The Western Han Dynasty, in order to consolidate the rule of the big feudal kings of the same name. The kings of the same surname each operated on one side, building cities and palaces, repairing tombs, to date, the palace city more waste, long time no survival; Tomb underground, preservation is easier. Since liberation, cultural relics workers to investigate and excavate many royal tombs, counting the Tomb of the King of Hebei Mancheng Zhongshan Jing, Beijing Dabaotai Guangyang King's Tomb, Shandong Qufu's King Lu's Tomb, Linzi's King Qi's Tomb, Yongcheng, Henan Province, Manshan Liang King's Tomb, Hunan Province, Changsha King's Tomb, Jiangsu, Xuzhou, Chu's Tomb, Yangzhou's Tomb of the King of Guangling, Canton City, Guangdong Province, Nan Yue Wang's Tomb and so on, has been unearthed dozens of. Although most of these tombs have been robbed, but the shape of the tomb is still well preserved, and it is quite important for the study of Western Han Dynasty architectural art. Tomb form has two: one is the vertical cave tomb, the funeral more to coffin and yellow intestines of the title together; two is the cavern tomb, such as Xuzhou's Chu King's Tomb, Yongcheng Manshan's Liang King's Tomb and Qufu's King's Tomb, etc., these tombs are more based on the mountain chiseling rock-made tomb. This kind of tomb is huge, complex structure, there are coffins and outer coffins, the road is long room more, the project is huge. The similarities and differences in the shape of the tomb, depending on the local customs and habits, burial system and natural conditions.
Xuzhou's Chu king's tomb, quite distinctive. Currently has been investigated and excavated eight, because of its early and late relationship and the characteristics of each tomb are different, so the tomb shape and burial customs and burial system are also different. In view of the fact that most of these tombs were stolen in the early years, the structure and form of the tombs are partially well-preserved, but the cultural relics and burial systems are mostly damaged, which has set up a lot of difficulties for the study of this group of tombs. (I) the choice of graves
Chu kings choose burial sites, generally each with a hill, the hill are not too tall, self-contained. In front of the tomb, there must be open space, far away from the mountains and near the water, unobstructed, exclusive possession of a mountain, said "occupying the mountain for the king". Tomb door must be open to the open space, the direction of the south-facing: such as the Lion Hill Tomb, North Cave Hill Tomb, Pack Basket Hill Tomb, South Cave Hill Tomb, Crouching Bull Hill Tomb. There are those facing west, such as the Tomb of Little Turtle Hill and the Han Tomb of Shiqiao; and there are also those facing east, such as the Tomb of Liu Jiao on Chuwang Mountain. All artificial rock-cutting into the tomb, fine and coarse are different, generally early more sophisticated, the four walls of the flat norms, such as the North Cave Hill Tomb, Pack Basket Hill Tomb; late more rugged, such as the small Tortoise Hill Tomb.
(2) on the tomb canals and sealing door
The tomb on the tomb of the King of Chu, more complex, early slope tomb generally wider, such as the King of Chu Mountain Liu Jiao Tomb, Pack Basket Mountain Tomb, the slope up to 20 degrees, but also before and after the width of the different, and then divided into the front (outside) after the wide (inside) narrow; flat-bottomed tomb, such as the North Cave Mountain Tomb, the Lion's Hill Tomb. In the middle period, the tombs are generally rectangular with small flat bottoms, such as the Small Turtle Hill Tomb, the Stone Bridge Tomb, and the South Cave Hill Tomb; the front end of individual tomb passages is slightly wider, and there is also a section at the back end of the tomb passages in the shape of a trumpet, such as the South Cave Hill Tomb. Late Wolnushan Tomb, wide in front and narrow at the back of the tomb, the bottom of the slope, but the slope is small, about 15 degrees.
