After nearly two hundred years of development, the architecture of the western countries in the social productive forces, whether it is the scale of the building or the form of the building, there has been a marked progress, the formation of a different architectural style and classical architecture. The following is the content of the paper I have collected and organized for you on Western architecture, welcome to read reference!
Western architecture of the paper 1
Western architecture and civilization
Abstract The first emperor of the Roman Empire, Augustus, also known as Octavian, said, I get the bricks of Rome, I left behind is the marble of Rome. Rome's Pantheon was built for him. "Glory to Greece, greatness to Rome." The Europeans said.
Keywords Roman Empire; Ancient Greece; Civilization; Architecture; Tricolumnar
"Ancient Greece is the cradle of European culture, and we are often obliged to come back to the achievements of this small people in philosophy, as well as in many other fields…… Their all-encompassing talents and activities have secured for us a place in the history of human development unrivaled by any other people" - Selected Works of Marx and Engels. This shows how the culture of this place, in astronomy, geography, physics, mathematics, philosophy, art.
The civilization of ancient Greece, from Crete to Mycenae to Athens, around the middle of the second millennium BC, the state on the island of Crete ruled the Aegean world. For centuries, engaged in handicrafts, seafaring, and piracy. The largest city was Knossos, known as the "city of cities", where the ruler was both a leader and a priest. Their building types were houses, palaces, villas, hostels, public **** baths and workshops, but no temples. The palace is often 60 * 30 meters of the courtyard as the center, there are many light and ventilation of the small patio, the house built according to the terrain, the house ranging from one to four floors, the internal interior complex, the ancient Greeks called him the labyrinth.
House indoor and outdoor more than columns to separate the rooms are also separated by columns. Columns were one of the great achievements of ancient Greece.
In ancient Greek architecture, Roman architecture and still today in Europe, one of the indispensable is the square, which can also be called the theater. Northwest of Knossos there was a main amphitheater with a gradually rising auditorium at the back, seating about several hundred people, where the first amphitheaters were built.
Around 1500 BC, Crete was destroyed by a foreign enemy, probably Mycenae, who became the most powerful ruler of the Aegean world. In the Balkan Peninsula of Greece, Mycenae was heavily fortified and very strong, with huge stone walls. From the Mycenaean Lion Gate can be seen, Mycenaean architecture is very different from the Cretan, a bold and a slender and gorgeous, one has a strong defense, a defenseless.
Crete, Mycenaean culture once came to an abrupt end.
In the 8th century BC, the Balkan Peninsula, the west coast of Asia Minor, the islands of the Sea of Love to establish a lot of slavery city-states, these countries ruled by the close economic relations, but from the unity of the search, collectively known as Ancient Greece.
Ancient Greek architecture is also one of the pioneers of European architecture, some of the basic principles of the design of buildings and complexes and artistic experience. Deeply influenced the history of architecture in Europe for more than two thousand years. Commenting on Greek art and epic poetry, Marx said that it "still gives us artistic pleasure, but is, in a way, still an unattainable model."
Between 500 and 499 BC, the Persian Empire invaded and destroyed Greece, a small sub-Saharan democracy. The Greek city-states rallied and fought bravely to defeat the invaders, a war in defense of freedom and democracy in which Athens played an important role, making it the ally of the city-states. People and wealth flocked to Athens. Athens was in a political, cultural and economic high. At this time, the sacred complex and temple architecture matured, the construction of the ancient Greek sacred complex, the highest representative of the art - the Acropolis, the highest representative of the temple art - the Parthenon.
Double enclosure columnar style, tight hill flower, closing points of the strain, the use of perspective correction technology.
431 ~ 404 BC outbreak of the Peloponnesian War. The city-state led by Sparta, an aristocratic dictatorship, defeated the city-state led by Athens, a liberal democracy. After the war, slavery developed further. In 338 BC, the Macedonian kings unified Greece, and then Emperor Alexander established a great empire spanning Europe, Asia and Africa.
Ancient Greece is best known for its Doric style. The Doric was also called the Man's Column, the Ionic was also called the Woman's Column, and there was a Corinthian also known as the Maiden's Column. There was a great deal of research into the aesthetics of the width of the column, the height, and the distance between the two columns. Another achievement of ancient Greece was the temple. Combined with the strains, the Acropolis was the greatest achievement of ancient Greece.
