11.3.1 Major Problems in the Ecological Environment
(1) Uneven Socio-Economic Development
The socio-economic development of Hunan Province varies from place to place, city to city, county to county, and can be divided into four levels: especially developed areas, developed areas, developing areas, and underdeveloped areas or poor areas.
(1) particularly developed areas: Changsha, Zhuzhou, Xiangtan, Yueyang, four cities, per capita GDP value of more than 10,000 yuan (of which Changsha city has exceeded 20,000 yuan), the average annual net income of farmers more than 3,000 yuan.
(2) developed areas: developed areas *** count 41 counties and cities, they are mainly distributed on both sides of the Beijing-Guangzhou line, in a north-south band spread. There are also some developed counties and cities in western and northern Hunan. The per capita GDP + average annual income of farmers is greater than 6,000 yuan, of which the vast majority of the average annual net income of farmers is higher than 2,000 yuan.
(3) Developing Region: There are 24 counties and cities in the developing region***, which are mainly located in the transition zone between the hilly area in the middle of Hunan and the neighboring mountainous areas, as well as the counties and cities in the transition zone between the Dongting Lake Plain and the mountainous areas on both sides of the lake. The per capita GDP + average annual income of farmers in the developing regions is 4,850-6,000 yuan.
(4) poverty-stricken areas: including national development (1994) No. 5 notice, the province included in the poverty alleviation of the 10 counties (Yongshun, Baojing, Pingjiang, Sangshi, Xinhua, Yuanling, Huayuan, Anhua, Longhuai, Xintian) and Hunan Province, Hunan Province Xiangzhengfa (1994) No. 29 document to increase the provincial poverty alleviation of the 21 counties and districts (Chenggubu, Guidong, Rucheng, Guzhan, Lushi, Fenghuang, Channel, Jianghua, Longshan, Mayang, Cili, Yizhang, Xinhuang, Yanling, Chaling, Jishou, Shimen, Zhijiang, Yongding District of Zhangjiajie City and Wulingyuan District, Liuyang City).
(B) densely populated
In recent decades, Hunan's population has increased dramatically, from 1953 (a census) to 1998, the province's population of 45 years, a net increase of 31,523,300, an average annual net increase of more than 700,000 people, so that the natural environment and natural resources are subject to greater and greater pressure on the relationship between population growth and the environment and resources are becoming increasingly tense. As far as land resources are concerned, in 1949, the province's per capita land area amounted to 10.64 mu, and the per capita cultivated land area amounted to 1.76 mu, but by 1998, the per capita land area and the per capita cultivated land area had dropped to 4.89 mu and 0.74 mu respectively, which were equivalent to 46% and 42% of that of 1949, and was one of the smallest per capita cultivated land areas in the country; moreover, there were insufficient reserve resources of cultivated land, and the area of reserve resources of cultivated land that could be reclaimed for cultivated land was only 1.5 million acres. The area of reserve resources of arable land is only equivalent to 5.8% of the existing arable land area. Obviously, more people and less land is one of the most prominent contradictions facing Hunan Province in the process of economic development and land development and utilization. Besides, the ecological problems brought by population growth include the decline of forest coverage, the decline of biological resources, the aggravation of soil erosion, frequent geological disasters and serious environmental pollution.
(3) Land Degradation
(1) Increased Soil Erosion: The soil generated by granite, purple sand shale and sandstone has little holding power and is mostly sloping, and soil erosion occurs in the rainy season between spring and summer. Soil erosion is exacerbated by low vegetation cover, especially due to irrational human activities, as well as by irrational reclamation and cultivation. Soil erosion has caused a series of damages to soil resources and agricultural production, and has led to the decline of land strength. According to statistics, each year the province loses about 170 million tons of soil, equivalent to 800,000 acres of arable land, accompanied by about 2.48 million tons of organic fertilizer loss.
(2) soil submerged process enhancement: due to the long-term insufficient investment in water conservancy construction, reservoirs, aqueducts leakage, drainage facilities are not perfect, especially heavy irrigation and light drainage of farming techniques and long-term double-season rice cropping system, the soil is flooded for long periods of time, exposure to sunlight less, while hydroponics and water formation of farming methods so that the plough subsoil layer is increasingly viscous and tightly compact, air permeability is poor, part or all of the soil layer of reductivity Some or all of the layers of the soil are reduced, and the process of secondary submerged fertilization is common. The province has more than 500,000 hectares of submerged rice fields and more than 270,000 hectares of secondary submerged rice fields.
