Heilongjiang Province:
Located in the northeastern corner of the motherland, east and north of the neighboring Russia, the border is 3,000 kilometers long. In ancient times, it was Sushin land, in the Han Dynasty it was Fuyu land, in the Liao Dynasty it was Tokyo and Shangjing Road, in the metal Shangjing Road, in the Yuan Dynasty it was Lingbei and Liaoning Province, in the Ming Dynasty it was the land of female jin, in the early Qing Dynasty it was the jurisdiction of the General of Heilongjiang, and at the end of the Qing Dynasty it was set up as the Heilongjiang Province.
The province is now governed by a region, twelve prefecture-level cities, twenty counties open to the outside world.
The province covers an area of more than 46,000 square kilometers.
Heilongjiang Province is known as Hei
The capital of the province is Harbin.
There are 10 ethnic minorities living in Heilongjiang Province, Herzhe, Oroqen, Korea, Mongolia and other ethnic minorities rich in flavor; on the capital of Longquanfu and on the capital of Huiningfu were the capital of the Bohai Kingdom in the Tang Dynasty and the early Jin Dynasty, was the symbol of the economic and cultural prosperity of the province of Heilongjiang at that time; Harbin, Daqing and other cities are rapidly changing, the northern border of the modern city distinctive features; and Russia is connected to more than 3,000 kilometers of land and water border, is the most important part of the province, is the most important part of the province. More than 3000 kilometers of land and water border with Russia, is a channel for all kinds of exchanges between China and Russia. In addition, Heilongjiang Province also has a unique industrial culture and foreign culture, which are the important basis for the development of special tourism in Heilongjiang Province.
Natural environment:
1. Terrain
The terrain of Heilongjiang Province is roughly high in the northwest, north and southeast, and low in the northeast and southwest; it mainly consists of mountains, plateaus, plains and water. Northwest for the northeast a southwest direction of the Daxinganling mountains, the north for the northwest a southeast direction of the Xiaoxinganling mountains, southeast for the northeast a southwest direction of the Zhangguangcailing, Laoyaoling, Wanda mountain range, the land accounted for about 24.7% of the total area of the province; elevation of more than 300 meters above the hilly terrain of the province accounted for about 35.8%; the northeast of the Sanjiang Plain, the west of the Songnen Plain, is China's largest part of the Northeast Plain, the plains account for 37.0% of the province's total area, with an elevation of 50--200 meters.?
2. Land?
The province's soil area is 44.37 million hectares (equivalent to 670 million mu), accounting for 93% of the province's total land area. The province's arable land and forest area ranks first in the country, pastureland area ranks seventh. Land to be developed ranked 4th, reclaimable reserve arable land ranked 2nd. At the end of 2004, the province's arable land 9.905 million hectares (149 million mu), per capita 3.9 mu. Heilongjiang has fertile land with high organic matter content. Agricultural soil accounts for 40% of the province's total soil area, black soil, black calcium soil, meadow soil area accounts for 67.6% of the province's total arable land, is one of the world's three famous black soil belt. The province's agricultural reserve resources area of 4.793 million hectares (72 million mu), accounting for 10.5% of the province's total land area, land to be developed area is second only to Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia and Sichuan Province, ranking fourth in the country.?
3. Climate?
Heilongjiang is a continental monsoon climate from mesothermal to cold temperate. The average annual temperature is -4~5 degrees Celsius. Temperatures gradually decrease from southeast to northwest, with a difference of nearly 10 degrees Celsius from north to south. High summer temperatures, high precipitation, and long hours of sunshine are favorable for the growth of crops. Solar radiation is abundant, and the annual sunshine hours are generally 2300-2800 hours. The windy days in spring are most common in Songnen Plain and Sanjiang Plain, which are rich in wind energy resources.
Heilongjiang Province has a cold-temperate - temperate, humid - semi-humid monsoon climate with long, cold winters and short summers, with no summers at the northwest end. Year-round average temperature of minus 6-4 degrees Celsius, January minus 32- minus 17 degrees Celsius, July 16-23 degrees Celsius, the northwestern part of the lowest temperature. Temperate and cold temperate monsoon climate, long and cold winters, short and sunny summers, frost-free period of 3-5 months, annual precipitation of 400-700 mm. The annual frost-free period is 90-120 days. The average annual precipitation is between 50-700 millimeters, with the highest amount on the windward slopes of Xiaoxinganling and Zhangguancailing. 60% of the annual precipitation is concentrated in June-August, and on July 15, 1957, Keshan received 177.9 mm of precipitation, which is the largest daily precipitation in the province. Spring drought, summer flooding and fall frost are the main natural disasters. It is the coldest province in China.
Natural resources:
The mountain range covers 60% of the province's area, mountain slopes moderate, snow quality, snowfall, suitable for the construction of intermediate and advanced ski resorts in more than 100 places; forested area of more than 20 million hectares, forest coverage rate of 43.6%, ranking first in the country, and most of the natural forests; the province's rivers and rivers across the water resources of the northern provinces of the first, the Heilongjiang River, the Songhua River, Heilongjiang, Songhua River, Ussuri River, Nenjiang River and Suifen River constitute the province's five major water systems, Xingkai Lake, Jingpo Lake, Lianhuan Lake and other scenic delights, magnificent; Zalong, three rivers and Xingkai Lake wetland area is vast, and well-protected biodiversity; Wudalianchi volcanic landscape is unique, mineral springs are rich in resources, is the most potential for development of world-class resources.
