"The 'Zhongshan Road' named after Mr. Sun Yat-sen is the largest in the world in terms of number and spreads all over the country in terms of geographical distribution. Each 'Zhongshan Road' is a historical witness of China's move towards modernization, and they transcend the concept of geography and the concept of personification, ****together they form a solidified modern history book." -- Yang Liguang
Photo Source: Internet
When it comes to the origin of Zhongshan Road in each city, there are three broad categories: the first is the city where Dr. Sun Yat-sen once lived and revolutionized, such as Zhongshan, Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Tianjin, Nanjing, Qingdao, etc.; the second is after Dr. Sun Yat-sen's death in 1925. The second is the city where the whole country renamed one of the original busy commercial streets as Zhongshan Road in honor of him, like Baoji; the third is the city where a new road was built purely in honor of Dr. Sun Yat-sen.
Zhongshan Road is the earliest commercial main street in Baoji city, east to west, east from Xinhua Road, west to Xiguan Shizi, the east and west ends of Xinhua Road, Baofu Road, respectively. The total length of 3104 meters, 24 meters wide.
Baoji in the Northern Zhou Dynasty and the first year (566), built Liugu City to place soldiers. Sui Daye ten years (674), moved Chencang County in Liugucheng. Tang Zhide two years (757) changed Chencang County for Baoji County, has since been the seat of Baoji County successive administrations, is Baoji political, economic and cultural center. After the founding of the country, Zhongshan Road was once the Baoji municipal government quarters, is the earliest main city of Baoji, but also the earliest development of Baoji's main urban area, the original city bustling zone.
Zhongshan Road was built in the Tang Dynasty, known as "Dama Road", is the only street in Baoji County. Early in the Qing Dynasty, Baoji County, the city of repair carriage road 5. One of the main streets for the east and west (i.e., the original Dama Road), across the city. To today's South Gate as the boundary, known as East Street, West Street. East and West Street as an axis, the north and south distribution of West City Lane, East City Lane, North City Lane, South City Lane, Southeast City Lane, Southwest City Lane, Gaojia Lane, Guanjing Lane, etc., are north-south, and east-west main street connected.
After the 16th year of the Republic of China (1927), outside the East City Gate gradually formed a market, and the city's main street is connected to one, so the name of Mr. Sun Yat-sen, the city's only main street named "Zhongshan Road". At that time, Zhongshan East Road and Zhongshan West Road were called Zhongshan East Road and Zhongshan West Road respectively, with the boundary outside the East City Gate. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, it was connected to Sanmin Street (People's Street), which became today's Zhongshan Road.
Zhongshan Road, with its unique historical value, has recorded the changes of the city and the times.
Source: Internet
First, the horn of the Xinhai Revolutionary Uprising blew in Zhongshan Road
Zhongshan Road in Baoji is not wide and long, but it is an old street with a history of more than 1,200 years, which concentrates on the humiliation and struggle in modern Chinese history. Baoji Brotherhood leader Ma Yunshan, Bai Fushun, using the "chicken feathers to pass the sticker" contact method, secretly organizing revolutionary aspirants, launched the first complete anti-imperialist and anti-feudalist uprising in Baoji. Yang Rong of Taipingbao village, Gao Laosan and Fang Qixing of Fulinbao village, Ma Youshan of Didian in Baoji county, and Ma Dajin and Ma Zhenghai of Majiayuan, etc., organized and led more than 300 people in the "Yang Bing" parade, which was a powerful deterrent against the reactionary officials and gentry. This march became the precursor to the revolutionary struggle in Baoji.
October 30, Baoji farmers Wang Qingmin, merchant Zhou Ruilin led more than 300 revolutionary masses, with white cloth wrapped around the head, to the Baoji County Office. The Qing dynasty appointed the last Baoji governor Lei Tianyu, feel the end of the day, very panic, urgently ordered the county township brave team captain bow Haiming guarding the east gate, their own with their families, leading dozens of people from the city north absconded to the county 20 kilometers west of the Qinwangzhai hideout. Bow Changming, the captain of the countryside courage team, saw the governor fleeing, that is, opened the city gate to welcome the revolutionary army into the city. Wang Qingmin entered the city, opened the prison, released the prisoners, burned down the county office Xihuating and the Catholic Church, destroyed the exploitation of the poor West Street pawnshops, and then led the team out of the city stationed. Uprising teams do not disturb the people, loved by the masses, the public competed to send water and food supply for the volunteers. The people and the army are happy, beating gongs and drums, *** celebration of the recovery of Baoji County
November 2, the uprising of the masses organized into the revolutionary army, the public elected Ma Yunshan posted a notice, that merchants can not raise prices, the sale of fairness; that soldiers should be strictly disciplined, not to intrude on the people disturbing the business. Late November, Zhen Shoushan and other 10 officers and more than 10 local students studying in the provincial capital, returned to Baoji from Xi'an, posting notices, revolutionary propaganda. Announcement of the Qing dynasty corruption and incompetence, loss of power and humiliation and feudal monarchs stubborn and brutal crimes, publicize the great situation of the revolution and the establishment of democratic **** and the great significance of the country.