(3) Land barrenness is common: land barrenness is caused by land use and nutrition imbalance. In recent decades, the increasing development of intensive agriculture, land nutrient consumption increased dramatically, while the relative lack of land inputs, heavy use of light nutrition or even only use the phenomenon of non-nutrient widespread, soil nutrient loss is serious. The majority of the province's 1,229,900 hectares of dryland has an organic matter content of less than 1%, and a significant portion of paddy land has an organic matter content of less than 2%. The phenomenon of land barrenness is more obvious in the regions with relatively developed agricultural production and higher level of agricultural production, such as Changde, Yueyang, Changsha and other regions with high level of agricultural production, where low-yield arable land accounts for more than 70% of the total arable land.
(4) Serious land destruction: due to the continuous expansion of industrial and agricultural production, urbanization and rapid development of transportation construction, it is common that the land suffers from destruction due to digging damage, subsidence and pressure occupation. According to incomplete statistics (1995), over the years, the province's only state-owned large and medium-sized industrial and mining enterprises digging damage or pressure to occupy a total area of 11,300 hectares of land, Anhua County, Xiangqian Railway re-routing project in the territory of the total length of only 38 km, the construction process of waste soil and waste residue piles occupy the land and rivers, water surface area of up to 74,400 square meters.
(4) decline in the function of rivers, lakes, ponds and reservoirs
(1) increase in sand content and sand transport: the upper and middle reaches of the province's various watersheds in the spring and summer rainy seasons, especially heavy rainfall and rainstorms, soil erosion is serious, a large amount of sediment carried by the surface runoff transported downstream, the size of the river at this time, the amount of sand content and the amount of sand transport generally increased. The average sand content of the main streams of Xiang, Zi, Yuan and Li was 0.179 kg/m3, 0.127 kg/m3, 0.229 kg/m3 and 0.416 kg/m3 respectively, and only the main stream of the Xiangjiang River imported 12.35 million tons of sediment to Dongting Lake every year from the late 1960s to the 1980s.
(2) Reduced hydraulic efficiency: mainly in the river, lake, pond and reservoir flood storage, flood control, drought capacity and power generation efficiency, such as the Dongting Lake in 1949, the natural lake area of 4,350 km2, to shrink to 2,691 km2 in 1983, a reduction of 38% compared with 1949, the lake capacity has also shrunk by 40%. Consequently, every rainy season, flooding occurs in the Dongting Lake Plain, especially in recent years, when mega floods have occurred in all years, seriously affecting the safety of people's lives and property and daily life.
(3) Reduced river transportation capacity: due to long-term soil erosion, resulting in river siltation, riverbed elevation, navigation capacity and navigation value is greatly reduced. Hunan Province, the river basin area greater than 100 km2 of the river **** 594, with a total length of about 33,000 kilometers, navigable mileage of 16,000 kilometers in 1965, and then due to siltation, the riverbed becomes shallow, navigable mileage declined year by year, and the province's rivers are now navigable mileage of only 10,000 kilometers or so, the volume of passenger and freight traffic has declined sharply.
(E) frequent geological disasters
(1) landslides and collapse: the province landslides and collapse is more developed, every year there are thousands to more than 10,000 occurrences, of which about 1% can form a disaster. According to statistics, the province has occurred more than 764 large-scale landslides, landslides 110, they are concentrated in hilly areas, and to the elevation of 150-800 m between the more. Northwest Hunan Shimen-Yuanling-Fenghuang mountainous area, Anhua-Tongguan mountainous area in southwest Hunan, and Chaling-Linwu-Jianghua mountainous area in south Hunan are the three zones with a large number of landslides and avalanches, accounting for 35.2%, 20% and 20% of the total number of landslides and avalanches in the whole province, respectively. They account for 35.2%, 20.8% and 25.2% of the total number of landslides and avalanches in the province respectively, and are the main development zones of large-scale landslides and avalanches; the valley slopes on both sides of the main streams of Xiang, Zizhi, Yuan and Li and their first-class tributaries are also the zones where landslides and avalanches are often developed.
(2) Mudslides: Mudslides in the province often occur with landslides and avalanches, but the number of occurrences is relatively small. According to the data of the geology and mining departments, there are 74 mudslides with a solid material loss of >1.0 million cubic meters, of which there are 22 large - giant mudslides.