The canopies: the early stage is wider, generally about 2×2 meters in section, and shorter, such as the North Cave Mountain Tomb, the Pack Basket Mountain Two Tomb, and the Lion Mountain Tomb. Mid-term tomb canals are generally longer, profile about 1.1 × 1.9 meters, some up to nearly 50 meters long, such as the small turtle mountain tomb, Shiqiao tomb, South Cave Mountain tomb. In the late period, the canopies became shorter again, such as Wolnusan Tomb.
On the sealing equipment: a variety of doorway sealing method is not the same, the main door of the canal with stone, stone size and production of light according to different specifications of different tombs, generally 2.0 ~ 2.5 meters long, individual long up to 4.5 meters, width and thickness in 0.95 ~ 1 meter. Early canals are wider, with four pieces of plug stone two and two side-by-side up and down the stacked sealing, individual plug stone up and down the tenon (such as the North Cave Hill Tomb). The number of stone plugs depends on the length of the tunnel, such as 3 groups in Beidong Mountain, 4 groups in Shizishan Mountain, and 3 groups in Pack Basket Mountain. Individual tombs are also used to plug the stone, such as the main chamber of the North Cave Mountain (coffin room) in the aisle (short tunnel) is also used to plug a group of stones. There is often a wooden door inside or outside these plug stones, generally double, leaving a door pivot and sealing device groove; sealing device is made of copper (Beidongshan Tomb) or iron (Shizishan Tomb), and the shape is also different. Early tomb rooms, depending on their circumstances, some also have wooden doors, such as the Lion Rock Tomb, Pack Basket Hill Tomb; individual tombs in the back of the Tomb Road, both sides of the chiseled ear room, but also with a smaller plug stone filling, such as the North Cave Hill Tomb Road, the back section, but also with a smaller plug stone blocking, ear room with a length and width of about 1 meter of the slate blocking, these slates are not uniformly thick and thin, generally the lower side of the thickness of the thin, the upper part of the thin, when for the sake of convenience due to the operation of the operation of the three ear room, such as the Lion Rock Tomb Road That is, with this sealing method, at the same time in the sealing of the door and sealed with a wooden door, individual tombs in the tomb on both sides of the carved stone niches, the sealing of the door with a specially designed slate vertical sealing method. The sealing method of the tomb in the middle stage is roughly the same as that of the early stage, except that the canal is narrow and sealed with two pieces of plug stones stacked on top and bottom, and this kind of tomb tends to fill the whole canal with plug stones, such as the male tomb of Little Turtle Hill with 13 groups of plug stones, and this kind of plug stones tend to be chiseled at the bottom of the canal with a stone groove in order to increase the firmness of the sealing of the door (the two tombs of Little Turtle Hill). Some tombs have a number on the plug stone, noting the size of the plug stone and its position in the tomb, such as the Shizishan tomb canal plug stone. Plug stone production process has coarse and fine, generally early more refined, angular regularity, six sides polished. To pack basket mountain tomb plug stone is the most refined, six sides clean, can identify; Beidongshan tomb, lion mountain tomb, followed by the middle and late tombs plug stone is more rough, hit the six sides, chisel marks clear, not polished, to the stone bridge M2 is the most typical.