Rome was a small village in Italy. Growing through war and annexation, he absorbed the cultures of the small countries around him to enrich himself. Persian, Egyptian, ancient Greek. He absorbed and inherited the Greek temples, the columns, and further developed the architecture.
Rome discovered the mixed clay volcanic ash, created arches, structures, single? , barrel arches, criss-cross arches, with segmental pouring technology. In terms of space, human scale, static sealing, unguided, after the Greek three-column style created the Roman five-column style.
Tuscan columns, Doric columns, Ionic columns, Keslin columns, composite columns.
The development of architecture, architectural writings came into being, Augustus to military engineer Vitruvius's Ten Books of Architecture to the present, certain words are still used. It is the world's first architectural city planning books, sturdy and practical, beautiful, laid the European system of building science.
In Rome, because of the war around, there are endless slaves, Roman water conservancy is very developed, the establishment of the aqueduct, but also with standing water to flush away the filth of public toilets. Roman citizens became supporters of the regent's offerings. So Rome's public **** building was very developed, and in its heyday there were 300,000 jobless vagabonds in Rome, who squeezed the labor of slaves.
The consuls built baths, squares, and gladiatorial arenas. The piazzas were for the leisure of the citizens, and for the giving of speeches. There were more than a thousand baths in the city of Rome, large and small, and the Romans woke up every day, put on their bathrobes and went to the baths, and went home to sleep at night. The most famous of these was the Baths of Caracalla, which had stores, libraries, concert halls, sports fields, and sunbathing, where people spoke of buying and selling and watched performances, and where the culture of the baths was later characterized by lewdness and sexually transmitted diseases.
If you ask how the fall of Rome, a famous family in the baths did not bubble. In the Roman baths, due to aluminum in the water, resulting in a lot of Romans can not bear children, early death.
There were cold water halls, salt water halls, and solariums in the baths, which showed the development of Roman architecture at that time. Another famous thing in Rome is the Colosseum, a four-story building. The first floor is the Doric columns, the second floor is the Ionic columns, the third floor style Corinthian columns, the fourth floor is a stone wall. Each layer has 80 arches, there is an underground layer, so it can also deal with the water system, the human flow system, and at that time, the society to ensure that the class does not conflict between the security, the security of the building combined with the safety of the water, and so on the issue of the building can be seen at the time of the achievement of the building of the high.
The first emperor of the Roman Empire, Augustus, also known as Octavian, said, "What I got is the Rome of bricks, what I left is the Rome of marble. The Pantheon in Rome was built for him. "Glory to Greece, greatness to Rome." The Europeans said.
In 395 AD, ancient Rome split into Eastern Rome, Western Rome. In Italy and the west was Western Rome, with Rome as its capital. East of Italy was Eastern Rome, later the Byzantine Empire.
In 479 A.D., Western Rome fell, and Western Europe was in chaos, forming a feudal system and the whole of Europe under the Church. Later, Eastern Rome, because of the prosperity of the Arab religion in the East and the Roman Orthodox teachings do not get along, there was the historical Crusades, 200 years, after the Crusaders attacked Eastern Rome, Eastern Rome in 1453 was destroyed by the Turks.
Byzantium in the builders created the sail arch, which is what we see in the dome building. The most glorious representative is the Hagia Sophia, which influenced Russia, Armenia, Bulgaria.
The Middle Ages began with the fall of Western Rome and lasted until the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.
The formation of feudalism in Western Europe in the midst of a wilderness, and the deep suffering of the people led to the development of the propaganda of asceticism, fraternity ____ and later ruled the West for a thousand years. From the early emergence of monasteries in the suburbs to the emergence of city churches in urban centers, the church became towering to appear small, producing a kind of awe - Gothic architecture.
Most of the churches that appeared in Europe were built at that time, rising to the sky.
The corruption of the church, which oppressed humanity, hindered the development of capitalism, hindered humanity. Plus, the fall of Eastern Rome, the bachelors fled to Italy with the civilization of Ancient Greece, so that Italy first appeared in the Renaissance, when the humanist scholar Pico in the "On the Dignity of Man" under the guise of God said to Adam, "I gave you freedom from any restriction, and you can decide for yourself about your nature…&;". hellip;" Of course, the Renaissance could not have been achieved without the patronage of the arts by the Medicis.
