1, Japan's overall economic and social development level is higher
It is well known that Japan is one of the world's most developed countries, with a strong scientific and technological, economic, human resources and material base, which are for the research and prevention of earthquakes provide the basis of the defense barrier. Earthquake prevention and control is a systematic work, how the level of prevention and control is generally affected by science and technology, the economy, the rule of law and the quality of the people and many other aspects, rather than independent. Therefore, the overall level of development of Japan's economy and society, determines Japan in the prevention and control level of earthquake disaster is much higher than our country and developing countries in general.
2, Japan's housing construction quality and safety factor is higher
How the building quality of housing is to determine the level of earthquake resistance is the direct cause of the lack of good construction as a guarantee, and then the prevention and control measures are not helpful. It is understood that most of the Japanese residents of the building for the 8 earthquake, however, in the face of a magnitude 9 earthquake hit, most of the houses did not collapse, in order to tenacious "immortal bird" image, from a side to show the first seismic power of the earthquake resistance ability of the real.
Japanese buildings in the earthquake in front of the good performance, the main reason for: First, Japan's economy is developed, the strength of the construction of high-cost investment, the construction of high-quality building materials are generally used, steel and reinforced concrete structures accounted for a considerable proportion. Secondly, Japan is a global leader in earthquake-resistant design technology. Japan is constantly increasing the development of new technologies for urban earthquake prevention and mitigation, exploring new ideas for comprehensive urban disaster mitigation, and has complex and stringent regulations on safety in terms of earthquake resistance and other safety aspects of buildings. Thirdly, Japan's building laws are getting better and better. It is understood that after every major earthquake in Japan, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) organizes forces to conduct seismic surveys of buildings, and proposes changes to the Building Standards Law based on the results of the surveys. As early as 1923, after the Great Kanto Earthquake, Japan enacted a law requiring the construction of houses to calculate the degree of seismic protection, and in 1995 enacted a standard for earthquake-proofing of buildings - the "Building Standards Law", which clearly stipulates that high-rise buildings must be able to withstand strong earthquakes of more than 7 on the Richter scale.
Contrasting with most of Japan's hardy high-rise buildings, we have to think about the quality of our housing construction. "Brittle walls", "leaky" export endless, housing quality problems are frequent, not to mention earthquake-proof, and even normal living can not meet. Wenchuan earthquake, a large number of schools unbearable, resulting in how many innocent students' lives were mercilessly swallowed!
3, Japan's national awareness of earthquake mitigation and disaster prevention is high
Japan is an earthquake-prone country, it is said that more than 10% of the world's felt earthquakes occur in Japanese waters, and has experienced a number of major earthquakes. These congenital disasters, on the contrary, have forged the Japanese nation's worrying mindset and strengthened the nation's awareness of disaster mitigation and prevention.
In order to minimize the losses caused by natural disasters such as earthquakes, the Japanese government has long been educating its citizens about disaster prevention and improving their self-help capabilities. It is understood that almost every Japanese family has such a "place of refuge in case of disaster" map, indicating the place of refuge in case of floods, typhoons, landslides, tsunamis and earthquakes in this area. Japanese people have almost no furniture in their bedrooms, and bedding is kept in closets with sliding doors. In addition to saving space, these doors are also designed to prevent them from opening automatically during earthquakes due to shaking, which could cause things stored inside to slide out and injure people. Japanese people's car luggage generally have a "disaster prevention box", which has some dry food, drinking water, flashlights, first aid kits ...... and so on, it can be said that the Japanese people's awareness of disaster prevention is carried out to almost every aspect of work and life.