(3) Soil erosion: As most of the province is mountainous and hilly, with high terrain and big difference in relative elevation, as well as much rainfall and intensity, especially in the widely distributed red bedrock and magma rock types and shale and mudstone distribution areas of the Silurian system, the bedrock of the soil is small in its holding power, and weak in its ability of resistance to erosion, washout and weathering, and the destruction of the vegetation is highly susceptible to soil erosion. In 1985, the research results of agricultural zoning in Hunan Province showed that soil erosion in Hunan Province has a wide distribution, amounting to 44,000km2, accounting for 20.8% of the total area of the province. According to the type of erosion: 41958.6 km2 of surface erosion, 1673.7 km2 of gully erosion, and 368.3 km2 of collapse; according to the type of land where the erosion occurs: 6954.3 km2 of agricultural land, 27312.5 km2 of forested land, and 9733.8 km2 of grassy wasteland; according to the degree of erosion: 20830.8 km2 of mild, 14240.7 km2 of moderate, 7942.8 km2 of strong, and 7942.8 km2 of severe erosion. 7942.8 km2, intense 986.6 km2.
Since the 1980s, due to the forestation of mountains and the implementation of the joint production contract responsibility system, forest vegetation and grassland have been better protected, and the vegetation cover rate has been improved year by year, and the vegetation cover rate reached 52% in 1996, which not only effectively inhibited the further expansion of soil erosion, but also reduced the extent of soil erosion and reduced the risk of soil erosion to the areas where soil erosion had already occurred, which made it possible to reduce the extent of soil erosion and to improve the quality of soil erosion, and to improve the quality of soil erosion. It has not only effectively suppressed the further expansion of soil erosion, but also reduced the degree of soil erosion and narrowed the scope of soil erosion in the areas where soil erosion has already occurred. However, at present, soil erosion is still widely distributed in the province, except for the five counties of Anxiang, Nanxian, Yuanjiang, Huarong and Jinshi in the plain area of Dongting Lake where soil erosion is rare, and all other areas have different degrees of occurrence. The province's soil erosion area amounted to 39,430 km2, accounting for 18.62% of the province's total area. The more serious erosion disaster areas are Hengyang, Shaoyang, autonomous regions and Loudi City, the erosion area accounted for 25.7%, 24.1%, 25.0%, 23.4% of its total area, in Hengyang and Hennan County, the most serious erosion, the erosion area accounted for 43.2% of the county's total area, the formation of a large area of red soil poor land.
In Hunan Province, soil erosion is mainly caused by surface erosion, accounting for 95.36% of the total erosion area, and the eroded land categories are agricultural land, forest land and grassland, of which 15.8% are eroded from agricultural land, 62.1% from forest land, and 22.1% from grassland.
(F) Surface Water Pollution
Xiangjiang River System: In 1998, 20 sections of the main stream of Xiangjiang River System were involved in the evaluation, and 12 sections of the tributaries were involved in the evaluation. The water body of the whole basin in line with the Ⅰ, Ⅱ class water quality standards of each section of 3, accounting for 9%; in line with the Ⅲ class water quality standards of the section accounted for 5, 15%; belongs to the Ⅳ class water quality standards of the section for 17, accounting for 53%; belongs to the Ⅴ class water quality standards of the section for 4, accounting for 12%. Xiangjiang River main stream in the upper reaches of the river section of water pollution is relatively light, from the source of Yongzhou Dajiangkou to Zhuzhou upstream of the Bryan ShuiKou river section of about 400 km long, **** deployment of monitoring section 11 (9 city river section section), only 1 section of the water body meets the Ⅲ water quality standards, the rest of the section of the water body belongs to Ⅳ or Ⅳ above the water quality standards.
In the tributaries of Xiangjiang River, Chenjiang River, Steam Water, Liuyang River and Lianshui are seriously polluted, while the water quality of Xiaoshui and Chungtengshui remains good. The main pollutants in Xiangjiang River waters are total nitrogen, petroleum, total coliform, ammonia, total phosphorus, non-ionic ammonia, mercury, arsenic and other heavy metals.