The Renaissance saw the emergence of churches, the ribbed arches of the main church of Florence, built by Burunelleschi, who was born an artisan. He was skilled in mechanics, casting. He was an outstanding sculptor, painter, craftsman and scholar.
The Renaissance was a great era, with the emergence of the New Three, Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio, and the Last Three, Michelangelo, Raphael, Leonardo da Vinci.
These eminent men were famous for their painting, architecture, and sculpture, especially Michelangelo, whose architecture was also praised by the Church.
The Renaissance ushered in a great development in architecture.
Thesis on Western Architecture Part 2
Talking about the plants in the architectural decoration of the East and West
Thesis Keywords: architectural decoration, curly grass pattern, comparative culture
Thesis Abstract: The curly grass pattern in the architectural decoration talks about the differences between the East and West of the architectural decorations from a comparative cultural point of view, and explores the architectural decorations of the different nationalities, regions and eras embodies the different spiritual connotations and cultural characteristics, so that we from a broader perspective, the differences in architectural decoration. The study explores the different spiritual connotations and cultural characteristics of architectural decoration in different ethnic groups, regions and eras, so that we can recognize the decorative culture of the East and the West from a wider perspective.
The form and content of architectural decoration are very rich, and the potential spiritual symbolism is very profound. We select the plant pattern —— scroll pattern as an entry point from the form of architectural decoration, and analyze the difference between the eastern and western architectural decoration from the perspective of comparative culture, and explore the different spiritual connotations and cultural characteristics embodied by architectural decorations in different nationalities, regions and eras. The study explores the different spiritual connotations and cultural characteristics of architectural decorations in different ethnic groups, regions and eras. Editorial.
Plant patterns exist in large quantities in the architectural decorations of countries around the world, among which the scroll pattern is the most representative plant decorative pattern in different cultural forms, and the first appearance of the scroll pattern is of great significance to the history of decorative arts. The first appearance of the scroll pattern is of great significance to the history of decorative arts. The scroll patterns of the East and the West are intrinsically related to each other. Different regions have different interpretations of what plants belong to the convolvulus pattern, but they are very similar in terms of form and compositional patterns, with vines as the link, intertwined with each other, embellished with leaves, interspersed with a few buds, and in a continuous pattern. Whether it is the Oriental Lonicera or the Western Scopoletta pattern, the vivid composition of the lines of organic patterns, so that people feel a plant pattern stylized and generated in the process of carrying human emotions.
I. Ancient Chinese and Egyptian scroll pattern
Chinese scroll pattern appeared around 300 AD, in the palace, temples and other architectural decoration is more common. The Chinese scroll pattern was originally known as the Lonicera pattern, with the introduction of Buddhism into China, more or less with a religious meaning. Any symbol of a religious nature that has artistic potential can become a primary or purely decorative motif over time. When a motif is frequently used in various fields, especially architecture, because it is associated with religious significance, stereotypes are created. The Lonicera pattern, along with its cognate Lotus pattern, was widely developed during the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and was mainly reflected in the stone carvings, murals, and other decorations of the time. North and South Dynasty period of decorative art has a strong surrealist style, the formation of this style and the social background at the time has an inextricable relationship, after the fall of Han, the three kingdoms, several years of war, the people's life is unbearable, longing to get rid of the reality of the spiritual realm into the beautiful, at this time, the introduction of Buddhism into China, all over the opening of the Cave statues, Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes began at this time. This style has a certain impact on the formation and development of the pattern of curly grass, so that it has a free, casual, aesthetic features. Lonicera pattern is characterized by three- or four-petal leaf graphics, with changing forms of organization to form a rhythmic pattern, which has a separate pattern, the two sides of the continuous, quadrilateral continuous and other different forms of composition. With the development of the times, the grass pattern continues to change, this initial religious decorative symbols, its original meaning is gradually diluted, to the Tang Dynasty evolved a richer form. Tang Dynasty architectural decorative style is gorgeous and opulent, grass pattern and grapes, lotus, pomegranates, peonies, paulownia, as well as auspicious birds and beasts and other patterns are integrated to create a very rich idealistic color of the plant decorative image, with its smooth and stretching the style of architectural stone carving, wood carving, algal wells, door decorations, frescoes and other aspects.