(C) on the preparation of the ear room
The ear room is set according to the specific circumstances of each tomb, there are more or less. Some on both sides of the tomb, such as the North Cave Hill Tomb in the back of the tomb on both sides of the auricle, Chu Wangshan Liu Jiaotong Tomb in the tomb on the avenue with four auricles, two opposite, Lion Hill Tomb in the tomb on both sides of the avenue opposite three auricles, but the tomb on the avenue does not make the auricle; some tombs in the tunnel on the chiseling of the auricle, such as small tortoise Hill two tombs, Shiqiao Tomb, South Cave Hill Tomb; some tombs do not have the auricle, such as the Stone Bridge Tomb M2, Crouching Niu Hill Tomb. The function of the auricular chamber also varies. The North Cave Mountain Tomb is empty due to theft, so it is difficult to determine its function. Lion Rock Tomb Road 3 ear room, from the unearthed artifacts, the west side of the southern end of a room (W1) for the "Royal Palace" library, placed a large number of copper containers, copper and iron weapons, lacquer ear cups, jade wine and other weapons and household utensils, various types of artifacts amounted to more than 200 pieces; west side of the north side of a room (W2) mainly placed copper, silver containers and fish, animal bones and grains (charred), etc., seems to be a copper, silver containers, fish, animal bones and grain (charred), etc., seems to be a copper, silver containers, fish, animal bones and grains (charred). Charred), etc., seems to be a storeroom; a room on the east side (E1) has two doors, from the unearthed pottery, pots, iron kettles, copper spoons, copper cauldrons, copper kettles and other objects, should be the kitchen room. The ear room of the Han Tomb in Xiaogueshan seems to be a cart and horse room, and pottery figurines, pottery horses and carts and other bright objects were cleaned out in the male tomb.
There are seven stone niches on both sides of the middle section of the tomb in Beidongshan Tomb, and 222 pieces of painted pottery figurines are placed in the niches, all of which are in the image of warriors and military officials, and it seems that they are special figurines of ceremonial guards for the purpose of guarding the tomb.
(4) about the preparation of the tomb room
The tomb room is the main part of the tomb, in which there are the main room (the coffin room), the horizontal hall, the side room, the ablution room, the toilet and the drainage facilities, etc. The main room was mostly in the early tombs. The main room in the early tomb in the tomb after the end, for the rectangular, because the Department of the place where the coffin, generally very elaborate, standardized modeling, four walls flat, such as the North Cave Hill Tomb, Pack Blue Hill two tombs. Chu Wangshan Tomb also with special stone masonry four walls, the top with special coupon stone coupon, exceptionally grand. However, the coffin of the owner of the Lion Mountain Tomb was placed on the coffin bed on the east side of the cross hall, which may be due to the emergency measures for the sudden death of the owner of the tomb before it was built. The middle stage of the tomb appears more complex, mostly in the center of a large room and then build a wooden structure of tile roofed coffins, such as Hebei Zhongshan Jing Wang Liu Sheng Tomb, the second tomb of the Little Turtle Hill, Shiqiao Tomb, Nandongshan Tomb and so on. The later tombs are more simple, and it is sufficient to place the coffin in the back room. Regarding the function of other rooms, due to the reasons of theft, can not be discussed accurately, only on individual tombs, based on the cleanup situation and the existing facilities of each room, briefly described as follows: E2 of the Tomb of the King of Shizishan Chu, cleaned up a lot of copper found in the remains of the tomb, the tomb of the robber holes and out of the complete money more than 176,000, so it is argued that this is the money vault; the tomb of the E4, the clearing out of the female use of objects and women's teeth, etc., the tomb has a special sealing equipment, therefore, a female burial tomb. The tomb of E4, clear out the female use of objects and female teeth, the tomb has a special seal door equipment, so the female burial tomb; W3 and W4 were concentrated in the excavation of copper mirrors, copper seals, copper arrowheads, copper belt hooks, iron armor, iron armor, and so on, so it is thought to be a storage room; the tomb's back room, unearthed a whole set of stone chimes, qin buttons and other musical instruments, such as accessories, it seems to be a music and dance hall. Beidongshan tomb of the west side of the room, because of the plug stone blocking more tightly, has not been stolen and disturbed, in its indoor cleaned out the gold belt hooks, gold earrings, jade pieces of clothing, carving through the jade ornaments and copper belt hooks, etc., but also for the storeroom; in the unearthed artifacts in the "Wukou" copper seal and copper crossbow, copper arrowheads and other weapons, indicating that the tomb when it should be the "Wukou "The setting. In the middle period of the small turtle mountain M1 tunnel, there is a set of room (XIV, XV) and the ear room (X Ⅲ) corresponds to, from the unearthed ceramic figurines, ceramic horses, ceramic pots and copper crossbow machine, iron armature and other wells and other facilities to see, the function of the room should be the carriage of the room. In the early tombs, there were also a bathing room (the second tomb of Pack Basket Mountain) and a toilet room (two rooms in the tomb of Beidong Mountain and one room in each of the tombs of Pack Basket Mountain). The toilets in the middle stage tombs are not so clear, such as the Xth room in the Small Turtle Hill Tomb, and the small room at the north of the east end of the main tomb of Shiqiao M1 should also be a toilet. In the tombs of the Chu kings, there are many water wells, and the locations of these wells are different, with the early Shishishan Tomb in the package kitchen room, the middle-period Little Tortoise Hill Tomb having two water wells, one of which is located in the stable of Room XIV of the male tomb, and the other in the middle of the wall of Rooms XI and XII; and the late Wolnushan Tomb having a well located under the south wall of the rear side room. Regarding the drainage facilities in the tomb, regardless of the early and late period, except for the Shizishan Tomb, which has not been built according to the original plan, all other tombs have, the direction of drainage, depending on the specific circumstances of each tomb, some drain the water in the fissure, some drain to the tomb.