Cultivated land resources:
Heilongjiang Province, land conditions in the country's first, the total area of arable land and land reserves can be developed accounted for more than one-tenth of the country, per capita arable land and farmers per capita management of arable land is about three times the national average. The province's existing arable land 9.905 million hectares, soil organic matter content is higher than the rest of the country, black soil, black calcium soil and meadow soil accounted for more than 60% of the arable land, is one of the world's three famous black soil belt. Heilongjiang Province is rich in soybeans, wheat, corn, potatoes, rice and other food crops, as well as sugar beet, flax, tobacco and other cash crops.
The province's grassland area of about 4.33 million hectares, grass quality, high nutritional value, suitable for the development of animal husbandry. The Songnen Grassland is one of the world's three largest sheep grasslands.
Mineral resources:
There are 131 kinds of minerals discovered, and 74 kinds of minerals with proven reserves. Petroleum, graphite, silica, cast basalt, asbestos with basalt, cement with marble, pigmented loess, volcanic ash, glass with marble and potassium feldspar, etc.. 10 kinds of mineral reserves in the country's first, coal reserves in the three northeastern provinces in the first place. Heilongjiang Province has developed and utilized 39 kinds of minerals, all kinds of minerals annual output value ranked second in the country.
Forest resources:
The province's forestry operations in a total area of 31.75 million hectares, accounting for 2/3 of the province's land area. 2007 million hectares of forested land area, the total volume of standing trees of 1.5 billion cubic meters, the forest cover rate of 43.6%, the forest area, the total volume of forests and timber production ranked the forefront of the country is the country's most important state-owned forests and the largest timber production base. There are more than 100 kinds of forest species, of which more than 30 are of high utilization value. Heilongjiang Province is one of the largest forestry provinces in China, and the ecological status of forestry is very important. Natural forest resources is the main body of forest resources in Heilongjiang Province, mainly distributed in the large and small Hinggan Mountains and Changbai Mountains and Wanda Mountains.
Energy:
Heilongjiang Province is an important national energy industry base. In 2004, the province produced 71.169 million tons of raw coal, which is one of the main coal export provinces. In addition, electricity and gas also play an important role. Before the founding of New China, Heilongjiang had only one hydroelectric power station at Jingpo Lake. In the past few decades, hydroelectric power stations have been developed simultaneously. By 1999, there were nearly 200 large and small power plants in the province, with a total installed capacity of nearly 10 million megawatts. The province's hydropower generation capacity reached 1.4 billion megawatt hours. Harbin Gas & Chemical Corporation's Hai gas project, with a daily output of 1.89 million cubic meters of gas, was built on the scale of "Asia's largest".
Biological resources:
Wild animals and beasts of 6 orders, 20 families, 88 species, accounting for 21.6% of the number of species, of which the first-class key species of sable, sable bear, leopard, tiger, sika deer, musk 6 species. Birds of 19 orders, 57 families and 361 species, accounting for 29% of the national species. There are 12 species of cranes, Chinese ducks, storks, golden eagles and other species under first-class protection. More than 2,100 species of wild plants, including gymnosperms, 4 families, 8 genera, 17 species, angiosperms 107 families, 636 genera, 1,747 species, seed plants 111 families, 644 genera, 1,764 species. Economic value of wild plant resources reserves of about 2.5 million tons, edible in more than 250,000 tons, more than 1 million tons of wild strip of grass paper raw materials, 1.25 million tons of various medicinal herbs.
There are 163 nature reserves in the province (including 14 at the national level and 40 at the provincial level).
Water resources:
The province has a large number of rivers and lakes, Heilongjiang, Ussuri River, Songhua River, Nenjiang River and Suifen River, five major water systems, the existing lakes, reservoirs more than 6,000, with more than 800,000 hectares of water. Heilongjiang Province is one of the richer provinces in China in terms of water resources, 70% of the annual rainfall is concentrated in the growing season of crops, rain and heat in the same season, the biological growth of a good environment.
Tourism resources:
The tourism resources of Heilongjiang Province are rich and distinctive.
Economic development:
Heilongjiang forest is rich in mineral resources, industrial oil, coal, timber, machinery, food as the main body of crude oil, timber, power generation equipment, railroad wagons, plywood, fiberboard, and natural gas, gasoline, diesel fuel, bearings, respectively, the output of the country's first and second. The province's railroads and highways ranked first and fifth in the country's provinces and districts, respectively.
The main grain crops for miscellaneous grains, to corn, rice, sorghum more. Heilongjiang for the country's important wheat producing areas, mainly in the north. Heilongjiang soybean in the country in an important position, mainly distributed in the plains south of 50 degrees north latitude, a large number of exports every year. Cash crops to sugar beet, flax, sunflower-based, production often ranked first in the country.
The large and small Hinggan Mountains are densely forested, the most important forestry base in China, the volume of timber stock, the volume of logging ranked first in the country, with the red pine, larch as the main species, is the country's most important timber supply base. Coal, oil and gold are the most important minerals in the province. The Songnen Plain is rich in oil, with the Daqing Oil Field being the most famous. Coal is widely distributed, and the coal mines in Jixi, Hegang, Shuangyashan and Qitaihe are famous.
Environment and problems:
At the end of 2004, the province's environmental protection system*** had 4,090 employees and 106 environmental monitoring stations at all levels. Built 288 smog control area, a total area of 1068.9 square kilometers; built 301 noise compliance area, compliance area of 898.9 square kilometers. Industrial wastewater treatment rate, smoke and dust emission compliance rate, solid waste utilization rate of 92.0%, 90.0% and 72.0% respectively. At the end of the year, the province has 163 nature reserves, an increase of 12 over the previous year.