With the deepening development of European integration, the EU has gradually established and perfected a series of *** same policies, the main ones of which are the Customs Union, *** same agricultural policy, *** same fisheries policy, *** same regional policy, *** same social policy, *** same monetary policy, *** same foreign and security policy, consumer protection policy, and *** with foreign trade policy. It reflects the European pattern of the EU integration process, which has achieved union in the economic sphere, in the political sphere and in the field of security and defense.
The EU's policies reflect the coordination and harmonization of socio-economic development. The EU economic integration process started with the Customs Union, through the implementation of the **** the same market, unified large market and ultimately to the full economic and monetary union. The EU abolished all tariffs between member states on July 1, 1968, established a unified customs tariff, and initially built a customs union with *** same tariff policy for products from third countries outside the region to promote intra-regional trade and economic development. The ***Sympathetic Agricultural Policy was the first ***Sympathetic Policy to be implemented within the EU. Its basic objectives are to increase labour productivity in agriculture, to ensure "fair" incomes for agricultural workers, to stabilize markets for agricultural products, to maintain reasonable selling prices for agricultural products and to ensure the supply of agricultural products. Its main elements are the internal establishment of the *** same agricultural fund, the unification of agricultural markets and prices, and the subsidization of agricultural exports, while externally, it sets up trade barriers such as differential taxes and quotas, which are adjusted according to changes in supply and demand in the market, so as to protect the EU's agriculture from the competition of cheap agricultural products from the outside. The objectives of the regional policy are "to promote the coordinated development of the EU as a whole", "to strengthen its economic and social cohesion", and "to reduce the disparities in development between the different regions and to eliminate the backwardness of the least-developed regions or of the islands and rural areas". The EU's social and regional policies are both part of the European Union. The EU's social and regional policies are mutually reinforcing and both aim to promote the coordinated economic and social development of the EU. In addition to the above, the EU has in recent years progressively strengthened its action in the areas of employment, transport, public health, environmental protection, scientific research, and justice and home affairs, complementing the national measures taken by the Member States in these areas.
Successes
Compared with many similar economic regions in other parts of the world, the EU is the most successful model, both in terms of the breadth and depth of the union and in terms of its status and influence.
In terms of the breadth of association, the EU has succeeded in pioneering an economic and political union of transnational cooperation, encompassing a large number of member states. The EU is a supranational organization with the attributes of an international organization and the characteristics of a federation. The basis for the realization of cooperation is the EU's successful regional policy, which links a wide range of regions by defining regional issues and problem areas as clearly as possible. Secondly, regional policy has a clear overarching objective: it is committed to minimizing interregional disparities and maximizing the convergence of the different regions within the EU through the implementation of an active regional policy. All this provides a solid basis for tackling regional inequalities and realizing a genuine union of the wider region.
In the economic sphere, the EU has been committed to removing trade barriers between its member states since its early days, and it has pursued this same course in the world, giving the EU much greater weight and influence in world trade. The EU firmly believes that multilateral trade liberalization can have significant benefits for the global economy, with developing countries benefiting the most.
In terms of depth, 1958-1968, the then European economy **** the same body between member states has gradually abolished tariffs on industrial goods, the implementation of the customs union of agricultural products, the harmonization of agricultural policy and prices of agricultural products, the establishment of **** the same Agricultural Fund for the implementation of a unified agricultural subsidies. 1993, January, the European Union to launch a large internal market in the implementation of the free movement of people, goods, capital and services between member states. 1999, the EU launched a large internal market in the implementation of free movement of people, goods, In January 1999, 11 member states of the European Union took the lead in giving up their monetary sovereignty and adopting a unified currency, the euro, which is unique in the history of mankind in that so many sovereign states voluntarily gave up the right to issue their own currencies and handed over this core sovereignty to a supranational organization in which they have placed their trust. To date, no other organization of its kind has the same decision-making bodies, the same executive bodies, the same parliament and the same central bank as the European Union, which is also striving to promote a common foreign and security policy and to set up a rapid reaction force. The EU as a political entity has taken its strongest and most important step.
Problems
The European Union is merely a confederation of states, but it is not a federal state. Its political system has evolved over the last 50 years and is based on a series of treaties. In the process of realizing economic and political integration, there are also inevitably some drawbacks, mainly in the following aspects: First, the problem of the decision-making mechanism of the EU. The decision-making mechanism of the EU is the Summit and the Council of the EU. The Summit has adopted a ****consensus system, and if it is not possible to obtain a ****consensus on a certain issue for a while, it will be postponed to the next Summit for reconsideration. Although this decision-making mechanism reduces the chances of manipulation by the big powers, it creates a dilemma in terms of equity and efficiency. In addition, there are controversies over the size and distribution of seats in the European Commission (the executive body of the EU) and over the number and distribution of seats in the EU Parliament. The Council of the European Union, on the other hand, allocates voting rights in proportion to the population of the member states. Now that the EU has expanded from 15 to 25 countries, decision-making has become even more difficult.
