(1) the basic principles of integrated prevention and control of water pollution
1) change the mode of economic growth, improve resource utilization and water pollution control
From the "human date environment" system relationship and "economic date environment" system relationship.
From the relationship between "human date environment" system and "economic date environment" system, human development activities, especially the economic reproduction process is the main aspect of the contradiction. Human ecosystem water cycle has two aspects, one is the natural water cycle, the other is the social water cycle (industrial and agricultural production water and living water), in the water cycle process to ensure the safe water boundaries, and as far as possible not to reduce the quality of water, it is only to regulate and control the economic reproduction process, including the transformation of the mode of economic growth, adjusting the economic structure, in particular to adjust the industrial structure and improve the industrial layout, as well as the implementation of cleaner production. This includes changing the mode of economic growth, restructuring the economy, especially adjusting the industrial structure and improving the industrial layout, as well as promoting cleaner production. The current means and methods of regulation and control is still very difficult to do not produce pollution, no emission of pollutants, so there is also a need for pollution control measures, a combination of the two.
2) Reasonable use of the environment's self-purifying ability and man-made measures combined
Drainage of the sea project, river drainage project, optimize the distribution of sewage outfalls are reasonable use of the self-purifying ability of the water environment measures. However, a systematic analysis should be carried out from a holistic point of view, the land treatment system, river drainage, sea drainage project, primary and secondary sewage treatment, oxidation ponds and other various measures should be optimized combination.
3) Decentralized treatment of pollution sources combined with centralized control of regional pollution
The first category of pollutants specified in the comprehensive sewage discharge standards must be decentralized treatment of pollution sources to meet the discharge standards, for small industrial enterprises can be taken to solve the problem by the method of pollution management socialization. For other pollutants should be centralized control, improve the efficiency of pollution management, combining the two.
4) Combination of ecological engineering and environmental engineering
The use of biological management technology, the design of a reasonable industrial chain and reasonable industrial water cycle are effective ecological engineering. But to be combined with environmental engineering to play a greater role.
5) Technical measures should be combined with management measures
Selected technical programs on the basis of planning, evaluation can avoid blindness; technical programs after implementation only to strengthen the management in order to make the technical measures to operate normally, to obtain good benefits.
(2) The main countermeasures for the comprehensive prevention and control of water pollution
The main countermeasures for the comprehensive prevention and control of water pollution in China are as follows:
1) Reasonable functional zoning of the water environment
Functional zoning of the water environment is the basis for the comprehensive prevention and control of water pollution. According to the current function of the water environment and the needs of economic and social development, based on the ground water environment quality standards for water environment functional zoning, is the basis for water protection and water pollution control. For example, the environmental quality standards for surface water will be divided into five categories of waters according to their functions: Class I is mainly applicable to the source water, national nature reserves; Class II is mainly applicable to the first level of protection of centralized domestic drinking water sources, precious fish sanctuaries, fish and shrimp spawning grounds, etc.; Class III is mainly used for the second level of protection of centralized domestic drinking water sources, general fish sanctuaries and swimming zones; Class IV is mainly applicable to the general Industrial water and human non-direct contact with recreational water areas; Class V is mainly applicable to agricultural water areas and general landscape requirements of the waters.
Pollution control and protection of water resources according to functional areas. First of all, according to the function of the waters to delineate the level of protection, the requirements of water pollution control. For example: for special protection of waters, is the national "environmental quality standards for surface water" (GB3838-88) in the Ⅰ, Ⅱ type of waters, no new outfalls, the existing sewage disposal units by the local environmental authorities from the strict control, in order to ensure that the quality of the receiving water body water quality in line with the specified use of water quality standards. Secondly, total volume control is implemented according to functional areas. The so-called total control refers to in order to maintain the environmental target value of a certain environmental functional area, the maximum amount of a certain kind of pollution emissions can be allowed. Therefore, the water environment functional zoning is the implementation of total water pollution control basis.
2) The development of integrated water pollution prevention and control planning
The main content of the integrated prevention and control of water pollution and the development of the work steps are as follows:
Based on the investigation and evaluation of the water environment, analyze and determine the main problems of the water environment.
Dividing who pollution control unit. According to the conclusions of the analysis of water environment problems, taking into account the administrative division, the characteristics of the waters, the distribution of pollution sources, the area where the pollution sources are located and the receiving waters are divided into a water pollution control unit.
Proposed environmental objectives, the demonstration of reachability. Environmental objectives to be controlled by the total amount of major pollutants and water environment control objectives and comprehensive remediation of each sub-specific objectives.
Determine the sampling pollutant abatement, as well as abatement ratio allocation program.
Development of comprehensive water pollution prevention and control planning and implementation program.
Support and assurance of implementation planning. Including: analysis of funding sources, the development of annual plans, the implementation of sewage declaration and registration and sewage discharge permit system proposed program, and the necessary technical support.
The development of comprehensive water pollution prevention and control planning must adhere to the following principles:
To economic construction as the center, conducive to the promotion of coordinated development of the economy and the environment.
Taking rational development and utilization of water resources as the core, focusing on the whole process of control. By transforming the mode of economic growth and promoting cleaner production, pollution is eliminated in the process of economic reproduction.
Comprehensive planning, highlighting the key points, according to local conditions, and seek practical results.
Adhere to the principle of comprehensive remediation. The planning program should be a systematic analysis to achieve overall optimization.
3) Implementation of sewage licensing system, the main sources of pollution gradually from the concentration of control to the total amount of control transition
In the implementation of sewage licensing system, must be combined with the current level of technology and management system in China, follow the following five requirements:
From the practical point of view of the total amount of control objectives. When it is difficult to determine the environmental capacity of the receiving body of water for discharging pollutants, the total amount of major water pollutants discharged in 1995 can be used as a target total amount according to the actual technological and economic level of the region, and the abatement ratio can be determined and allocated to the major sources of pollution in accordance with the principles set by the total amount control program put forward by the State Environmental Protection Administration in December 1995.
Select the object of licensing. The object of issuing permits is mainly the region's big polluters, a city to catch a dozen or dozens of households can be. To go through the source of pollution survey and evaluation, selected control priorities.
Control the total amount of sewage, measured according to local conditions.
Strengthen the environmental supervision and management after licensing.
Emphasis on practical experience to continuously improve the level. The implementation of sewage licensing system, we should first pilot, sum up the experience and gradually promote. However, attention should also be paid to the study of new issues arising in the implementation process, such as sewage indicators of paid transfer, sewage rights trading.
4) Strengthen the township enterprises in the comprehensive prevention and control of water pollution
China's township enterprises are widely distributed, intertwined with the agro-ecosystem, the arable land and tributaries of the river (or the river network) has posed a serious threat to the comprehensive management must be carried out as soon as possible. Its prevention and treatment countermeasures are as follows:
First of all, according to the industrial policy to adjust the industrial structure and product structure, so that the proportion of polluting enterprises down to less than 15%, outlawing the "fifteen small" enterprises.
Secondly, township and village enterprises should be rationally laid out and combined with the agricultural ecosystem to form a compound ecosystem with a benign cycle.
Thirdly, the pollution sources of the existing township enterprises should be strictly controlled.