4, Japan's disaster prevention system and the legal system is relatively complete
1947, Japan formulated the first disaster related "Disaster Relief Act," in 1950, and will be formulated in 1920, mainly related to urban planning, "City Street Buildings Act" amended to "Building Standards Act," which focuses on the protection of national life, property and health, and become a building site, structure, equipment and use must meet the requirements of the building. In 1961, Japan enacted the Building Standards Law. In 1961, Japan enacted the Basic Law for Disaster Countermeasures, and in 1978, Japan enacted a law specializing in earthquakes, the "Law on Special Measures for Countermeasures Against Large-Scale Earthquakes," which defines areas where large-scale earthquakes are likely to occur as "Enhanced Countermeasures Against Earthquakes," and stipulates that areas where there is a large number of people entering and exiting, including hospitals, department stores, hotels, and theaters, as well as areas where people engaged in petroleum, high pressure, and other industries are exposed to high temperatures. In addition, hospitals, department stores, hotels, theaters, and other places where many people come and go, companies engaged in the petroleum, high-pressure gas, and gunpowder industries, and railroads and other passenger transportation services must have their own "Earthquake Disaster Preparedness Emergency Response Plans," and each area must ensure that evacuation routes and shelters are available in case of an earthquake.
In addition to this, it has become an indisputable fact that Japan's various earthquake prevention measures are better implemented. Imagine, no matter how complete the preparedness system and legal measures are, if they are not implemented or not implemented well, their effectiveness will be greatly reduced.
5, the Japanese people's overall high quality
Japan's entire "anti-earthquake system" is not only the building, but also the whole society, civilization and humane everywhere in the details. According to reports: after the earthquake, the people want to report peace, the city's public telephones have all been switched to free; do not understand Japanese, Japan's NHK TV station took turns in Japanese, English, Chinese, Korean and other languages, as well as sign language, the release of the latest information; Japan's Suntory immediately announced that all the street vending machine free supply, thirsty as long as the button in the vending machine that is a drink; hungry, Japan's 711 All free food; tired, large supermarkets open to you to stay and rest; in the evacuation of the hardest-hit areas of the traffic, densely occupied only half of the lane, the other side of the lane is empty, but no vehicles crowded up; receive relief food for the public in the playground lined up in a long S-shaped queue, rules and regulations ...... Undeniably, Japan is a well-organized society
The Japanese people have a very high quality of life, and they have a very high quality of life.
Two, our country should be from which aspects of efforts to enhance the effectiveness of earthquake prevention
Do not mention, the occurrence of earthquakes is not shifted by the will of mankind, unavoidable. In the face of earthquakes, mankind can only do to prevent and rescue, to minimize the losses caused by seismic disasters. In today's Japan, a strong earthquake of about 7 magnitude, basically no deaths, it can be said that the basic goal of earthquake prevention has been achieved. In our country, on the other hand, the casualties of earthquakes on people are still tragic, often hundreds to tens of thousands of people. Almost every earthquake, accompanied by the loss of life.
How to prevent and resist earthquakes is a major challenge that we have to face on the road to development. Earthquake prevention, the main purpose is to reduce or avoid casualties. Obviously, we still have a long way to go in this regard. Below, the author combined with the successful experience and practice of Japan's earthquake prevention and anti-earthquake work, talk about how to improve our country's level of earthquake prevention and anti-earthquake?
1, focus on improving the quality of buildings and seismic safety coefficient
An anti-seismic approach to a thousand, the core point boils down to nothing more than to reduce the seismic force, improve the overall seismic capacity of the two houses. Practice has also fully proved that after the earthquake-resistant buildings can defend and mitigate earthquake damage. In the specific practice, mainly from the site selection, foundation treatment, structural construction, body design, building materials and construction quality and other aspects to ensure that in order to build a good earthquake-resistant houses.
To ensure that the hard anti-seismic housing, in addition to scientific and reasonable technical measures, there must also be a strict legal system to ensure the implementation of the technical requirements of the legal system, through legal means to be clear; not in accordance with the requirements of the construction of the law can be forced through the legal enforcement measures, to combat the profit-oriented, cutting corners, irregularities in operation and other behaviors, and to accept the supervision of the profession, the community and the law.
2, strengthen the administrative law enforcement and judicial function
China's government attaches great importance to earthquake disaster and prevention, to date, China has basically established a relatively perfect system of earthquake disaster prevention and control. 1964, China promulgated the first seismic design code "seismic design code for buildings in earthquake zones draft", 1976, issued a "code for seismic design of industrial and civil buildings", 1989, issued a "building code of seismic design", 1989, issued a "building code of seismic design", "building code of seismic design", "building code of seismic design", and "building code of seismic design".