(E) on the sealing
Generally speaking, the Western Han Dynasty's imperial tombs, king's mausoleums have sealing, Chu king's mausoleum is no exception. However, some tombs after more than 2000 years of wind and rain, soil erosion, some still exist, such as the Chu Wangshan Tomb, Beidongshan Tomb; some no longer exist, such as the small tortoise mountain tomb, pack basket mountain tomb, Shiqiao Tomb and so on. The texture of the sealing soil is generally transported up from the mountain to the brown soil, to rammed, rammed layer is generally in the 20 ~ 35 cm, individual sealing soil around the special stone masonry, to protect, such as the Chu Wangshan Liu Jiaotu.
(F) on the mausoleum and other facilities
Western Han Dynasty tombs have mausoleums, and large-scale. According to the system, the king's mausoleum should also have a mausoleum, because Xuzhou history many times the Yellow River flooding, resulting in 3 to 5 meters of silt on the flat land, coupled with changes in geomorphology, the mausoleum is no longer exist. But in the Chu Wang Mausoleum around, can still see some remains, such as in the lion mountain west of the brick factory quarry, can see a lot of western Han dynasty tile, in our search for the tomb in the newly dug several ditches, also see the rubble remains. At the same time, on the western slope of the Lion Rock, found two sections of ceramic drainpipes, is for the drainage facilities on the tomb wall, from these relics and remains, indicating that the Lion Rock Tomb that year, there is a considerable scale of the mausoleum building.
Tomb is a facility for burying the dead. Individual tombs not only have burial facilities, but also attached to the part of the Yamen, such as the North Cave Hill Tomb in the middle of the tomb on the east side of the road, the construction of a set of similar ground construction of Yamen, functionally complete, there are up to 11 rooms of the size of the number of counting the arsenal, music and dance halls, locker rooms, barns, underground storage room (Lingyin), kitchens, wells, woodsheds, latrines, and so on.
Individual tombs are also specialized in accompanying the burial of terracotta warriors and other garrisons. For example, in the tomb of the King of Chu in Lion Mountain, terracotta warrior pits were found in the west and north of it, with six pits on the west side, including infantry, cavalry, vehicle soldiers and guards figurines and other types of soldiers, numbering up to more than 4,000 pieces. At the same time, in the mausoleum also found a number of sporadic terracotta warrior pits and a car pit, car pit buried in three lacquer model car and three vertical ceramic figurines, when the imperial hand or car driver.
