(A) inoculation room Inoculation room is a highly clean sterile area, generally about 2 meters in length and width, about 2.2 meters high (Figure 7-2). The top of the wall is equipped with ultraviolet lamps and fluorescent lamps each 1. The floor is clean with a sewer, and the walls are white with waterproof coating or paint for easy rinsing and disinfection. Outside the inoculation room is a buffer room, the length of which is the same as the inoculation room, 1 meter wide. Buffer room wall also installed on the top of the ultraviolet lamp and fluorescent lamps each 1, the wall has a hanging rack. Inoculation room and buffer room door should be sliding door structure.
Figure 7-2 inoculation room structure schematic
Ultraviolet lamps for air disinfection, both clean and non-polluting, is a good method of disinfection, and therefore has long been widely used. Ultraviolet lamp to hang in the ceiling under the appropriate, generally should be installed in the operating table 1.5 meters away. The optimum temperature for UV action is 26.7℃. In humid conditions, the effect is reduced. Ultraviolet lamps are generally used in the first 100 hours of the power is quickly reduced, so it is necessary to use 100 hours after the determination of its intensity (measured by ultraviolet photometer). If the power drops to 70% of the original power, it is considered to have failed, should be replaced in a timely manner. If not replaced in a timely manner, not only is there no bactericidal effect, the energy will also be conducive to the growth of bacteria. Ultraviolet lamp maintenance is extremely important, at least 2 to 4 weeks, or even once a week to clean. Available clean soft cloth or alcohol moistened cotton gently wipe, to avoid traces on the glass, prohibit the use of oil or wax cloth wipe, loading and unloading of lamps to avoid direct hand contact with the surface of the lamp, in order to prevent the phenomenon of loss of permeability of the lamp. In use, the operator's eyes and skin must not be directly exposed to UV light to prevent injury.
Biological particles such as bacteria and fungal spores in most of the diameter of 0.5 microns or so, because they can not exist independently, are attached to the dust and become a group, cohesion diameter is greater than 0.5 microns, so the high-efficiency air filters in the dust in addition to bacteria.
How clean is the inoculation room, can be tested in a simple way: in the inoculation room of the workbench, with an average spacing position placed on the petri dish 3, each dish is loaded with nutrient-rich and sterilized solid culture medium about 20 ml. Open the lid of the dish to expose the medium for 30 minutes and then cover, incubated at 37 ℃ for 48 hours to check the number of colonies, on average, no more than 4 in each dish is sterilized. The cleanliness basically reaches class 100 (international standard: the amount of dust in the air ≥ 0.5 micron ≤ 3.5 grains / liter, that is, to reach class 100).
Inoculation room alone using ultraviolet irradiation, but not at the same time aseptic ventilation, is not able to meet the requirements of sterility, the reasons are:
(1) limited area of ultraviolet radiation UV radiation, although a strong surface bactericidal effect, but the effective area of radiation is limited, even in the application of a reasonable case, but also can not kill all the bacteria in the air. Therefore, it is also necessary to cooperate with the use of chemical sterilization and air filtration method to filter out the bacteria not killed.
(2) ultraviolet light penetration is weak, most of the bacteria attached to the dust, and ultraviolet light penetration is weak, the dust on the (especially larger particles) bacteria, inactivation effect is not complete, and aseptic ventilation is essential to remove the dust measures.
(3) inoculation room ventilation is poor inoculation room for the closed room, can not be natural ventilation, if you do not use artificial ventilation, due to the human body and material bottles (bags) of water evaporation increased indoor temperature and humidity, resulting in bacteria and mold reproduction, and is not conducive to the health of the operator.
When conditions permit, air filtration devices should be installed to filter out bacteria and dust. Aseptic ventilation equipment is generally composed of a centrifugal blower, air box equipped with a filter plate and air ducts. Ideal ventilation equipment should be heated or and cooling air device. Aseptic air should enter from the center of the room ceiling and exit from the lower corner of the room, and the direction of the exhaust air should be through the buffer room and then through the locker room. The air pressure in the standard inoculation room should be maintained at a positive pressure, about 30.4 to 50.7 kPa above the outdoors, so as to prevent the reflux of unclean air from the outside world.