Zi River system: Zi River is the main stream and tributaries in Hunan Province are seriously polluted water system. 1998 to participate in the evaluation of 15 sections (13 sections of the urban river), 11 monitoring sections on the main stream, tributaries set up monitoring sections of 4, all sections of all sections of the Ⅰ class of water quality standards for the section of 2, belonging to the Ⅳ class of water quality standards for the section of 11, belonging to the Ⅴ class of water quality standards for the section of 2. For 2. Only the middle of the main stream Tsuge Creek Reservoir, Taogushan 2 sections of the water body is good, in line with the Ⅰ class water quality standards. Middle and upper reaches as well as downstream **** 9 water monitoring sections are Ⅳ water quality standards. The tributaries Shao Shui and Fuyi Shui are seriously polluted. Shao water to participate in the monitoring and evaluation of the two sections of the water body are class V water quality standards, Fuyi water to participate in the monitoring and evaluation of the two sections of the water body are class IV water quality standards. The main pollutants in the main stream are petroleum, volatile phenols, total coliform bacteria and total phosphorus. Tributary Shao Shui Majiaba, Dongfengqiao and other biochemical oxygen demand, total coliform bacteria, total phosphorus, volatile phenols of the annual average exceeded the standard.
Yuan River system: 16 monitoring sections were set up in the Yuan River system***, 11 on the main stream and 5 on the tributaries. Among all the sections involved in monitoring and evaluation, there were 5 sections meeting Class I water quality standard, 2 sections meeting Class II water quality standard, 1 section meeting Class III water quality standard, 5 sections belonging to Class IV water quality standard and 3 sections belonging to Class V water quality standard. The water quality of the main stream of the Yuan River is still good. Among the 11 sections set up on the main stream with a length of about 500 kilometers, only one section in the middle reaches and two sections in the lower reaches belonged to the water quality standard of Class IV, and the rest of the monitored sections met the water quality standard of Class I, II or III. The Yuan River tributaries Wushui, Donghe and Wanlv River are seriously polluted, with the main pollutants being total coliforms, total phosphorus, volatile phenols, ammonia nitrogen and suspended solids. Tributaries of the Wan Sol River, Shangzhou, Chiyi Chemical Plant section of the monitoring program total coliform bacteria, total phosphorus, ammonia and nitrogen exceeded the annual average, respectively, the lower reaches of the main stream Xinxingzui section, Potou section of total coliform bacteria exceeded the standard, respectively.
River system: the river system to participate in the monitoring of six sections, five on the main stream, one on the tributaries. Only Shimen Sanjiangkou cross-section of the main stream water body in line with the water quality standards of class II, the remaining four cross sections are class Ⅳ water body. The water body of the section on the tributaries basically meets the water quality standard of Class III. The main pollutants in the river waters are ammonia nitrogen, suspended solids and coliform bacteria.
Dongting Lake area: Dongting Lake area involved in the evaluation of eight sections, belonging to the Ⅳ water quality standards for six sections, in line with the Ⅲ water quality standards for two sections, total phosphorus, total nitrogen pollution is wider, eutrophication phenomenon. The main pollutants are total phosphorus, total nitrogen, suspended solids, chromaticity, total coliform bacteria. All monitoring sections in the lake area, the south mouth and thatched street section of the heavier pollution.
The Yangtze River system: Hunan section of the Yangtze River system to participate in the evaluation of three sections, namely, Yueyang City, Jingjiangkou, Lucheng and Chenglingji, section monitoring results are Ⅳ water quality standards. The main pollutants are total phosphorus, total nitrogen, total coliform, suspended solids and ammonia.
Except for the Shuangpai Reservoir in Xiaoshui, a tributary of the Xiangjiang River, where the annual average value of volatile phenols exceeded the standard, the monitoring results of other major reservoirs in Hunan Province showed that the water quality was good.
(VII) Air Pollution
According to the statistics of Hunan Provincial Environmental Protection Bureau, the pollution load of key sources of industrial waste gas in our province is 3819432.40, of which combustion exhaust accounted for 68.98%, and process exhaust accounted for 31.08%. It indicates that more than two-thirds of the key sources of industrial exhaust gas from combustion exhaust.
Industrial exhaust and other standard pollution load is larger sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and soot, respectively, 1879829.73, 963959.00 and 680971.878, the cumulative load ratio of these three pollutants reached 95.37%.
Key sources of industrial exhaust and other standard pollution load in Hunan Province is the first Yueyang City, standard pollution load of 729126.90, accounting for 19.09%, the following order is the Loudi area load ratio of 16.54%, Zhuzhou City, the load ratio of 14.51%, Hengyang City, the load ratio of 12.00% and Xiangtan City, the load ratio of 9.21% of the cumulative load of these five cities than 71.34%, for the province's key sources of industrial exhaust gas pollution in the main areas.
