Problem two: the main hazards of solid waste solid waste generation source dispersed, large production, complex composition, shape and nature of the variable, may contain toxicity, combustibility, explosiveness, radioactivity, corrosivity, reactivity, infectious and pathogenic hazardous waste or pollutants, and even contain pollutants enriched biological, some substances are difficult to degrade or difficult to deal with, emissions (solid waste quantity and quality) with uncertainty and hidden. Quality of solid waste) is uncertain and hidden, these factors lead to solid waste in its generation, discharge and disposal process on resources, ecological environment, people's physical and mental health, and even impede the sustainable development of social and economic. (1) Waste of large amount of resources solid waste production, and the amount of solid waste stock (landfill including simple disposal) is also very large, consume a lot of material resources, occupy a large amount of land resources. 2012 global solid waste production is estimated to be more than 10 billion tons (e-waste alone reaches 48.9 million tons), China reaches 1.5 billion tons (2.3 million tons of e-waste), the stock of solid waste amount reached 3.0 million tons globally, and the amount of e-waste reaches 1.5 million tons. Solid waste volume reached 38 billion tons globally and 7 billion tons in China. The generation of huge amount of solid waste means the consumption and waste of huge amount of material resources, and the huge amount of stock of solid waste means the occupation and waste of large amount of land resources. If we assume that the apparent specific gravity of landfill waste is 1 and the average height of waste pile is 30 meters, the global 38 billion tons of stockpiled solid waste will occupy 19 million mu of land, and China's 7 billion tons of stockpiled solid waste will occupy 3.5 million mu of land. Moreover, solid waste production is growing rapidly, and the growth rate often exceeds the growth rate of the treatment capacity of treatment facilities, and the consequence is the emergence of the "garbage city" dilemma. Along with the rapid industrial development, developed countries in the 1960s, the rapid development of solid waste production, there was a garbage city dilemma. China's solid waste production from the late 1980s also grew rapidly, "2009 to 2012 China garbage disposal industry investment analysis and forecast report," said: the country's more than 600 cities, in addition to counties, two-thirds of large and medium-sized cities have been caught in the garbage in the siege, and one-quarter of the city has no suitable place to pile up garbage. In addition, in addition to wasting a large amount of material and land resources, the proper disposal of solid waste also consumes a large amount of human, financial, information and time resources. Solid wastes, especially hazardous wastes, can damage the ecological environment if not handled properly.1) Primary pollution. If solid waste is improperly handled such as simple stacking, discharging into water bodies, random discharge, random loading and unloading, random transfer, smuggling and smuggling, etc., the landscape is damaged, and the non-biological pollutants and biological pollutants contained therein enter into the soil, water bodies, the atmosphere and the biological system, which cause one-time pollution of the soil, water bodies, the atmosphere and the biological system, damaging the ecological environment; in particular, the hazardous waste is discharged directly into the rivers and lakes or discharged into the water bodies through the In particular, discharging hazardous wastes directly into rivers and lakes or into water bodies through pipeline networks, or discharging atmospheric hazards such as dust and hazardous gases in containers into the atmosphere not only leads to water or atmospheric pollution, but also leads to the expansion of the scope of pollution, with rather serious consequences; smuggling leads to the uncertainty of the direction of the wastes, the difficulty of pollutant tracking and monitoring and the difficulty of determining the scope of pollution, which also has rather serious consequences. If hazardous waste is not handled properly, it may lead to poisoning, corrosion, burns, radioactive contamination, virus transmission and other emergencies, seriously damaging the ecological environment, and even lead to personal injury and death. Some harmful substances, such