In short, the inoculation room air treatment, neither by ventilation alone, nor by ultraviolet irradiation alone, must be a combination of both, in order to achieve the purpose of indoor air purification.
In order to save investment, inoculation room can also set up ultra-clean bench. Using the principle of filtration and sterilization, the air is first filtered to sterile, and then the sterile air is blown out in one direction from the wind tunnel to make the worktable become locally sterile, and then carry out the inoculation operation.
(ii) inoculation box inoculation box inoculation is more suitable for small-scale production of farmers. Inoculation box (Figure 7-3) of the top two sides of the inclined shape, the slope of the window can be opened and closed door, the window door and the box frame must be closed. The bottom of the box on both sides of the box wall each has two holes, holes installed on the sleeve, inoculation hand by the sleeve into the box operation. There are ultraviolet lamps and fluorescent lamps inside the box.
Figure 7-3 Double inoculation box (unit: cm)
(C) steam device inoculation in the sterile area above the steam flow range, the required device style is not fixed, most of the heater, kettle and workbench composition, mushroom farmers can be arbitrarily set up in accordance with its principles. Most of the heaters are electric stoves, but coal stoves can also be used. Furnace on the small mouth of the kettle or kettle, pot or pot above the table for the worktable, the table surface has 10 cm × 20 cm holes, the table surface holes and the mouth of the kettle or pot mouth close together, so that the mouth of the kettle (pot mouth) produced by the concentration of steam from the mouth of the holes out of the spray. Before inoculation, first heat the water in the pot or pan, after the steam is produced, a sterile area is formed above the orifice, which can then be inoculated. Inoculation, the original seed and to be inoculated with the mouth of the bottle of bacteria aligned with the table hole, and then inoculate according to the conventional method.
(4) inoculation account inoculation is the most critical process of strain production, and the inoculation place is directly related to the success of inoculation. Using inoculation box inoculation, the disadvantage is that its sealing performance is poor, small space and inconvenient operation; inoculation room space is too large, resulting in disinfection is difficult to be thorough, high bacterial infection rate. To solve these problems, the use of "mosquito net" type plastic inoculation shed, the effect is very good.
1. The production of "mosquito net" type plastic inoculation shed with 3 meters wide, 5 silk thick agricultural plastic film made. Inoculation shed specifications 3 meters long x 3 meters wide x 3 meters high. Production is extremely simple, first cut 13.5 meters long plastic film as a 3-meter square inoculation shed enclosure, another 3 meters long film as the roof. Then use the plastic sealing machine or soldering iron will be two pieces of film along the edge of the seal, in the shed on the side of a masked joint line, as the door of the inoculation shed for inoculation personnel in and out of the ventilating and dehumidification with the four top corners of the inoculation shed each tie a rope, easy to hang. This is a 3-meter square similar to the mosquito net plastic inoculation shed will be made.
Clean up the inoculation site before use, and then the inoculation shed hanging up, shed height of 2.5 meters, the remaining 0.5 meters folded into the shed. Then move the cooled sticks into the shed, stacked along the wall of the shed, the plastic shed folded up part of the pressure compaction. Shelter to leave an empty space for the inoculation table and staff to walk around. When ready, close the inoculation shed for sterilization. After inoculation, the sticks can be cultivated in situ, sealed directly with the seed block, and then removed from the shed when the mycelium grows to 5 to 10 centimeters. Each time you can receive 1000 bags of sticks, inoculation time of about 5 hours.