(7) on the burial tomb
Near ministers and relatives buried with the ancient, Western Han Dynasty is no exception. Western Han founding Emperor Liu Bang Changling has Xiao He, Cao Sen, Zhang Ear, Zhang Liang, Zhou Bo, Mrs. Qi and other burial; Emperor Hui Anling has Princess Lu Yuan, Chen Ping, Zhang Cang, love Ang, Yang Xiong and other burial. Imperial tombs so, the king's tomb is also more in accordance with the rules of behavior. Chu Yuan Wang's tomb can be seen at present there are four accompanying tombs, "Water Classic" records "...... through more than ten graves". Nearly 10 accompanying tombs have been cleared from the Houyuzu Mountain north of the Beidong Mountain Tomb. In 1987, two accompanying tombs were also cleared from the hill of Hydrangea near the Lion Mountain Tomb. Small Turtle Hill Tomb has also been excavated burials, that is, in 1972, excavated small turtle Hill Tomb No. 1, from the unearthed artifacts can be seen in the inscription for the "master" tomb.
It is worth mentioning that the three tombs in the Shizishan Tomb, one of which is said to be the "food official supervisor" tomb, located in the inner and outer tomb road outside the east wall of the tomb road under the tomb owner is a man, aged 40 years old or so, the burial goods are quite rich, counting five pieces of copper tripods, four jade jade jade jade, two jade Juan, four iron swords, two copper mirrors, one set of production Exquisite jade pillow, a square of copper "official supervisor seal" and a square of wordless jade seal and a large number of coins, pottery and ceramic figurines, etc.; the second for the E4, due to theft cleaned out teeth and jade dancers, jade nose plugs, jade hones and other cultural relics, identified as a 30-year-old woman; the third for the E5, the room was badly disturbed by the burglary, but from the structure of the tomb room and the same as the E4, the door sealing equipment, should also be the same as E4, the door sealing equipment, the door should also be the same as E4, the door sealing equipment. The third is in E5, the room is badly robbed, but from the structure of the tomb and the same equipment as E4, it should also be a female burial tomb. The reason for this can be inferred as follows: the age of the Shizishan Chu tomb, excavation briefings that the second or third generation of Chu kings. The second generation of Chu King Liu Ying guest, Liu Jiao's son, the official in the "Zongzheng", reigning for four years of princely, tomb buried two women and a man seems to be difficult to understand, if the third generation of the Chu King, the King participated in the "seven countries of the chaos", defeat suicide, died suddenly, the tomb was not built into the burial in the suicide before, and the beloved consort. To their beloved consort first killed with their own buried together, is also not possible; King of Chu defeat and suicide, two women's infatuation with martyrdom and suicide is also possible; food official supervisor is the King of Chu's close confidant, the King of Chu suicide, as the King of Chu subordinates, close relationship when born, the King of Chu died, willing to martyrdom and suicide is also possible.
(H) on the burial artifacts
Han people line thick burial. Not only were there magnificent burial chambers, but there were also a full range of artifacts. These artifacts on the texture can include gold, silver, copper, iron and lead, pottery, stone, jade and bone lacquer. In terms of function, reflecting the political, economic, military, cultural, production, life and science and technology, and so on, all inclusive. However, these tombs have been seriously stolen, setting up obstacles for research. From the point of view of the artifacts unearthed from these tombs, there are the King of Chu's burial clothes of gold and jade clothes, there are gorgeous lacquered jade coffins and jade pillows, etc., the King of Chu's belt mainly has jade jade jade, jade Juan, jade punch teeth; there are the King of Chu's recreational devices, such as the stone chime; there are the King of Chu wore and used in his lifetime of iron armor and copper and iron swords and tridents and beryllium spears, etc., and there are the life of copper tripods, clocks, jugs, washbasins, boats, Jian and mirrors; there are the King of Chu's wine drinking wine goblet, jade cups, jade ear cups and glass cups, etc., and there are the King of Chu's wine cup, cup and glass cups. There are jade cups, jade ear cups and glass cups, etc.; there are cauldrons and kettles used for cooking for the king of Chu; there are fish, chickens, steaks, dogs, pigs and goats buried with the king of Chu; there are special armies for the defense of the king of Chu and jade leopards, copper leopards and jade beasts stored in the tomb; there are terracotta figurines of men and women as attendants to the king of Chu; there are seals and sealing clay reflecting the power of the king of Chu.