as heavy metals, dioxins, etc., and even with the water into the food chain, plants and animals and human intake, reduce the body's resistance to disease, cause disease (type) increase, the body caused by immediate or potential harm, or even lead to the death of the body. 2) Secondary pollution. Solid waste treatment process, solid waste contains some substances (including pollutants and non-pollutants) involved in physical reactions, chemical reactions, biological and biochemical reactions, generating new pollutants, resulting in secondary pollution. The formation mechanism of secondary pollution is complex, and prevention and control are more difficult than primary pollution. Solid waste treatment process common secondary pollutants and their pathways are: ① long improper storage and stockpiling process, the waste heap breeding mold and parasites and other pathogens, accelerate the reproduction and growth of rodents, snakes and mosquitoes and other organisms, bringing disease and disease transmission risk; ② storage, stockpiling, transportation, sorting, landfills and other processes, organic perishables fermentation and decay process produces methane gas, odor and other atmospheric hazards and organic wastewater (even containing heavy metals and pathogens and other pollutants) and other soil and water pollutants, but also will breed a variety of microorganisms; ③ incineration process, solid waste organic nitrogen, chlorine, sulfur and other airborne hazards into nitrogen oxides, hydrogen chloride, sulfur oxides, etc.; ④ incineration treatment of medical waste, household garbage and other wastes generated by the process of dioxin, and a large number of waste containing ...... >>
Question 3: What are the hazards of solid waste 1. pollution of water bodies
Solid waste without harmless treatment of random piles, will be with the natural precipitation or surface runoff into the rivers, lakes, long-term siltation, so that the surface of the water to reduce the harm of its harmful components will be greater.
Harmful components of solid waste, such as mercury, cadmium, lead and other trace harmful elements, such as improper treatment, can enter the soil with the soluble leachate, thereby contaminating the groundwater, but also with the rain may seep into the water network, into the wells, rivers and even the nearby sea, was ingested by the plant, and then through the food chain into the human body, affecting human health. Individual cities in China around the landfill found that the concentration of groundwater, color, total bacterial count, heavy metal content and other pollution indicators seriously exceeded the standard.
2. Pollution of the atmosphere
The dry or light weight of solid waste is carried by the wind and can pollute the atmosphere. In the waste transportation and treatment process lack of appropriate protection and purification facilities, the release of harmful gases and dust; piles and landfills of waste and infiltration of waste into the soil, volatile and reactive release of harmful gases, will pollute the atmosphere and make the atmospheric quality decline. Incineration is a more popular way to deal with solid waste, but incineration will produce a large amount of harmful gases and dust, some organic solid waste piled up for a long time, in the appropriate temperature and humidity will be microbial decomposition, while releasing harmful gases.
3. Pollution of soil
Soil is a place where many bacteria, fungi and other microorganisms live together, these microorganisms play an important role in the embodiment of the soil function, they and the soil itself constitutes a balanced ecosystem, and untreated hazardous solid wastes, after weathering, rain, surface runoff and other roles, its toxic liquids will penetrate into the soil, which will in turn kill soil microorganisms, destroying the ecological balance in the soil, and even grass in heavily polluted places.
4. Encroachment on land
Solid waste does not migrate and spread everywhere like exhaust gas and wastewater, and must occupy a large amount of land. Municipal solid waste encroachment of land phenomenon is becoming increasingly serious, China is now piled up industrial solid waste of 6 billion tons, 500 million tons of domestic garbage, it is estimated that every year 10 million tons of solid waste can not be dealt with and piled up on the outskirts of the city or on both sides of the highway, several tens of thousands of hectares of land were swallowed up by them.