2. Effect In order to verify the "mosquito net" type plastic inoculation shed inoculation effect, the "shed" and "room" of the comparative test, each comparison test inoculation The inoculation time, location, weather, personnel, sterilization method, strain quality and raw material formula were the same or basically the same. The results show that the "mosquito net" type plastic shed inoculation 20,000 bags, the bacterial yield of 93%; and inoculation room inoculation 20,000 bags, the bacterial yield of only 84%, "shed" than "room" inoculation success rate of 9% higher than "room" inoculation. The inoculation success rate of 9% higher. The main reason is that the inoculation shed size and sealing performance is good; Second, the environment is more hygienic, each time before the inoculation of the inoculation shed will be cleaned or turned over to the sun, and the bags of fungi in situ cultivation, is not easy to break the contamination. Compared with the inoculation room (box), inoculation shed with the following advantages:
(1) low cost to make a "mosquito net" type inoculation shed with only more than thirty dollars, is the inoculation box of 1/5, and the production is simple, generally can be used continuously for three years.
(2) high labor efficiency, the general inoculation box only about 25 sticks per hour, the inoculation shed can be more than 50 sticks per hour, and in situ cultivation of bacteria, no longer use other things to seal, saving a lot of labor.
(E) culture room After inoculation of bottles (bags) need to be cultivated at the right temperature. In order to improve the utilization of floor space, the interior can be set up strain racks. The number of racks, levels, layer spacing and other design in addition to consider the utilization of culture space, should also take into account the placement of bottles (bags) and the convenience of inspection. Bed frame can be bamboo and wood structure, can also be made of angle steel. Shelves covered with wooden or plastic boards, in order to place the strain bottle (bag). The size of the rack specifications, depending on the size of the room. The width of the bed frame placed in the middle is 1.2 to 1.4 meters; the width of the bed frame placed according to the wall is 0.7 to 0.9 meters. The number of layers of the bed frame depends on the height of the mushroom room, generally 5 to 6 layers, each layer is about 0.5 meters apart, the bottom layer is 0.3 meters from the ground, and the top layer is at least 1 meter from the roof. In order to facilitate temperature regulation, humidity regulation and air exchange, the culture room should be equipped with floor windows and air conditioners. The ground window should be screened, closed for heat preservation and opened for air exchange. Germination period to maintain a light-free culture, check the use of hand-held work lights or open fluorescent lamps.
(F) Foam Plastic Sheet Mushroom Room In the production of ashwagandha, mushroom shed is its main cultivation facilities, commonly used brick wall structure of the improved mushroom shed, semi-underground soil mushroom shed, bamboo and wood structure of the plastic sheds, simple shading small arches, etc., these facilities, although the cost is relatively low, in the production of the dominant role, but there are a number of problems such as heat preservation, humidity preservation is unsatisfactory, is not easy to regulate; miscellaneous bacteria contamination Serious, especially rough walls, floors and roofs, pests and diseases are not easy to completely eliminate, and due to perennial humidity, bamboo and wood frame, reed foil is easy to rot and decay, lime or clay walls are easy to fall off, the use of the shed's life expectancy is short.
Aiming at the traditional mushroom shed exists a variety of problems, the Ministry of Agriculture, Planning and Design Institute developed a new type of plastic covered steel pipe skeleton mushroom room, in Beijing Tongxian, Wuhan, Hubei and other scientific research and production units to experiment and verify that the mushroom room heat preservation, moisture preservation, ventilation and other effects, its environmental conditions can meet the requirements of the growth of a variety of ashwagandha, received a significant benefit.
1. The structure of mushroom room is an assembled mushroom room composed of galvanized nickel thin-walled steel pipes with skeleton, the top of which is in the shape of an arch, and it is connected and installed with various kinds of special clamps and parts. The length of the mushroom house is 10-15 meters, the span is 6 meters, the shoulder height is 2.4 meters, and the height of the arch is 3.2 meters. The direction of the mushroom room is north-south, east-west long, with ventilation windows and exhaust floor windows on the north and south sides, ventilation fan installed, skylight on the arch top, and the door is placed on the east side of the mountain wall. The whole structure is easy to assemble and the basic components are manufactured in the factory. The foundation is made of angle steel and iron wire, and the bottom foot of the steel pipe skeleton is integrated and buried into the soil layer, so as to ensure the resistance to the upward force of wind load or the downward pressure of snow load. The floor of the mushroom house is cemented. The mushroom house is covered with three layers, the outer and inner layers are plastic film and the middle layer is Styrofoam board, which is fixed on the skeleton with special clamps. The covering material can be used for more than 8 years and the skeleton can be used for more than 10 years.