Second, the distribution of benefits. Large economic disparities within the member states, after the enlargement of the institutions and coordination more difficult; in order to cope with the growing expenses, the European Commission in early 2004 proposed the annual budget framework for the next ten years, it is expected that the budget will be increased from the current 100 billion euros to 2013, 143 billion euros, that is, accounted for the EU gross domestic product of 1.15 percent. This proposal was opposed by the net contributors. Because of the different economic bases of the member states, there is an unavoidable problem of distribution of benefits between the beneficiary countries and the net beneficiary countries.
Thirdly, it is the problem of EU solidarity. Different economic power base determines the countries compete with each other for the leadership of the development direction of the European Union, the internal unity of the confidence and will of the strength of the different. Rich and poor countries in the distribution of economic benefits have differences; big and small countries in the distribution of power from time to time quarrel. Worse still, the United States, the ally of the West, does not want to see the expansion of the EU's influence, and is doing its best to sow discord and prevent the EU from forming a strong, independent force.
The spirit of "European coordination" of the EU means that the world economic relations are shifting from the competition between countries to the competition between regional economic organizations, and regional economic cooperation has become an important choice for countries and regions to promote economic development. The European Union's cooperation model can be summarized as the "*** same stability, synchronous development of the regionalization model" and "sustainable development model", ecological and environmental protection as a prerequisite for long-term economic growth, so as to make "sustainable development" become a model of economic and social development. This makes "sustainable" a comprehensive goal for the coordinated development of the economy and society. This is undoubtedly of great significance in today's world where globalization is constantly developing. For the Pan-Pearl River Delta (PPRD) regional cooperation, the successful experience of the European Union also brings important insights.
Revelation 1: The establishment of the ****same market system is an important force for regional cooperation
The essence of regional economic integration is market integration, and the EU has provided a whole set of policy and institutional frameworks for managing trade and investment among member states, especially for the elimination of tariff barriers between member states and the establishment of ****same markets. From the beginning of regionalization cooperation to the integration process in the EU, it is often the economy that takes the first step; the shift from product trade as the main form of exchange to investment-based cooperation is also a sign of a relationship that is moving closer. The successful establishment of the euro system and the "European Union" as the main body of the region inside and outside the capital flow as an important form of economic exchanges, has fully demonstrated that this unified market system is to promote the integration process of the EU is an important force. This is an important inspiration for China's Pan-Pearl River Delta regional cooperation.
Revelation 2: Institutional innovation is an important guarantee for regional cooperation
The process of EU economic integration is essentially a transnational process of institutional innovation. The EU has formulated relevant laws at all stages of integration, and member states are practicing the **** same regional policies. An effective economic organization is the key to economic growth, from the EU's integration process can be seen, intra-regional institutional integration is to ensure the realization of its functional integration is an important guarantee, at the same time, institutional integration needs to be in the breaking of the original fragmentation based on the establishment of an efficient regional cooperation and coordination mechanism. Therefore, drawing on the experience of the European Union, the core foundation of Pan-PRD regional cooperation is to establish a ****same management and decision-making body, break the boundaries of administrative boundaries, and provide a systematic guarantee for realizing the transformation of the "administrative region" into an "economic region".
Revelation 3: Efficiency and fairness of the coordination of regional cooperation should achieve the goal
The EU in the integration of economic interaction, attention to the differences in the level of economic development of the countries, the establishment of a mechanism for the elimination of regional disparities and poverty, in the cooperation agreement is also relatively backward countries in the protection of the industry and a certain degree of support, to promote the complementarity of strengths, *** with the same development, and better enhance the overall competitiveness of the entire region's economy. The comprehensive competitiveness of the entire regional economy has been better enhanced. However, at the same time, the decision-making mechanism has also led to conflicts of interest and coordination problems between the beneficiary countries and the net beneficiary countries, showing the dilemma between realizing efficiency and equity. This issue is what PPRD regional cooperation should focus on, and efforts should be made to solve the problem of unbalanced regional development, to realize the coordination of efficiency and equity when making decisions on internal and external affairs, and to continue to strengthen its strength in the process of realizing economic and political integration, and to expand its own status and influence both at home and abroad.
Revelation 4: Coordinated development of economic, cultural and ecological environment is the basis for sustainable regional cooperation
In the process of realizing the development of economic integration, the EU pays special attention to economic and cultural development and the protection of the ecological environment, and invests a lot in R&D in order to promote the "European Research Area" of the **** with the scientific policy, and is committed to becoming a world-class knowledge-based economy. Science policy, is committed to become a world-class knowledge economy; also established a unified European environmental law that is the EU environmental law. The formation of the EU environmental law system is a miracle of contemporary environmental law. EU environmental law is not a short-term act, but a long-term historical phenomenon. In the 21st century, due to the accelerated pace of European political and economic union, the unified system of EU environmental law will be accelerated, and it will also surely have an important impact on human environmental protection and civilization of the rule of law. Attention to and absorption of the EU's beneficial experience, for China's Pan-Pearl River Delta regional cooperation to achieve sustainable development of economic and cultural and ecological environment has an important reference role.