The first seismic design code was issued in 1964, "Draft Seismic Design Code for Buildings in Earthquake Zones", and in 1976, "Seismic Design Code for Industrial and Civil Buildings" was issued, and in 1989, "Seismic Design Code for Buildings" was issued.
How to ensure the implementation of these policies and measures is a key part of the earthquake prevention and seismic work. The author believes that the main thing is to strengthen the administrative law enforcement and judicial functions, and improve the legal supervision mechanism.
One is to correctly understand and grasp the strength of the earthquake and other disaster prevention and control law enforcement. In the disaster prevention and control of legal system engineering, law enforcement, justice is a key link, once weakened or neglected, damage to the authority of the legislation, it is difficult to achieve the goal of disaster prevention and control and the expected results. Second, disaster prevention and control to the administrative criminal law direction of the integration of administrative responsibility and criminal responsibility, a large number of administrative disciplinary action in the current legislation, administrative penalties up to the nature of criminal liability penalties, from the strict crackdown on the human factor caused by the disaster or hidden, to combat the disruption of the order of the disaster relief of the illegal and criminal behavior, and so on. Thirdly, the law enforcement and supervision mechanism should be put into practice. Due to the disaster prevention and control, the government plays a leading role, the power is relatively concentrated, and may be due to the extraordinary period of time the government has a greater administrative emergency disposal power, administrative allocation of power, inevitably be abused to the detriment of the legitimate rights and interests of the citizens, organizations, so it is particularly important to improve the legal supervision mechanism. Fourth, it is recommended that the government issued earthquake prevention and control policies, should be accompanied by the introduction of the corresponding implementation of safeguards, study the implementation of the policy encountered in the problems and solutions. Otherwise, even the best policy if not effectively implemented, are all empty words.
3, strengthen the scientific research of earthquake disaster
Earthquake mitigation is a social welfare undertakings, but also a high scientific content of scientific and technological work. Earthquake mitigation work in the face of a series of world-class cutting-edge scientific problems. In a sense, science and technology is the core of the cause of earthquake prevention and mitigation, relying on scientific and technological progress, is the road to the cause of earthquake prevention and mitigation, therefore, should strengthen the scientific research on earthquake hazards.
Strengthening scientific research on earthquake hazards, the main work should be done in the following areas: First, we must increase funding for earthquake research, funding is the prerequisite to carry out the work, there is no abundant funding for the protection of scientific research is difficult to move forward. Secondly, we should train a large number of earthquake research talents, improve the economic and social status of earthquake researchers, and mobilize the enthusiasm of professionals. Effectively attract talents to voluntarily join the earthquake research team. Third, give full play to the wisdom of the masses in the earthquake, absorbing the masses of pre-seismic, anti-seismic earthquakes, earthquakes, earthquakes, earthquakes, earthquakes, earthquakes, earthquakes.
4, firmly establish the people's awareness of earthquake prevention and mitigation
According to the survey, the majority of the people of China's awareness of disaster prevention is quite weak, 46% of the public lack of knowledge of emergency response to emergencies such as earthquakes, there are 26.6% of the people have no idea, therefore, we must strengthen the people's awareness of disaster mitigation and prevention. First, we should enhance the awareness of earthquake prevention and earthquake preparedness, fully recognize the harm of earthquakes, the earthquake belt to bring disaster to mankind to always keep a clear head, not only can not be choked off, but also can not be taken lightly, the scars of forgetting the pain. Secondly, we should widely publicize the emergency laws and regulations and common sense of prevention, risk avoidance, self-help, mutual aid, and disaster mitigation through radio, television, internet, books, newspapers, and so on. Third, we should strengthen the daily drills for earthquake prevention and resistance. Practice has proved that strengthening the daily drills of earthquake disaster prevention and control can effectively reduce the personnel injury caused by earthquakes. Fourth, the development of effective prevention and control plans, especially in schools, hospitals and other concentrated public **** units. Fifth, we must cultivate national good quality of disaster response, not gullible rumors, not people, not blindly blindly follow.