Ancient Egyptians were the first to create monumental architecture, they used extremely durable stone to build temples and tombs. Ancient Egyptian art was the first to change the image of plants into decorative forms, and two plants were closely associated with Egyptian culture, the lotus and papyrus. Ancient Egyptian scrolling patterns featured lotus, palm, and papyrus forming vines, with flowers and buds dotted between curling stems and leaves, forming graceful curves, and this type of ornamentation is considered to be the basis of scrolling decorations. Lotus and papyrus grow on the banks of the Nile, lotus symbolizes beauty, papyrus can be used for writing, and people's lives are closely related to them, they have a special significance in Egyptian culture, commonly used in architectural columns, columns, murals, friezes and other decorations. Egyptian architectural decoration is essentially symbolic, is a strong representative of the combination of religion and politics in the Eastern culture, they are not only purely decorative, but also to express the nation's own concepts, feelings and ideas.
Second, the ancient Greek and Roman scroll pattern
Rhythmic, rhythmic plant scroll pattern, in the Greek architectural decoration to form a beautiful landscape. Although its origins from the ancient East, but in the Greeks here was given the beauty of form. Ancient Greco-Roman convolvulus pattern, mostly used in the decoration of columns. Ancient Greece, including the Greek Peninsula, the Aegean islands, the coast of Asia Minor, southern Italy and Sicily, five major parts, experienced the Homeric period, the archaic period, the classical period and the Hellenistic period and other different historical stages, the ancient Greek civilization and the Aegean civilization, the cradle of Western civilization. Western scrollwork is mainly based on scallop leaves and grapevine motifs, which form curved vines and are used for architectural decoration. Originally a low-growing perennial herb growing along the Mediterranean coast, the "Scopoletta tree" was worshipped and venerated in the West for its particularly vigorous vitality, symbolizing rebirth and resurrection. Ancient Greek and Roman temple buildings more than the use of Scopoletta leaf modeling for decoration, Corinthian stigma will be Scopoletta leaf modeling Carved and become a symbol of the temple of God for all time, such as the Corinthian stigma decorations of the Lisker Ladyship Monument in Athens, as well as the Erechtheon Temple of the columns, friezes, door frames and other architectural decorations are based on Scopoletta leaves to soft and smooth curly grass modeling for decoration. Scopoletta leaf decoration later developed into the Roman scroll grass pattern, this image of strange, curly and full of vitality to the surrounding stretch of the leaves, affecting the formation of the Arabian vine (Arabian vine evolved into the Arabian temple decorative pattern, with the vitality of the momentum and unlimited expansion of the vitality). Ancient Greco-Roman architectural decoration, grape scroll grass pattern is also very common, based on the horizontal extension of the stem, the sides of the arrangement of grapes and grape leaves. Grape scroll pattern is from Persia to the West, because it symbolizes the harvest, prolific and happy and loved by the people, in the West and the same as the Scandinavian scroll pattern, gradually become the dominant plant decorative pattern, a large number of use in architectural decoration.
The different cultural backgrounds of the East and the West, so that the architectural decoration has different characteristics, based on some of the human spiritual emotions ****, different cultures and produce a variety of wonderful connections and integration. As the most representative plant decorative patterns of different cultural forms, the convoluted pattern covers the mutual penetration of Eastern and Western cultures and the evolution of development. Analyzing and comparing the architectural decorations of the East and the West from the perspective of comparative culture can enable us to understand the architectural decoration culture from a wider perspective of society, history, politics, economy, psychology and so on.
References:
① (Japanese) Shiro Ichio: "Comparison of Eastern and Western Patterns", translated by Sun Jiliang, China Textile Publishing House, Beijing, 2002.
② (Austrian) Alois · Riegel: "The Problem of Style", translated by Liu Jinglian and Li Weiman, Hunan Science and Technology Publishing House, Changsha, 2000.
③ (Chinese) Zifu Zhao and Tang Li: "The Problem of Style", translated by Liu Jinglian and Li Weiman, Hunan Science and Technology Publishing House, Changsha, 2000.
③ Zhao Zifu and Tang Li: Foreign Classical Furniture Culture and Art, Liaoning Fine Arts Publishing House, Shenyang, 2001.
Western Architecture Essay 3
Western Religious Architecture and Its Culture
Architecture has a soul, and the spirit is dependent on the material. Many of today's buildings ignore the relationship between architecture and its ideas and spirit, the study of the spirit of architecture, has important practical significance. This paper discusses the culture embodied in architecture from the perspective of Western religious architecture, interpreting the perfect combination of architecture and spirituality.