11.3.2 Remedial Measures for the Ecological Environment
(1) Prioritize the development of socio-economically developed regions with the strengthening of inter-regional cooperation and narrowing the differences in regional development
Regional economic development should take the path of unbalanced growth. Only in this way can we concentrate limited funds and human and material resources in the advantageous development of the region to be a key breakthrough, and then the implementation of rolling development.
The province's social history, natural conditions, resource conditions, investment scale and other factors, thus forming a clear difference in the level of socio-economic development. In general, the lower and middle reaches of the Xiangjiang River, the Xiangzhong hilly area and the Dongting Lake plain area of the socio-economic development level is significantly higher than that of the northwest Hunan region, the western Hunan Xuefeng Mountain area and the southern Hunan mountainous area. In the coming period, it is necessary to prioritize limited funds and human and material resources to ensure the over-development of socio-economically developed areas. The areas along the Beijing-Guangzhou Railway and the Beijing-Zhuhai Expressway, especially the areas centered on ChangZhuTan with high productivity, close to Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao in the south and the golden waterway of the Yangtze River in the north, developed in industry, agriculture and commerce, large-scale and numerous towns and cities with convenient transportation, well-developed science, education, health care and postal, telecommunication and communication industries and abundant water resources, with the conditions of low investment, high economic efficiency and rapid development, should be taken as a priority regional belt for the province's development, so as to It should be a priority development zone in the province, so as to enhance the aggregation effect, increase the radiation function, take the lead in narrowing the gap with the coastal areas, and promote the development of other areas in the province.
While prioritizing the development of socio-economically developed regions, inter-regional cooperation should be strengthened. The realization of all regions *** with affluence is the goal of socialist construction, while the province's socio-economic backwardness of the mountainous areas, rich in national resources, the serious lagging of the social economy will be socio-economically developed areas of the sustainable development of the constraints. Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture, as well as other impoverished areas and ethnic minority areas, should be based on the status of their land and resources, in accordance with the local conditions, complementary advantages, a reasonable division of labor, highlighting the key points, the strengths of each and coordinated development of the principle of the implementation of the work of poverty alleviation counterparts to speed up the province's 3 million people out of poverty, narrowing the gap between the rich and the poor with socio-economically developed areas, and gradually realize the *** with the affluent.
(ii) strengthen family planning, control population growth
Control of population growth is one of China's basic national policies, is related to Hunan's overall socio-economic situation and future generations of major events. The shortage of land and people is one of the most prominent contradictions facing Hunan Province in the process of economic development and land development and utilization. At present, the age structure of the population is in a stage of transition from young to adult, but the juvenile and adult population bases are still very large, and the total burden coefficient is also higher than the national average of 1.23% (1995). If family planning is relaxed and the juvenile population is allowed to expand rapidly, the gains of construction will be partially or largely offset by population growth, and resources and the environment will be subjected to greater pressure. Therefore, it is necessary to continue to effectively strengthen population and family planning management, improve the population target management responsibility system, improve the grass-roots family planning work network, strictly enforce family planning regulations and policies, and combine the promotion of family planning with economic development.
(3) Afforestation and grass-planting, improvement of rivers, lakes, ponds and reservoirs, and stifling of geological disasters
Afforestation and grass-planting to stifle soil erosion: low forest cover and degradation of grasslands are one of the major reasons for the intensification of geological disasters in Hunan Province. Therefore, the continuation of afforestation and development of vegetation is one of the most important basic measures to rectify the ecological environment and improve economic conditions. The forest coverage rate of Hunan Province reaches 52%, which is much higher than the national level, but geologic disasters still occur frequently due to the undulating terrain and heavy rainfall in most areas, especially torrential and heavy rainfall. At the same time, the primary forest industry has been exploited, and most of the existing forests are secondary forests, mainly the pony-tailed pine forests, cedar forests and economic forests, and their stifling effect on soil erosion is obviously weakened. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the implementation of the "Forest Law", the rule of law forests, closed forests, at the same time to adjust the structure of forest species, expand the area of planting protective forests to ensure that the forests not only in quantity but also in the quality of the real improvement, improve the ability to nourish the soil and water, improve the ecological environment. The degradation of grassland in Hunan Province is obvious. Due to the unreasonable development and utilization of grassland, large areas of grass slopes are reclaimed, the public beach indiscriminate grazing, coupled with the objective conditions of the destruction of grass afforestation, as a result of the failure of grassland reclamation and planting, there is no income, the public beach is barren, afforestation is not, but caused by the degradation of the grassland. Therefore, must be taken from the measures of fencing sealing, fallow, retreat to grass, so that grass has sufficient recuperation sprouting time; the implementation of the protection of forests and grassland synchronous development, interactive distribution of integrated protection measures, in order to gradually make the grassland restoration and development, and improve the ecological conditions.