To sum up, the Western Han Dynasty Chu king's mausoleum construction method can be summarized as follows: 1. Site selection: are selected limestone hills, because the Chu Yuan Wang site in the north slope of the Chu King Hill on the hill, its descendants are not allowed to exceed the, so the descendants more than choose the existence of an independent hill. 2. positioning: the tomb to the south, to the west and to the east, the only one to the north, but the tomb in front of the infinite open area must have a look, there shall be no At the same time, the tomb channel is generally open on the hillside or near the bottom, and the tomb channel and canal should be at an angle with the stone texture of the mountain, and should not be less than 45 degrees, so that it is the safest. 3. Tomb channel: in the lower part of the mountain or the hillside, it is in the form of a long strip or in the form of a front wide and then a narrow skip shape, there are two kinds of flat bottom and the bottom of the slope. 4. Canal: along the front end of the tomb channel extends inward, generally wide and short in early stage, narrow and long in the middle, narrow and short in the late stage. 5. Tomb room: generally there are one or two ear chambers on the tomb channel or canal, and the tomb has front, center and side chambers, etc. In general, the early tombs were well-built. Generally speaking, early tombs are well-built, mainly laid out on the central axis or on both sides, and the toilets are more obvious; middle-period tombs are more rugged, with a more complex chamber structure; and the main chamber is equipped with another wooden coffin. Late tombs are relatively simple, with only front and back rooms and side rooms; individual tombs are also accompanied by "yamen", with complex structures, complete categories, and elaborate shapes.6 Mausoleums and others: general tombs have mausoleum facilities, and individual tombs also have accompanying tombs or terracotta warrior pits. (A) the Western Han dynasty vassal king tomb of the form and the construction of the cavern tomb of the king of Chu
Archaeologists have investigated and excavated dozens of Western Han dynasty vassal king tomb, due to the vastness of our country, the nature of the regions, customs and habits of the existence of a large number of differences, so the Western Han dynasty vassal king tomb of the construction of the form is also not the same, can be divided into the vertical hole wooden coffin tombs and cavern tombs of the two major categories, and at the same time each of these categories and some of the different forms. There are also some different shapes in each category. Among them, the vertical wooden coffin tombs were mostly built in the plains or on the hills, such as the Tomb of King Guangyang in Beijing, the Tomb of King Changsha in Hunan Province, the Tomb of King Liu'an in Anhui Province, the Tomb of King Guangling in Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, and the Tomb of King Sishui in Sicily, etc. These tombs can be further divided into ordinary ones. These tombs can be divided into two forms: ordinary coffin chamber and "yellow gut motif", such as the tomb of Liu Jian, King of Guangyang, in Dabaotai, Beijing, and the tomb of Liu Xu, King of Guangling Li, in Shenjushan, Gaoyou, Yangzhou, both of which are large wooden coffin tombs in the "yellow gut motif" style. Cave Tomb is a gorgeous wonder in the history of the development of ancient Chinese mausoleum architecture, "because of the mountain for the mausoleum, chiseled stone into a room", the whole tomb is directly cut in the mountain, this kind of tombs in the Western Han Dynasty vassal kingdoms were prevalent for a while, mainly in the west of Hebei, east of Henan Province, south of Shandong Province and the northern part of the hilly areas, the famous tomb of King Jing of the Zhongshan Mountains in Mancheng, Hebei Province, the tomb of King Lu in Qufu, Shandong Province and the tomb of King Liu in Qufu, Shandong Province, both are "yellow intestines," the large wooden coffin tomb. The famous tomb of King Jing of Zhongshan in Mancheng, Hebei, the tomb group of King Lu in Qufu, Shandong, the tomb group of King Liang in Yongcheng, Henan and the tomb group of King Chu in Xuzhou, Jiangsu are typical representatives of rock cavern tombs. In addition, there are also in between the two categories, such as Shandong Changqing Jibei King's Tomb, that is, both cavern tombs and wooden coffin tomb features. Western Han dynasty vassal king's tomb in their own development process, but also formed a number of different regional characteristics and relatively independent of the burial system, which greatly enriched the Han dynasty tomb architecture in China.