2. performance of mushroom room
(1) good heat preservation and insulation, warm in winter and cool in summer In mid and late December, the test results in Beijing, the outside air temperature -7 ~ -15.5 ℃, the mushroom room 6 ~ 10 ℃, while the ordinary brick structure of the mushroom shed for 0 ~ 5 ℃. in mid-July, when the highest outside air temperature of 34 ℃, the mushroom room up to 26 ℃, the highest ordinary mushroom shed 31 ℃. If you increase the temperature appropriately in the cold winter weather and lower the temperature appropriately in the hot season, you can cultivate ashwagandha on an annual basis.
(2) Good moisturizing performance According to different weather, spraying water in the mushroom room 1～2 times a day can keep 80%～95% relative humidity of the air, and the moisturizing time is longer lasting than that of common mushroom room, which is easy to adjust.
(3) The temperature of the mushroom room is more stable Under the condition of closed doors and windows, the temperature difference between day and night is obviously smaller than that of the common mushroom room, which is suitable for cultivating strains of mushrooms and thermostable and sturdy ashwagandha.
(4) Ventilation, cooling and dehumidification are effective Since the mushroom room is equipped with convection windows, the indoor air is fresh, and at the same time, it is conducive to the regulation of temperature and humidity.
(5) Sufficient light in the mushroom room As the pull-down curtain can control the light intensity, the scattered light distribution is more uniform, which is conducive to the development of ashwagandha and its color, aroma and taste.
3. Mushroom application
(1) Temperature management In spring and fall, the natural temperature in the mushroom room is basically in line with the conditions for the growth and development of ashwagandha. In summer counter-seasonal cultivation, cooling measures can be used to meet the development conditions of the ashwagandha, such as covering the roof of the shed with a sunshade net to cool down the temperature, indoor forced ventilation using a fan, and where possible, installing a wet curtain system to cool down the temperature, which is even more effective, and maintains indoor temperature conditions of less than 25°C. In winter, heating methods can be used to increase the temperature of the mushroom room, so as to increase the temperature of the mushroom room. In winter, you can take the method of heating to raise the temperature inside the mushroom room, keeping it at about 15℃.
(2) Humidity management The new mushroom room has obvious moisturizing effect, in the process of cultivation and management, according to the specific humidity changes in the room and the weather conditions, no water spraying on rainy and cloudy days, and water spraying 1 to 2 times a day on sunny days, combined with ventilation, to prevent the mushroom from rotting due to excessive humidity.
(3) Ventilation management In the season when the natural temperature is suitable for the growth of gray tree flower, doors and windows are often opened and the indoor air is relatively fresh. In summer to prevent high temperature and high humidity, increase the ventilation after each water spray or rainy days; winter production due to the need for heat preservation, ventilation is relatively less, but to ensure that the air in the mushroom room is fresh. Pay attention to ventilation and air permeability, use the floor window and skylight to ventilate 2 to 3 times a day, 10 to 15 minutes each time.
(4) Reasonable utilization of new mushroom room In the case of human, material and technical conditions allow, according to the season to choose different temperature type of species and varieties, to improve the index of replanting, to improve the yield per unit area, and strive for more income. At the same time, we should match the cultivars according to the market demand, and try to choose the varieties that are in short supply, with high economic value, and suitable for freshness and dryness. Such as the annual production of gray trefoil - golden needle mushrooms, can also be used as a fungus or cultivation bag of the hair of the fungus library.