At the end of February 1912, the revolutionary army in Baoji, Wu Changshi Department, the news of the abdication of the Qing Emperor, the establishment of the Republic of China, written on white cloth, publicized. The people of Baoji rushed to tell each other, happy and unusual, a jubilation, celebrating the death of the feudal autocracy and the birth of democracy **** and.
Figure source: network
Second, the rise of the industrial cooperative movement in Zhongshan Road
In August 1938, Baoji, Baoji, a major event of great significance and impact in the country, China's first industrial cooperatives - iron society in Baoji, Zhongshan Road, Dahua Lane, was born. 9 blacksmiths, each contributing to the development of the country's first industrial cooperative, the first industrial cooperatives in Baoji, the first industrial cooperatives in Baoji, the first industrial cooperatives in Baoji. Nine uneducated blacksmiths, each contributed all their tools and only iron, *** with an investment of about 140 yuan, organized for industrial production. The emergence of this organization, marking the beginning of the process of industrialization in mainland China, announced the bankruptcy of the Japanese imperialist economic blockade of China.
"Gonghe" is short for "Industrial Cooperative Association".
On August 5, 1938, the China Association for Industrial Cooperation (CAIC) was formally established in Wuhan. Soong Mei-ling was the honorary chairman, Kong Hsiang-hsi, president of the Executive Yuan, was the chairman, and Louis Xavier was the technical general counselor. in late August, the northwestern office of the CICC was first set up in Southeast City Lane, West Zhongshan Road, Baoji City, with the efforts of Louis Xavier and Lu Guangmian, an expert in cooperative economics. With the mobilization and propaganda of the I&C movement and its in-depth development, all kinds of industrial cooperatives, such as those springing up in Baoji and other areas of the Northwest, have broken ground and rapidly developed and expanded.
After the establishment of the Northwest District Office of China Industrial Cooperative Association, a large number of refugees and unemployed people who were displaced to the rear of the fallen area were organized to actively establish various types of enterprises to carry out production and self-help, solving the problem of more than 30,000 industrial workers and refugees to eat, and the development and protection of the local national industry in Baoji. Because of the special period of the war, all kinds of enterprises of NWCCI tightly focused on military and civilian needs, and actively carried out production, providing a large amount of material assistance for the anti-Japanese front. In 1939, it was the period of leap forward development of NWCCI. The Northwest District Office of the Federation of Trade Unions based in Baoji soon expanded its offices to 13 cities and regions including Xi'an, Hanzhong, Yulin, Yan'an, Tianshui, Lanzhou and so on. It successively established 18 offices in Baoji, Fengxiang, Longxian and Shuangshipu, 6 guidance stations, and more than 500 cooperatives, with business spreading over several categories such as textiles, garments, minerals and metallurgy, chemistry, machinery, hardware, food, cultural goods, civil engineering and stone, etc., and the products amounted to more than one hundred kinds. At the same time, it also founded the Industrial Alloy Bank, the Industrial Cooperative Supply and Marketing Office, the Industrial Cooperative Hospital, and the Industrial Cooperative School, and actively carried out the services of providing funds, supplying raw materials, promoting products, as well as medical care, education and culture for the industrial cooperatives and their members. In this year, Louis Xavier warmly received comrades Liu Ding, Zhao Yifeng and Chen Kangbo, who were sent by Mao Zedong from Yan'an to assist in the work of the Northwest Industrial Cooperative Office, at the Northwest Industrial Cooperative Office on Zhongshan West Road in Baoji. The Northwest Workers' Federation Office was further enriched and strengthened, with 8 additional organs and 15 subsidiary organizations, which enhanced the leadership of the Federation's production. By December of this year, Baoji alone produced and supplied 50,000 military blankets and 36,000 military coats for the front soldiers, with a total output of nearly one million yuan. In the same year by Song Qingling's commission, the production of 100,000 pieces of cotton clothing, sent to the Xi'an Office of the Eighth Route Army in Xi'an, forwarded to the front.
