There are three main categories of products in the garbage disposal industry: material resources, environmental resources and garbage disposal services. The primary state of material resources is untreated or unprocessed recycled materials, and the advanced form is secondary raw materials (including secondary energy). Environmental resources mainly refer to the environmental capacity resources of the natural, human and ecological environments. The garbage disposal industry reduces the amount of pollutants discharged into the environment through harmless, resourceful and reduced treatment of garbage, i.e., it reduces the occupancy of environmental capacity, and provides the possibility of sustainable development of production and consumption. The waste disposal service consists of a series of activities such as management and operation, including the resolution of complaints from the public, and the waste disposal industry brings the public the enjoyment of a good environment through the provision of waste disposal services.
From the point of view of industrial products, garbage disposal industry is not only the basic industry or secondary industry in the field of material production, but also the service industry or tertiary industry which is closely related to the field of daily life and material production. In 1990, the inductance coefficient and influence coefficient of Japan's water supply and garbage disposal industry were 0.6397 and 0.8132 respectively, which are moderate and close to each other, indicating that garbage disposal industry can be used both as an alternative and as a substitute for other industries. These coefficients of induction and influence are moderate and close to each other, indicating that the waste disposal industry can be categorized as either a basic industry of material production or a service industry. If the environmental resources to the environmental rights law clearly down and can be value-added, garbage industry is a real service industry, otherwise, garbage industry only to meet the needs of the social public **** rather than exchange and value-added for the purpose of the industry can only be used as a kind of public service business.
The reasons for the introduction of competition and privatization of the waste disposal industry include the inability of the public **** finances to meet the growing demand for waste disposal and the need to resort to private capital, as well as changes in the concept of waste disposal, the connotation of the waste disposal industry and the expansion of its economic and technological attributes after the expansion of the effective mode of supply has also undergone a corresponding change.
1) In the face of growing demand for garbage disposal, the public **** financial unsustainable
With the increase in the level of economic development, "mass production, mass consumption" of the modern model of economic growth will inevitably lead to the growth of garbage. 20 century early 80's, the average annual growth rate of foreign municipal garbage is In the early 1980s, the average annual growth rate of municipal waste in foreign countries was 2% to 5%, with some countries reaching 10%. In industrialized countries, the total growth rate of municipal waste is 3% to 5% (Jiang Yuan, Liu Yuntong, Shao Pei, 2004). Moreover, the public's demand for harmless waste treatment is also increasing, and the investment required by the waste treatment industry is becoming increasingly huge. As a social public utility to be taken over by the government, i.e., the government is responsible for the whole process of garbage disposal, from collection, transportation to disposal, as well as supervision and management, the garbage disposal model has brought about a rapid expansion of public *** financial expenditure in the field of garbage disposal, which puts great pressure on the public *** finances. Both the state and the city have insufficient financial resources to support the construction and operation of waste disposal facilities, which is why it is essential to attract private capital through appropriate contractual arrangements.
2) The privatization of waste disposal has precedents and technical feasibility
Western countries recognize the existence of "market failure" in the field of public utilities, and in the twentieth century widely adopted the practice of government responsibility for the provision of public **** services, but in essence. "It is not the government's obligation to provide the service; it is the government's obligation to ensure that the service is realized" (David Osborne and Ted Gebler, 1996, pp. 6-7). Historically, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, due to the lack of funds for city governments and rather limited state subsidies, public **** utilities in the UK and US were also provided mainly by private enterprises that had entered into long term contracts with municipal authorities, much like the privatization model. And industrial waste disposal has always been undertaken by private enterprises, technically speaking, the privatization of municipal waste disposal does not have technical obstacles. With the change in the concept of waste disposal, waste disposal is not purely incineration, landfill and composting, but also involves the recycling of resources. Waste disposal is becoming more and more subdivided and specialized, and the Government lacks the appropriate technology and skills. In addition, if recycling is taken as a prerequisite, it is necessary to carry out different treatments for the various kinds of waste collected, and it is too burdensome for the government to take on such equipment and personnel, and the efficiency will also be greatly reduced. The private sector actually dominates the recycling field.
3) The introduction of waste charging has increased the attractiveness of the waste disposal industry to private capital
Since there is no expenditure constraint on the consumption of public **** goods, and no profit-driven supply, the phenomenon of over-consumption of "free-riding" while enjoying a clean environment is inevitable. Lack of cost consciousness leads to overconsumption of garbage services, resulting in a huge waste of human and financial resources. In order to reduce the pressure of waste disposal public **** expenditure, but also to strengthen the public's environmental awareness, to achieve waste "reduction", governments try to take economic means to change the behavior of the public, the implementation of garbage charging system. Not to pay the fee that can not get the garbage removal service, the implementation of the garbage charging system so that the benefit of the service exclusion becomes possible, so that the garbage disposal industry has the conditions of the market, but also for the public welfare responsibility of the garbage disposal enterprises in the government financial subsidies, in addition to adding a new source of income, increase the garbage disposal industry on the attractiveness of private capital.
4) Garbage disposal involves multiple links. A combination of multiple supply modes to achieve optimal performance
The garbage disposal industry has more links, and its economic and technical characteristics are diversified and multi-level, and the specific services of different characteristics should be solved by different subjects and different modes. Prior research on the advantages and disadvantages of various types of supply modes of garbage disposal services and the use of specific service categories have been summarized (see Table 1), pointing out that the optimal performance of garbage disposal services can only be achieved through a combination of multiple supply modes. Simply put, the ideal supply model in the recycling field is private enterprise-led, government-assisted and supported by policy and technology, while in the waste treatment field, for the sake of reducing the risk of external diseconomies and environmental pollution, the ideal model is to maximize the use of private capital and technological capacity under the premise of strengthening government regulation.