Regulation of rivers and lakes, ponds and reservoirs, stifling floods: Whenever the spring and summer seasons, the rainfall is concentrated, the amount of water, and the four waters of the flood and the Yangtze River into the lake flood encountered in the dongting lake plain and the four waters of the downstream of the terrain of the low and flat areas into floods. The reason is multi-faceted, the main reason for three points: First, the Dongting Lake lake paddy fields caused by the Dongting Lake water storage and flood control capacity has been greatly reduced; Secondly, due to long-term soil erosion, resulting in four water and the Dongting Lake sand content and sand transfer increased, river siltation, lake bed elevated, flood discharge and flood control capacity has been significantly reduced; Thirdly, the four water reservoirs in the upper reaches of the water regulating capacity is low. Therefore, it is necessary to rectify the river and lake ponds and reservoirs.
First of all, in the Xiang, Zi, Yuan, Li four water and its important tributaries in the upper reaches, especially in the center of heavy rainfall or precipitation in the high value area of a number of new large and medium-sized reservoirs, as well as to strengthen the maintenance and management of the reservoirs have been constructed, to improve the four water in the upper reaches of the water storage capacity, so that the flood control and drought control freely, to reduce the Dongting Lake and the four water tailpipes of the flood control pressure.
In the Xiang, Zi, Yuan, Li four water in the middle and lower reaches of the river, there are siltation of the river, the riverbed elevation of the section, the river should be cleared and dredging, to achieve the smooth flow of water, reduce the water level. At the same time, the river embankment should be strengthened to reach the flood control capacity of one in 20 years or even higher standards. Especially for the key cities with developed social economy, such as Changsha, Zhuzhou, Xiangtan, Hengyang, etc., the reinforcement of the embankment along the river should reach the standard of flood prevention capacity of one in 50-100 years. In addition, it is necessary to ensure that key railroads and important highways are not flooded and remain open all year round.
The dongting lake lake paddy fields and sediment siltation lake bed elevation, resulting in dongting lake water storage and flood control capacity has been greatly reduced, is the dongting lake plain and four water coccyx floods the crux of the problem. Therefore, it is necessary to effectively return fields to the lake and clean up the floodway of the four water tailings. In addition, it is necessary to strengthen the construction of dykes and enhance the capacity of dykes and floods.
(4) comprehensive management of water pollution
(1) strengthen macro-management, improve the supervision mechanism, the full implementation of the province's dynamic declaration of sewage discharge and sewage discharge license system.
(2) adjust the industrial structure, support the environmental protection industry, the discharge of serious enterprises should be taken to close, stop, merge and transfer policy, for the chemical industry, metallurgy, papermaking and other serious pollution of the industry should be carried out in the regional concentration of production, the policy of prudent development.
(3) the implementation of who pollutes who manages, strengthen the supervision and management of sewage treatment facilities, the existing sewage treatment facilities are not functioning properly, the deadline for rectification, the treatment of poor facilities to carry out technological reforms, as soon as possible to meet the requirements of the discharge.
(4) Strengthen water resource management, vigorously implement water conservation, improve water recycling rate, reduce the water consumption and emissions per unit of product of 10,000 yuan output value.
(5) to strengthen the urban sewage treatment of capital investment, construction and expansion of domestic sewage treatment plants, strict control of domestic sewage emissions.
(5) Comprehensive treatment of air pollution
(1) to control soot-type pollution as the focus of comprehensive treatment of air pollution, where not in line with national standards for soot emissions from enterprises, civilian boilers and earthen stoves to be a limited period of time. Promote energy-saving and efficient, less polluting furnaces and kilns.
(2) gradually change the fuel structure, and actively develop gaseous fuels, improve the urban gas rate. Conditions, to actively promote the use of solar energy, biogas and other non-polluting energy.
(3) Strengthening the control and management of automobile exhaust, and disallowing automobiles whose exhaust emissions do not meet the requirements to be on the road, so as to reduce automobile exhaust pollution.
(4) the industrial and mining enterprises emit a variety of exhaust gas, should be combined with technological transformation for treatment or recycling, serious pollution should be a limited period of time to manage and meet the discharge standards.