The emergence of Gonghe inspired the anti-Japanese enthusiasm and confidence of the people of the country, and at the same time received strong support from people all over the world. Mr. Snow gave generously to raise funds for the FTU and traveled to many countries and regions to publicize the FTU and solicit sympathy, sponsorship and support. Mr. Avery, who made China his home, travelled and risked his life in the country and was known as the mentor of the ICFTU. Mrs. Snow's wife, Helen, put aside her beloved writing activities for the cause of ICFTU and actively raised funds for ICFTU. With Helen's help, the International Committee for the Promotion of Labor and Social Co-operation (ICPC) was set up in Hong Kong in 1939 on the initiative of Soong Ching Ling. The International Promotion Committee tried every possible means to make use of all available channels to solicit sympathy and donations for ICFTU, from domestic to international, from social celebrities to religious leaders, and from welfare organizations to charitable groups. According to incomplete statistics, countries all over the world contributed more than five million dollars to the ICFTU. These donations, with enthusiasm and justice, became an endless force to promote the victory in the war of resistance, and contributed to the development of the ICL movement.
By 1942, the Northwest Federation of Trade Unions, with Baoji as its main base, had set up 2,000 industrial production cooperatives and employed nearly 200,000 workers. In Baoji, Luojiazhu, Yujianbao, Fulinbao, Jindabao, Lijiaya, Zhangjiacun, Zhangjiadie, Songjiaoyao, Baishigou and Shilipu were all active in the movement, and only spinning and weaving factories were set up more than 10 times in a row, with a daily output of 1,200 pieces of military cloth. Workers together in the hospital set up in Zhongshan West Road, Southeast City Lane, there are more than 20 medical staff, the average daily outpatient 80 times.
Figure source: network
Third, the new industrial and commercial city of Northwest China in Zhongshan Road suddenly rose
On the eve of the Sino-Japanese War, the city of Baoji is only 0.75 square kilometers, the population of the outskirts of the city is only 6,000 people. At that time, Baoji had an important role in military significance, but the economy was very backward. According to the survey of Shaanxi Provincial Bank in 1934, there were only 168 merchants in Baoji County, divided into 10 industries. Also did not form a real city scale, at best a veritable small town.
Baoji is located in the western border of Shaanxi Province, since ancient times is the Qin-Shu lapel throat, Guan-Long channel, for the successive generations of soldiers must fight. But because of the difficult roads and transportation, the local economy is not developed, far less than Fengxiang County. So that Baoji into the ranks of modern industrial and trade cities, a leap into the history of the Northwest as an important industrial city, is since the Longhai Railway repair to the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War as a starting point.
Figure source: network
December 7, 1936, the Longhai Railway opened to Baoji, Shaanxi East and West connected, its role as a major transportation artery across the east and west of China is also becoming increasingly prominent, as Baoji is the western end of the Longhai Railway at the time, coupled with the Shaanxi Provincial Government in the 30's and 40's, the construction of Xibao Highway, Changyi Highway, BaoPing Highway and Sichuan-Shaanxi Highway, making Baoji become the southwest, northwest and central and western regions of the communication hub; Longhai Railway and Xibao north and south two highways link Baoji and Xi'an and the eastern provinces and regions; from Baoji to the south over the Qinling Mountains Chuan-Shaan Highway, straight to Hanzhong, and then branching off to the south to Sichuan, to the east through Henan, Hubei, the road from Fengxian another branch to the northwest to Tianshui, Lanzhou, Xinjiang to the Soviet Union; Bao-Ping Highway through the Qianyang, Longxian to reach Gansu and Ningxia.
Figure Source: Network
The opening of the Longhai Railway to Baoji and the anti-war military boom accelerated the pace of development of Baoji business. Longhai Railway was repaired in December 1936 to Baoji, making its position increasingly important, become the central and eastern regions into the southwest, northwest of the throat of the main road, become the Guanzhong northwest of the commodity distribution center. "such as red and white sugar, tea, cigarettes, Sichuan medicinal herbs, Sichuan paper, by Chengdu car rubber-wheeled carts, manpower trailers to Hanzhong or run to Baoji, and then distributed Guanzhong counties. Gansu camel transport with Gan salt and Gan medicinal herbs, etc., also set in the north in Baoji, and to Fengxian Shuangshipu for the station, so Baoji today in the business, second only to Xi'an, overload line up to forty-eight as many as "overload line, bear the transit of large quantities of goods, more than set up in the place of convergence of commodities. Baoji has so many overload store, from a side to reflect the prosperity of its business.