Western civilization originated in Greece. Greek civilization is permeated with the spirit of humanism, that is, God is the embodiment of the most perfect man.
" Greece is the land of pantheism. All its landscapes were embedded in a framework of …… harmony …… and each place claimed its own god in its beautiful surroundings." The ancient Greeks worshipped the gods, and they believed that every city-state and every natural phenomenon was governed by a god. The Greeks worshiped the gods and vigorously built temples for them to provide a sacred place for the gods to reside, thus large and small temples were scattered all over ancient Greece. The Parthenon is the main representative of Greek architecture and sculpture in its heyday, known as the "Greek national treasure", the Parthenon is a temple dedicated to Athena, the patron saint of Athens, the name of the Parthenon from Athena's nickname "Parth enon" transcription, meaning "virgin". meaning "virgin", is one of the important witnesses of ancient Greek civilization. The Greeks are the same as the gods, as the Italian thinker Vico said, not God created man, but man created God in his own image, the importance of the ancient Greek nation to people, put people above the position of nature and society, and advocate the transformation and conquest of nature and society. The Parthenon fully embodies the human spirit of ancient Greek culture: the building itself is regarded as a human march to nature, so as to conquer nature, mastery of nature, a means and methods, located in the countryside, towering wall and proudly unique.
As one of the most famous buildings in the world, the Parthenon is the largest Doric temple in mainland Greece, representing the highest achievement of Doric columns in ancient Greece, and is also globally recognized as a representative of Doric columns. It focuses on the essence of ancient Greek architectural art, a blend of ancient Greek Doric and Ionic column styles, Doric column style gives people a kind of staunch and majestic, strong and powerful masculinity, while the Ionic column style gives people a kind of relaxed and lively, free and beautiful female temperament. This periphery of the Doric column, the inner temple Ionian column form, the inner soft outside hard, reflecting the beauty of people, the understanding of human temperament and character and respect, people-oriented, respect for the human body as the most beautiful spirit of humanism.
The size of the temple and its overall structure of each corner close to the Greek favorite "golden ratio", such as: the base of the wide than long, the base diameter of the columns than the columns of the distance from the center line, the front of the horizontal gable height than the front of the width of the …… basically 4:9, thus making it The composition is organized, complex and not chaotic. The ancient Greeks believed that the human body was the most beautiful. Through exploration, with wisdom, they discovered the golden ratio in the structure of the human body, with the sacred beauty of mathematics. Parthenon in the structure of the human body in line with the proportion of beauty, on the one hand, is certainly out of the pursuit of beauty; on the other hand, more importantly, lies in the worship of man, by the human body beauty of the admiration, the pursuit of harmony derived from the human nature of the beauty of the envy of the envy and the esteem of the spirit of the human spirit.
The Parthenon, whether from the site, form or structure reflects the unique architectural concept of the ancient Greeks: people are the spirit of all things, people are the basis of all things, people are the dignity of all things, it is the will, momentum and spirit of this male stand outside the sky, so that the building is no longer a cold solid, which uses a unique architectural language to enlighten people, that is, the Greek nation people-oriented spiritual soul. The Greeks created this spirit, and it is this spirit that drives the Greeks and even the whole mankind to create a new world and a new spirit.
Part of the front of the Roman Pantheon was the portico, a semi-triangular frontal wall supported by two rows of Corinthian columns, behind which was a huge circular temple. The Pantheon served as a sanctuary for the gods, and because of the polytheism practiced by the Greeks, each god there had its own temple, such as the Temple of Athena, the Temple of Zeus, and so on. Rome's religious beliefs are basically inherited from the Greek style, but under the influence of Etruscan architecture, the Romans put the gods together for worship, that is, in a temple, you can set up a few sanctuaries. Here, the ancient Greek temple surrounded by colonnades, it appears to be bright and smooth, so the building plan is rectangular; and the Roman Pantheon, because more temples for the gods, can be circular, but the space must be grand, so the Etruscan vault structure on the basis of the creation of this from the appearance of a more closed vault structure. The Pantheon used a centralized row system covered by a dome, and the reconstructed Pantheon is a representative of a building with a single space and centralized composition. The Pantheon's structure is simple, with a simple form, and its main building is circular, covered by a large curved roof with a diameter of 43.3 meters, and a height at the top of the top of the roof of also 43.3 meters. Such simple and clear geometric relationships make the single space of the Pantheon appear complete and unified.