5. Hazardous to human health
People living in the environment, with the atmosphere, water, soil as a medium, can be harmful waste in the environment directly from the respiratory tract, digestive tract or skin intake into the human body, so that people become ill. A typical example is the United States of America's Raffles Canal (LoveC ***) pollution incident. 1940s, a U.S. chemical company to use the Raffles Canal to stop digging the abandoned valley, to landfill production of organochlorine pesticides, plastics, and other residual hazardous wastes 2 × 104 tons. Buried more than 10 years after the region has occurred one after another, such as well water odor, infant deformity, people with strange diseases and other phenomena. The local air, groundwater used as a water source and soil were analyzed and studied to contain 82 kinds of toxic chemicals such as hexachlorobenzene, trichlorobenzene, trichloroethylene, dichlorophenol, etc., of which 27 kinds were listed on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Priority Pollution List, and as many as 11 kinds were suspected of being carcinogenic to human beings. Toxic chemical leachate seeped into the basements of many homes and surrounding yards, forcing the President to declare a "health emergency" in the area in August 1978, forcing nearly 1,000 families to move on two separate occasions and causing significant social problems and economic losses.
Question 4: What are the pollution hazards of solid waste Solid waste can be broadly divided into domestic garbage, general industrial solid waste and hazardous waste according to the source of three. In addition, there are agricultural solid waste, construction waste and abandoned soil. Solid waste, if not properly collected, utilized and treated for disposal will pollute the atmosphere, water and soil, endangering human health.
Domestic waste refers to the waste generated in people's daily lives,[1]
including food scraps, paper scraps, dust, packaging, waste products and so on. General industrial solid waste including fly ash, smelting slag, slag, tailings, industrial water treatment sludge, coal, solid waste pollution gangue and industrial dust. Hazardous waste refers to flammable, explosive, corrosive, infectious, radioactive and other toxic and hazardous wastes,[1]
In addition to solid waste, semi-solid, liquid hazardous wastes in the environmental management is usually also classified as a class of hazardous wastes for management. Solid waste has a dual nature, that is to say, at a certain time and place, some items are no longer useful to the user or temporary need to be discarded and become waste; but for some other users or under certain conditions, waste may become useful or even necessary raw materials. Solid waste pollution prevention and control is to take advantage of this feature, and strive to make solid waste minimization, resource utilization, harmless. Solid wastes that are unavoidably generated and cannot be utilized need to be treated and disposed of. Solid wastes are also characterized by a wide range of sources, many types, large quantities and complex compositions. Therefore, the focus of prevention and control work is to collect, transport and store according to the different characteristics of waste classification, and then rational use and treatment and disposal, reduce environmental pollution, as far as possible to turn waste into treasure.
Solid waste refers to the production and construction, daily life and other activities in the production of solid, semi-solid waste materials that pollute the environment. The Law of the People's Republic of China on Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Solid Wastes, hereinafter referred to as the Solid Waste Law, categorizes solid waste into three main types, industrial solid waste, municipal waste and hazardous waste. Since the pollution prevention and control of liquid wastes (except wastewater discharged into water bodies) and gaseous wastes placed in containers (except wastes discharged into the atmosphere) are also applicable to the Solid Waste Law, these wastes are sometimes referred to as solid wastes.
Industrial waste refers to solid waste generated in production activities such as industrial transportation, which is less harmful to human health or the environment, such as steel slag, boiler slag, fly ash, coal gangue, industrial dust and so on.
Domestic waste refers to solid waste generated in daily life in the city or in activities that provide services for daily life in the city, as well as solid waste that is regarded as urban living waste by laws and regulations. Various information on municipal household waste can be obtained through survey research and urban construction statistics.
Hazardous waste is waste with hazardous characteristics that is listed in the national hazardous waste list or recognized as such according to the national standards and methods for identifying hazardous waste, i.e., it refers to one of the characteristics of toxicity, corrosiveness, reactivity, flammability, leaching toxicity, and so on. Increased mortality due to its quantity, concentration, physico-chemical properties or ease of dissemination. Increased incidence of incurable diseases or solid, semi-solid, liquid wastes that are hazardous to human health or the environment.