Weibei counties are rich in cotton, since the Longhai Railway to Baoji, Baoji has become a cotton distribution center in western Guanzhong. According to information records, in February 1939, Baoji imported 534940 pounds of cotton, exports up to 802410 pounds, a total of 1337300 pounds. Cotton from all counties in the north of Weiwei gathered in Baoji, and then used the car along the Sichuan-Shaanxi highway to the southwest of a steady stream of transport, to protect the rear of the military civilian.
After the outbreak of the War of Resistance, a large number of people from the fallen areas flocked to Baoji, which made the original cold and quiet mountain city suddenly lively, and a moment of businessmen gathered. 1941, the famous writer Mr. Mao Dun passed through Baoji, and described Baoji in this way: "The chimneys of new factories rise on the fields of Baoji; outside of the city of Baoji, the new downtown area develops rapidly, and the pursuit of profit is full of businessmen and speculators in the city. Merchants and speculators filled the hotels and restaurants in this new downtown; banks, warehouses, mountains of goods flowing like water, mountains of raw materials and commodities piled up". Baoji has become a developing modern industrial and commercial city. According to the survey of the Bank of Shaanxi Province, "In recent years, the commerce of the county has been progressing very rapidly, and according to the survey in the spring of 31st year, the number of households in each industry is as follows: 9 iron stores, 9 restaurants, 18 mountain goods, 8 stationery, 6 printing, 43 department stores, 11 shoes and hats, 3 photographs, 2 cars, 17 inns, 3 bathhouses, 3 barber stores, 17 hotels, and 3 bathhouses. Home, 3 bathhouses, barber 10, 25 salt stores, 25 national pharmaceutical industry, paper and tobacco industry, 23, 3 wine industry, 6 wood line, 29 inns, grain 22, 7 Western medicine, leather industry 10, 28 silk cloth, watch store 4, 9 silver, other 3. A total of 336 merchants off the city, with a total capital of more than 140 million yuan, of which to the line of inns, wood lines and other industries with the largest amount of capital. However, every businessman due to tax relations, for the amount of money, unwilling to spit out the truth, this is only an oral report on the statistics of the person, the actual situation, the total amount of capital when more than a number of times.
Figure source: network
To the victory of the war of resistance against Japan, Baoji business still has further development. "According to the December 1946 data records, since 1937, the Longhai Railway to Baoji, Baoji into a major economic transportation, become the four sides of the material distribution. Wide range of sources of goods, Shanghai, Tianjin, Wuhan, Chengdu, Xuchang, Luoyang, Kaifeng, Xi'an, Xianyang, Lanzhou, Tianshui, Pingliang, Guyuan, Ningxia, Qinghai, Nanjing, Bazhou, Guangyuan, Guizhou, Kunming, there are more than 40 provinces, cities and counties to transport goods to and from the intercommunication, prompting the county's commercial prosperity, compared with the increase of nearly ten times before 1936. There are: 99 department stores and satin industry, medicine, new medicine 52, mountain products, fresh fruit industry 125, tobacco, alcohol, cooking oil, salt 110, inns, inns, foot store 63, groceries, 75 estimated clothing, food industry 52, food and drink restaurant 21, and iron, wood, sewing, photography, slaughtering, masonry, silver and other merchants 1,211, in addition, there are 1,375 industry vendors.
Industrial. Before the Longhai Railway opened Baoji, Baoji is only a small county with only six or seven thousand people, in addition to brewing, papermaking, wood picking and other handicrafts, there is no use of machine production of modern factories. Longhai Railway opened Baoji became a watershed in the development of local industry, followed in just a few years, including the Shenxin fourth textile company, including a dozen factories settled in Baoji, making it not only the second largest industrial center in Shaanxi Province, but also one of the 11 industrial centers in the entire Nationalist Region.
Source: Internet
In January 1937, the Baoji branch of Chang'an Machinery Factory, which repaired railroad locomotives, was built and put into operation, creating the first modern industry in Baoji. In July of the same year, the outbreak of total war of resistance. Baoji because of the location of the key, is the southwest, northwest communication between the central and eastern regions of the transportation hub, convenient transportation for the wartime development of Baoji industry has laid a solid foundation.