Xuzhou area is the important origin and collection place of China's Han Dynasty cavern tombs, this kind of tomb form was once widely prevalent in the Western Han Dynasty Chu kingdom, is a unique burial system of the high-ranking nobles of the state of Chu, in which the king of Chu for the horizontal cave cave tomb, the nobles of the state of Chu for the vertical cave cave tomb. From the time point of view, Chu Yuan Wang Liu Jiao's mausoleum in the construction of at least 23 years earlier than Emperor Wen Baling, and Emperor Wen respected Chu Yuan Wang, the reason why he advocated the cavern tomb is likely to be influenced by his uncle Liu Jiao. The reason why the cavern tomb in the western han chu kingdoms in the first rise and a large number of existence, is with xuzhou area of natural geographical conditions, burial customs and the political system, ideological and cultural, productivity and scientific and technological development and other factors are inextricably linked. The main reasons are as follows: First, Xuzhou is located in the Shandong hills to the south of the extension of the belt, the Chu capital Pengcheng surrounded by mountains, more mountains and less soil geographic conditions for the construction of cavern tombs provide the necessary natural conditions; Second, Xuzhou area for a long time, that is, some people have been building a tomb in the mountains of the custom, according to historical records, as early as during the Spring and Autumn Period of the Song Dynasty Huan brown bear had been excavated stone outer coffin tombs in Xuzhou, thus providing the foundation for the final formation of the Western Han dynasty, the king of the large-scale cavern tomb of Chu. Eventually laid the foundation for the formation of large cavern tombs for the Western Han Dynasty; Third, the beginning of the Han Dynasty advocated the "Huang Lao Wu Wei", "rest with the people" and other cultural ideological concepts and political factors. Fourth, the universal use of iron tools and the emergence of fried steel technology, the construction of the Western Han Dynasty cavern tomb and the final formation, played a decisive role in the metallurgical analysis showed that the tomb of the King of the Lion Mountain Chu Tomb excavated chisel iron chisel that is fried steel.
(B) the West Han Chu King's Tomb staging and era characteristics
Xuzhou Chu King's Tomb Group on the early Han Dynasty down to the new Mang, is China's West Han dynasty vassal king cavern tomb found the most, the longest time span, preservation of the sequence of the most complete in one of the region, from which can be clearly seen in the development of different periods of time and evolution of the trajectory. Xuzhou region of the Western Han Dynasty Chu King's Tomb, although the same cavern tomb, but the form and structure of each tomb is not the same and each has its own characteristics. These Chu King's Tomb in each period of the architectural structure and construction scale, and with the rise and fall of the Kingdom of fate and the King of Chu in the reign of the length of time and other factors are closely related. And with the development of the times, showing the early, middle and late three more obvious development and evolution of the law. Now on the Western Han Dynasty Chu King rock cave tomb staging and era characteristics are summarized.