5, strengthen the legal construction of earthquake disaster prevention and control
In view of the earthquake and other natural disasters to the human survival of the great threat and destructive, countries generally attach importance to the construction of the legal system of earthquake disaster prevention and control, that is, by improving the construction of laws and regulations to strengthen the rule of law awareness, standardize government-led disaster prevention and control behaviors, to ensure that in the premise of disaster events occurring in disaster mitigation actions in an orderly manner.
Disaster reduction into the field of legal regulation, is a product of modern society. since the mid-20th century, with the development of modern science and technology, economic development, disasters are becoming increasingly serious, causing more and more losses to human beings. People realize that only the development of perfect disaster reduction laws, the use of legal mandatory and normative in order to do a good job of disaster reduction.
China's party and government attaches great importance to the prevention and control of natural disasters, but reflecting on the decades of disaster mitigation, too much reliance on the use of temporary policy measures and administrative orders to emergency disaster relief, disaster mitigation, the basic system is not sound, the system is not rationalized. The rule of law in the field of disaster reduction is relatively weak, therefore, strengthening the strengthening of the legal system of disaster reduction in China is very necessary.
There are many countries in the world that have succeeded in disaster mitigation that do not pay attention to the work of the legal system of disaster mitigation. Japan is the world's disaster mitigation legislation earlier and quite perfect country, such as the Great Hanshin Earthquake in 1995, the Japanese government can be strictly in accordance with the law and effective organization of emergency response and relief activities, and soon restored the post-disaster national production and living order. Strengthening the legal system of disaster reduction in China is a reference to the successful experience of disaster reduction abroad.
6, strengthen earthquake forecasting
Earthquakes are bred in the extremely complex geological structure occurs, its process is highly non-linear, extremely complex physical process, mankind so far on the process of understanding very little. Therefore, earthquake prediction is also a worldwide scientific problem. Although the current science and technology has advanced by leaps and bounds, it is still "easy to go up to the sky but difficult to go down to the ground", and people are not yet able to directly observe earthquakes at a depth of 10-20 kilometers, and the indirect observation on the surface is also very sparse. Large earthquakes occur repeatedly over a long period of time, often thousands of years to thousands of years for the continental internal rupture, far greater than the life of mankind and instrumental recording of earthquakes, which limits the rules of earthquake occurrence of the empirical summary.
So, can earthquakes be predicted? According to the analysis, under the premise of serious scientific research, the medium- and long-term prediction of earthquakes (generally more than 10 years) is relatively reliable, but not 100% accurate; short-term prediction is very difficult, but not absolutely impossible, the mainstream view of the China Earthquake Administration (CEA) is that "under the premise of fully and reasonably applying the existing practical experience and research results, under certain favorable conditions, it is possible to make certain predictions of certain types of earthquakes. The mainstream view of the China Earthquake Administration is that "under the premise of fully and reasonably applying the existing practical experience and research results, it is possible, under certain favorable conditions, to make a certain degree of forecast for a certain type of earthquake." This is the current state of earthquake forecasting in China.
The reason why we state that earthquake prediction is a world problem is not to "know the difficulties and retreat", but to clarify where the problems and difficulties lie, and to find the breakthrough point, so as to strengthen observation and research in a targeted way, and to explore new ways of earthquake prediction.
7, strengthen the post-earthquake rescue governance
Post-earthquake rescue governance is the top priority of earthquake prevention and control work. Post-earthquake rescue, one is to rescue people, two is to rescue things, three is to restore and rebuild. In the post-earthquake rescue work, rescue of human life is the most important and urgent. How to ensure that the rescue work is carried out in an orderly manner, the author believes that we should strengthen the post-earthquake rescue system. First, the establishment of a quick response mechanism, once the disaster occurs, the relevant parties can immediately put into combat, not to artificial delay, delayed rescue time. Secondly, there should be sufficient human and material security. Post-earthquake rescue, need a lot of people and property, if there is no usual preparation, it is difficult to be in place at a critical time. Third, there should be science as a guide. Whether it is post-disaster reconstruction, or the protection of cultural relics, to avoid human subjective arbitrariness, to be built on the basis of respect for science, reasonable and feasible.