In August 1938, Chiang Kai-shek ordered the relocation of Shaanxi factories to Baoji as the destination, as of 1941, moved to the Baoji area of the factories are Shenxin Yarn Factory, Hongshun Machine Factory, Huaxing Machine Factory, Minkang Woolen Factory, Minkang Medicine Cotton Factory, Fuxin Flour Factory, and the Daxin Flour Factory, etc. Most of these relocated factories are well-funded, and the majority of them are in the middle of the country. Most of these relocated factories have strong capital, advanced equipment, scientific management on behalf of the highest level of domestic industrial development enterprises, to a certain extent for the relatively backward industrial development of Baoji play a backbone and demonstration role. For example, out of Hankou moved into Baoji Shenxin spinning fourth factory, established in 1938 in Baoji, has a capital of 3 million yuan, 4,000 spindles, 460 looms, 3,000 watts of KW generator 1, the monthly production of 200 pieces of 20-count yarn. In addition, such factories as Daxin and Fuxin in the flour industry and Qinchang and Xiehexin in the match industry were the backbone of the industry. Moreover, the inwardly relocated factories brought with them a certain amount of capital and technical strength, especially the engineers and technicians who moved in with the factories. Most of them are talents who once studied abroad and mastered modern production technology and management methods. After moving to Baoji, they will naturally play a positive role in the improvement of local modern production technology. After three years of unremitting efforts, a beginning of the scale of the "Qinbao Industrial Zone" in the formation of the Loess Plateau, which laid the foundation for Baoji to become the status of the Northwest region's industrial town.
According to the Shaanxi Provincial Bank Economic Survey Office investigation, as of February 1942, has opened in the urban areas of Baoji County with a large-scale factories have 7, with a total capital of 4.99 million yuan. 1938 founded three: Hongshun Machine Factory, Shenxin Textile Factory, the fourth factory, Daxin Flour Company; founded in 1939, there is one, that is, the Qinchang Match Factory; founded in 1941 There are three: Xihua Power Alcohol Plant, Yongxing Company Yimen Town Power Alcohol Plant, and Clear Oil Refinery. In addition, Shenxin moved 8 sets of 36 to 30-inch "Ellis" compound steel mills from its Hankou Fuxin Company and set up the Fuxin Flour Mill, which was put into operation in 1941 with a daily output of 2,000 bags of flour. In order to further expand production, Shenxin established Shenxin Textile Printing and Dyeing Plant, Raw Power Plant, Iron Works and Hongwen Paper Mill. By 1944 five factories **** more than 4,500 employees, the annual production of 140,000 pieces of cotton yarn, 160,000 pieces of cotton cloth, 10,000 tons of flour, 5300 orders of machine-made paper, 170 tons of cast iron, became the strongest strength of Baoji at the time, the largest industrial enterprises. Shenxin Textile Factory, Daxin Flour Company, Hongshun Machine Factory and other factories settled in Baoji, so that the original cold and quiet Baoji suddenly prospered. In Baoji industrial development at the same time, power supply is obviously insufficient contradiction gradually highlighted. 1938 September, Xijing Power Plant in Zhongshan Road, No. 148 set up Baoji Branch, installed 33.6 kilowatts of diesel generators 1, installed more than 600 lamps, for urban lighting. To 1942, Baoji Power Plant capital has reached more than 4 million yuan.
Figure source: network
As the wartime Baoji business boom boom, the formation of the rapid accumulation of commercial capital. Huge sums of money, the need for banks to finance the flow. Therefore, a variety of banks come in droves, competing in Baoji to buy land and build additional institutions. At a time, in Zhongshan Road towers in the central, China, transportation, farmers, storage of gold, Shaanxi Province, Henan Province, Baoji County, Shanghai, Jincheng, Yongli, open source, the central bank treasury and DeTaiXiang silver number of 17 banks of the financial monstrosity of the scene.
Zhongshan Road belongs to Baoji, also belongs to the country; Zhongshan Road belongs to the present, also belongs to the history and future. It connects the achievements and splendor of Baoji today, and also runs through the history of Baoji's confusion, humiliation, search and rise ...... Today, after more than 40 years of market economic reform, we need to discover the footprints of history on Zhongshan Road, review the country's changes and development, and explore the direction of the future. Zhongshan Road is not only a witness to today's history, but also a revelation for the future.
Source: Internet
Author: Yu Shihong, Baoji landscape culture and Baoji history and culture research experts)