid development of technology companies, the market for illustration is expanding rapidly, and the demand for illustration is growing! From the development trend of illustration in the past hundred years and the general environment of the Internet, the market demand for illustration will only increase in the next ten years, and the demand will become bigger and bigger!
Diversified performance techniques make illustration has a strong viewing characteristics, in the design of the depth and breadth of the theme performance, so that the illustration is also rich enough to show a more unique artistic charm, illustration shaping the image and the scene has also become a common symbol in daily life.
In today's multimedia era where visual communication is the medium, illustration is a good choice for more communication methods. Diversified performance techniques so that the illustration has a strong point of view, in the design of the depth and breadth of the theme performance, so that the content of the illustration is also rich enough to show a more unique artistic charm, the illustration shaped image and scene has become a common symbol of daily life.
Two_Sympathetic theft Γ swindle寤neon澜缋锊苡拍苡心愕慕痛怠
The future prospects of illustration is very beautiful, but I would like to ask, even if it is very promising, and you have to do with it? Then there are prospects, you will not, but also in vain, but also can only be a spectator, rather than be a witness to life, it is better to be the creator of history, to enhance your illustration ability, even if zero basis, you can start from scratch to enhance the learning, the learning to learn, when the opportunity to come, you can show their talents. You think you're good at it, and you're really good at it, are two different things, the gap is huge, the former is called self-righteousness, the latter is called real skill.
If you want to really improve your illustration skills, you can learn from a big man I know, he teaches illustration on board, based on board drawing, which is the mainstream direction of illustration, every night at 8:00 p.m. will be talking about two hours of courses, of course, is free of charge live, not only easy to understand to explain the knowledge of painting, but also from the thinking of the painting, illustration concept, the whole chain of logic and design are all the way. The whole chain of logical design will be talked about, so that you know what it is, more know why. Want to learn the students can go to the Fei Rou teacher's Wei Xin (harmonic): ranked in the front is: w9, ranked in the back is: kaka, the above two groups of letters in accordance with the order of the combination can be.
Learn from powerful people so you can become more powerful.
Play with the strong and you will become strong.
Play with the weak, and you will only become weak.
How you surround yourself with people determines the height of your development.
Three _寤Φ闹耙刀ㄎ挥心男_
Commercial illustrators, freelance illustration designers, poster design, publication design, animation design, web design and so on.
Four Can illustration be a lifelong career?
Whether something can be sustained in the long run depends on whether the external and internal environments give back well.
The external environment refers to whether illustration can continue to bring you the desired income, social status, professional growth, self-worth and identity. Internally it's about yourself, your own talents, patterns, long-term development, etc., including your physical health will affect the outcome of your question. If it has been able to continue a good cycle, naturally, it can be a lifelong career.
Five ___Analyze stupid pure pure pure pure pure source mail rate cut垂ぷ鳎蠢纯纯梢栽谑种小
I think that the job prospects of illustration is still quite good. Illustration contains free elements, passionate creativity, dazzling fashionable colors, expression of rich techniques can infect people's emotions,
so that people in the acquisition of commodity information at the same time can also get visual pleasure and life perception.
1, freelance illustrator.
At present, freelance illustrators occupy a large proportion of the illustration market,
Freelance illustrators are mainly through the major illustration platforms continue to publish works,
Salary of about 4,000 to 8,000 yuan for.
2, illustrator team.
Join the illustrator team, you can get a stable salary, timely communication with the designer,
And then the ability to get a huge promotion! Illustrators are designers who use the language of drawing as a means of design. Illustrators realize the creative freedom of the best way is actually to realize the interoperability of product and design,
Through the illustrator's personal work to create a brand, the salary is about six thousand to twenty thousand.
3, create a studio.
After joining the team, you will find that a lot of things are out of your control, your own design concepts and ideas, but also need to make adjustments according to the brand, so there are illustrators in the accumulation of a certain number of contacts, resources and funds, set up their own studio. But the operation of the studio will cost you a lot of time and energy, in the personal works and some brands to reach authorization, first to ensure a stable monthly income, and then go to this development. At this point, it's all about paying yourself a salary!
Six _ instep bed patting Clong milk catfish fat solid Na Tao block awake Maximo Huan alligator folding
Commercial illustrator is for the business service. The necessity of existence is that it arises and serves some business purpose. The purpose of commercial illustration is very strong, not just express the designer's personality and mood, but for a specific thing to serve. Therefore, it has very clear purposes, and at the same time it is constrained by those purposes and requires a clear appeal to the subject.
In the practical activities of people seeking and utilizing information, visual designers are required to consciously master and comply with design activities. In describing the features of a product, some external features are easily described while internal concepts are vividly explained, i.e., diagrams. Commercial illustration requires the correct handling of the relationship between graphics and text. Only in this way it is easy to understand and believe, and ultimately it deepens the impression of this effect.
1. The theme is clear.
Commercial illustrator prospects to master a single purification method, the designer needs to observe the essence of things based on the clever organization of things. All unnecessary factors are filtered out to meet the requirements of simplicity and vividness. The theme of the design, that is, the specific information that should be conveyed, is made very clear and tightly focused on the theme.
2. Unique creativity.
Creativity is the soul of business illustration. To sell goods in the fierce business battle, to attract consumers' attention and make them happy to accept the message conveyed by business illustration, we must have a good idea. Creativity makes commercial illustration present the designer's unique concept, unique perspective, unique interpretation and unique artistic approach, so that the illustration is attractive and the prospect of commercial illustrator arouses the interest of the audience, so as to achieve the ultimate goal of conveying information.
3. Real.
The creativity of commercial illustration should be honest. In order to persuade the audience to accept the goods or services offered, it is necessary to gain their trust by talking honestly with them according to their interests. Creative originality is the first step to attract the audience and honesty is the second step to win their trust.
4.***Mingling.
A pair of creative and novel illustrations of merchandise advertisements can attract the interest of the audience. Creation based on reality is what wins the trust of the audience. Doing this alone is not perfect; it needs to be contagious enough to motivate people to take action. Whether people take action or not depends on how compelling the work is after the artistic treatment.
5Graphics and text are consistent.
The former is based on the induction of emotion to stimulate the interest and ****ing of the audience; the latter is based on the persuasion of reason. The addition of text helps to guide the audience's thinking, but also helps to clarify the intention of the designer. Therefore, graphics and text should harmonize organically and complement each other. It is difficult for the audience to understand that we cannot be separated from each other.
Today, people's demands are not only on the material level, but also on the spiritual level. Therefore, to improve the competitiveness of commercial illustration, it is necessary to have a clear description of the content, but also need to increase its beauty. Beauty is more in line with the aesthetic psychology and emotional needs of modern people. A simple way of expression is to summarize and integrate the object and highlight its basic features. However, commercial illustration must have a distinct design theme and be treated with a single purification to make it distinct and prominent. Regardless of the medium or expression used, certain design guidelines should be followed. For more on the basics of commercial illustrators please.