Causes I, industrial solid waste
Industrial solid waste is generated in industrial production and processing, discharged into the environment of a variety of slag, sludge, dust and so on. Industrial solid waste if not strictly in accordance with environmental standards require safe treatment and disposal of land resources, water resources will cause serious pollution. Second, hazardous solid waste
Hazardous solid waste refers to hazardous waste, flammable, corrosive, reactive, infectious, toxicity, radioactivity and other characteristics of a variety of hazardous wastes generated by the product of the production enterprises. From the characteristics of hazardous waste, it lurks a great harm to human health and environmental protection. Such as causing or contributing to higher mortality rates, or increasing the incidence of serious diseases, or in the case of improper management will cause significant acute to human health or the environment. Immediate, or potential hazards. Third, medical waste
Medical waste refers to medical and health institutions in the medical, preventive, health care and other related activities with direct or indirect infectious, toxic and other hazardous waste. There are five main categories; one is infectious waste, two is pathological waste, three is injurious waste, four is pharmaceutical waste, five is chemical waste. Fourth, municipal waste
Municipal waste refers to solid waste generated in the city's daily life or activities to provide services for daily life in the city. Including organic: melon and fruit peelings, leftovers, inorganic: waste paper, beverage cans, scrap metal, etc., hazardous: such as waste batteries, fluorescent tubes, expired medicines and so on.
Long-term open piling of soil solid waste. Its harmful components in the surface runoff and rainwater leaching, infiltration effect through ...... >>
Problem 5: Hazards of industrial solid waste The negative accumulation of industrial waste not only occupies a large amount of land, resulting in a waste of manpower and material resources, but also many industrial wastes contain substances that are easily soluble in water, contaminating the soil and water bodies through leaching. Powdery industrial waste, flying with the wind, polluting the atmosphere, and some also emit odor and poisonous gas. Some wastes even silt the river, polluting the water system, affecting biological growth and jeopardizing personal health.
Question 6: What are the hazards of solid waste pollution Hazards of Solid Waste Pollution:
Under certain conditions, waste in the garbage will occur in the chemical, physical or biological transformation, and through the water, the atmosphere, the soil, the food chain and other pathways to contaminate the environment, endangering human health. Its main pathways are summarized as follows:
1, the impact of the atmospheric environment ① fine particles scattered with the wind, causing atmospheric pollution; ② garbage decomposition, the release of harmful gases; ③ landfill treatment of methane gas; ④ incineration method of treatment of the atmosphere caused by the secondary pollution
2, the impact of the aquatic environment ① garbage dumping contamination of the water body, endangering the survival of aquatic organisms, shrinking the surface of the water surface area, reducing flooding, irrigation capacity; reduce flooding, irrigation capacity. Reduce flooding, irrigation capacity; ② open piling and simple landfill, leachate caused by surface water and groundwater pollution.
3, the impact on the soil environment ① weathering, leaching, runoff erosion, damage to the soil ecosystem; ② harmful ingredients through the soil in the plant and animal body accumulation, and ultimately endanger human health.
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Question 7: What are the characteristics of solid waste? What are the hazards of industrial production process discharged into the environment of a variety of slag, dust and other wastes. Can be divided into general industrial waste (such as blast furnace slag, steel slag, red mud, non-ferrous metal slag, fly ash, coal slag, sulfuric acid slag, waste gypsum, salt sludge, etc.) and industrial hazardous solid waste The main way to control the environmental pollution of solid wastes and the hazards of human health is the implementation of the resourcefulness, harmlessness, and minimization of solid waste. a. Recycling of resources Recovery of energy and resources through recycling of solid wastes. The recycling of industrial solid waste must be based on the production characteristics of specific industries, and attention should also be paid to factors such as technical feasibility, product competitiveness and the ability to obtain economic benefits. b. Harmless Disposal The harmless disposal of solid waste refers to the proper treatment or disposal of solid waste so that the solid waste or the harmful components therein cannot harm the environment or are transformed into environmentally harmless substances. Commonly used methods include: landfill; incineration; and composting. Editorial solid waste treatment and utilization control of solid waste pollution of the environment and the recovery of resources from solid waste engineering technology and management measures