Early for the early Han Dynasty to the Wen, Jingdi period, the overall characteristics of its performance: "the same tombs and mounds" that is, the King of Chu and the Queen's tomb buried in the same mausoleum in the two mountains; tomb shape for the central axis of the front hall, the back of the room structure, the tomb of the external architecture of the grand, the tomb is long and spacious, the canals are wide and shorter, and the external architecture of the tomb door has obvious signs of gradual retraction. There are obvious signs of gradual internalization. This period of Chu King's tomb is divided into three different stages of development: the first stage is before Emperor Wen, represented by Chu Wangshan, at this time the Chu King's rock cave tomb is still in the embryonic stage, retaining a large number of vertical cave pit tomb features, the main chamber of the tomb is in the vertical cave pit with a stone bar built into a room, the top of the tomb rammed with a tall overlaying bucket-shaped mound of sealing soil. The second stage for the Wen, Jingdi period, at this time the Chu King's Tomb has been freed from the influence of the vertical cave tomb, the formation of the Western Han Dynasty Chu King's Tomb is characterized by the shape of the horizontal cave rock cave burials. Tomb structure is basically a central axis layout, but not perfect; tomb door external architecture is huge and complex, the tomb on both sides of the construction of ancillary chambers or chambers, the front end of the external structure is still useful for the phenomenon of stone barricades, and thereafter, that is, all the change in the rock directly cut; long and spacious tomb road is divided into the front and back of the three segments, which are wide and narrow, shrinking inward section by section; the tomb door is 2 meters square, and the tunnel behind the door is made up of four groups of "field" character. "The main building inside the tomb is relatively simple, basically for the structure of the front hall and the back room, and there are fewer or imperfect side rooms in the tunnel from the tomb door to the front hall, and the tombs in this stage are the Tomb of the King of Chu in Beidongshan and the Mausoleum of the King of Chu in Shizishan. The third stage is from Emperor Jingdi to the pre-Wudi period, represented by the Tomb of the King of Chu on Pack Basket Mountain, at this time, the king and queen of the tomb began to close together, built in the same mountain peaks, the symmetrical layout of the tomb axis is very strong, the external structure of the mausoleum began to simplify the tomb, the tomb road into a long and spacious single-slope type, outside the door of the tomb has disappeared, such as ear rooms and other ancillary buildings, but the tomb structure has become a huge and complex, manifested by the increase of the side of the tunnel room, and the emergence of many living around the front hall, the side rooms are less or perfect. However, the architectural structure inside the tomb has become huge and complex, which is manifested in the increase of side rooms in the tunnel and the appearance of many living rooms around the front hall.
The middle period is from Emperor Wu to the late Western Han Dynasty. Due to the centralization of the Han dynasty during the time of Emperor Wu Di continued to strengthen, this period of the Chu Wang cavern burials in the layout and shape of the structure have undergone a major evolution. The first manifestation of the "same mound, different caves", that is, the king and queen of Chu mausoleum built under the same mountain, but cut out two close to the chamber, the two tombs generally have ◎ door between them. Secondly, the architectural scale of the mausoleum gradually become smaller, the tomb for the non-axial layout, its external structure is relatively simple, the tomb road is single, short and narrow, the end of the flared mouth inward, the tomb door width of 1 meter than the first period of shrinkage of nearly half of the canal became very narrow, and the tomb space increased, the tomb room is generally asymmetric as the hall as the center of the staggered distribution of the spacious middle of the tomb room appeared in the peculiar Optimistic stone column building structure. Emperor Wu period of the Chu King's tomb still has a certain scale, but with the Kingdom of power and national strength of the gradual weakening of the late Western Han Dynasty, the construction of the scale is increasingly reduced, especially the Queen's tomb has been very small, completely in a subordinate position. This period of Chu king's tomb has small turtle mountain, east cave mountain and south cave mountain Chu king's tomb.
Late Chu King's Tomb for the end of the Western Han Dynasty, represented by the Wolnusan Han Tomb. With the political status of the late Western Han Dynasty Chu Kingdom and the further shrinkage of the comprehensive national power, this time the King of Chu Cave Tomb has gone into decline, its tomb form basically inherited some of the features of the mid Chu King Cave Tomb, but compared to the smaller scale, the tomb at the entrance to the outside of the tomb is only 2 meters wide, the entire tomb completely for the outside of the wide within the narrow Loudspeaker mouth, the number of burial chambers, function and structure is also more simple, there is only a main, one side of the two rooms and an ear room. A ear room. At this time, only see the king of Chu and not see the queen's tomb, indicating that to the end of the Western Han Dynasty when the king and queen may have been buried together as a mausoleum.