Architectural historians say that the Roman Pantheon was the result of "moving the ancient Greek cloister into the interior", which is typical of the imperial style in Roman temple architecture. The aesthetic style of the main building of the Pantheon can be summarized as simple and solemn sublime, mysterious and grandiose, the design of the round hole to the statue of the gods and the sky associated with this sense of mystery is the East and West religions are pursuing.
Each era has its own highest artistic achievement on behalf of the art style, for the Middle Ages, the Gothic church is undoubtedly the most outstanding representative. Later generations called it the wonder of the Middle Ages.
"Gothic" (Gothic) word originally from the Goths, Gothic art is the meaning of barbaric art, for the pejorative. In the eyes of Europeans, Romanesque is the orthodox art, followed by the emergence of new forms of architecture is reduced to "Gothic" (barbaric). However, after the 12th century, Gothic art as a melting of a strong ____ mysticism charm of the novel form, become popular in Europe, noble and elegant art style. Its highest achievement is expressed in the Gothic architecture. Today in the West still stands many magnificent cathedrals, such as: Notre Dame in Paris, France, Italy, Milan Cathedral, etc., are masterpieces of Gothic architecture. The Gothic style of architecture was able to replace the previous Romanesque style of architecture, ultimately rooted in religious needs.
The Gothic style of architecture is the great creation of the French working people, but also a leap in the history of world architecture. It is characterized by "high, straight, pointed" of the force and lightness of the main features. The power of spirit is expressed through the church, which is a place for people to talk with God, so its high point is to introduce people's souls to the heavenly kingdom on high. In terms of liturgy, it retains the basic cruciform plan; in terms of structure, it no longer requires heavy stone but allows for the construction of higher and more diverse vaults. The structural system of the Gothic church consists of skeletal coupons of stone and flying buttresses. The basic unit is a double round-centered skeleton pointed coupon on columns at the corners of a square or rectangular plane, one on each side and diagonally, with roof slates erected on the coupons to form the vault. With this method, coupons of the same vector height can be made on different spans, and the vaults are light in weight, with well-defined intersecting lines, which reduces the thrust of the coupon feet and simplifies construction. In this way, the space left by the walls can be used to educate the apostles with sculptures, paintings and stained glass.
Craftsmen applied the stained glass process learned from the Arab countries, assembled into a colorful religious stories, played to the illiterate people to promote the role of doctrine, but also has a high degree of artistic achievement. Window glass to red, blue two colors, blue symbolizes the kingdom of heaven, red symbolizes the blood of Christ. At the same time, the church glass craftsmen used the glass to depict the symbols of the spirit: soft light poured in through the high side windows, and in the dark church, the light was concentrated on the altar part, so that the believer's thoughts could be drawn up towards the direction of the sky. One of the typical features of church glass, the large floral windows are circular in shape, separated by delicate stone ribs that resemble spokes of a wheel, which suggests the sun and symbolizes Christ, while the embedded round flowers represent the Virgin Mary. "The light that scatters through the stained-glass floral window graphically indicates the Scriptures —— it comes directly from the mouth of God and is incarnated in the body of Christ in the Virgin, and the window is one of the objects most often reminiscent of the Blessed Virgin.
The religious significance of the Gothic church is very clearly integrated into the art form of the building, as a spiritual conversion of the carrier, the church can tap into more forms of expression and speak to the people (such as carvings, etc.), can be said to be a "living Bible". In architecture and sculpture, gothic art never give up any detail, so that all the architectural form itself is full of corresponding religious connotation and artistic expression. It is an external form of solidification of the image of medieval Western Europeans deep inside the surging stirring the mysterious and treacherous religious feelings. In those typical works of the Catholic Church, not only the towering spires, full of grotesque and exaggerated features of the huge ribbed arches, colorful windows and partitions, and even every piece of stone, every piece of glass and every fine carving of the localization of the spirit of the other side of the world and the spiritual ideals of ____ are proclaimed.
References and information:
[Ancient Rome] Vitruvius: Ten Books of Architecture, translated by Gao Cuotai, Intellectual Property Publishing House, 2001 edition, page 76.
Yu Taixing ed. On the gothic church building structure and glass window religious allegory. The second issue. Academic Exploration.2006
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