(History) Short answer: What has India achieved since its independence?

After half a century's efforts after India's independence, its economic development has reached a certain level. On the basis of basically solving the problem of eating, a relatively complete industry and tertiary industry have been established, infrastructure has been greatly improved, foreign trade has reached a certain scale, and scientific, technological and military strength has reached a considerable level. India's economy has begun to take off. First, the national economy has maintained a steady development trend for a long time. For half a century, India's economy has maintained a stable development trend for a long time, and there has been no major crisis and turmoil. From independence to 1980, the average annual growth rate is 3.5%; From 1980 to 1990, the annual growth rate is 5.8%; 1992 to 2000, the growth rate increased to 6.4%, and the growth rate was close to 8% in some years in the middle and late 1990s. Now, India has become one of the countries with rapid economic growth in the world. India's economy ranks among the top in the world. In 200 1 year, India's gross national product has reached 22 trillion rupees, about 500 billion US dollars, ranking 1 1 in the world. The per capita GNP has increased from 40 dollars at independence to nearly 500 dollars now. According to the purchasing power parity method, in 200 1 year, India's gross national product has reached 2.5 trillion US dollars. Generally speaking, the current development level of GNP per capita is between 800- 1500 USD per capita. With the improvement of the level of economic development, great changes have taken place in the social and economic structure. In the gross national product, the proportion of agricultural added value decreased from 56.5% in 1950 to 25% in 2000, while the proportion of industry and service industry increased from 15% and 28.5% to 30% and 43% respectively. Second, the establishment of a modern industrial system and national economic system The most remarkable achievement of India's economic development is the establishment of a complete modern industrial system and national economic system and the realization of economic independence. The self-sufficiency rate of industrial equipment increased from 10% in the early days of independence to 90%, the self-sufficiency rate of industrial products reached 80%, and the self-sufficiency rate of military equipment reached over 70%. Consumer goods in the domestic market are mainly made in China, and complete sets of equipment for textile, sugar, steel, chemical fiber and power stations can also be exported abroad. India's high-tech industry has begun to emerge internationally. In the past 10 years, India's computer software industry has grown at an average annual rate of 50%. In 2002, the software industry achieved an output value of 10 1 billion US dollars, and its export value reached 7.68 billion US dollars. The software industry has become one of the most important foreign exchange earning industries in India. At present, India's main industrial sectors include energy industry, steel industry, machinery industry, chemical industry, electronics industry, textile industry and sugar industry. The textile industry with a long history is still the largest and most important industrial sector in India. Its output value accounts for 20% of India's total industrial output value, and its export value accounts for 35% of India's total export value, creating more than 35 million jobs. The film industry is one of the important characteristic industries in India. Bollywood in Mumbai, India has become one of the largest film production centers in the world. Now the film industry has become a huge industry with an output value of more than 50 billion rupees, more than 2 million employees and an annual output of 1200. The export volume has increased from 10 million dollars a few years ago to 250 million dollars now. Through the implementation of land reform and the promotion of the "green revolution", India's grain output increased from 55 million tons in the early 1950s to 200 million tons in 2000, and it was self-sufficient and slightly exported. At the end of 20001year, the grain reserve was nearly 60 million tons. Rice production ranks second in the world, wheat fourth, cotton third and tea first. In the past 20 years, India's foreign economic development has obviously accelerated. The total import and export volume increased from 1980 to 193 billion dollars to nearly 100 billion dollars in 200 1 year. Calculated on FOB basis, the total export value is US$ 44.5 billion. The main commodities are textiles, jewelry, engineering equipment and chemical products. The United States is its main export market, accounting for 22.8% of the total export. According to CIF calculation, the total import volume is US$ 53.8 billion, and the main imported commodities are crude oil, machinery, precious stones, fertilizers and chemical products, among which crude oil imports account for 3 1% of the total import volume. Foreign investment in India has rapidly expanded from 1.08 in 1990 to $5.9 billion in 2006. Of the foreign investment of 200 1, the direct investment is $3.9 billion, and the investment in Indian securities market is $2 billion. The main way for India to use foreign capital is to borrow foreign loans. By the end of March 20001year, the balance of * * * foreign debt was 1004 billion US dollars, of which long-term debt was 96.9 billion US dollars, accounting for 97%. Foreign exchange reserves also increased significantly, from $654.38+5.834 billion in190 to $ 422.854.38+0 billion in 2000, and to $620.2./kloc-0.0 billion in September 2002. Third, great progress has been made in infrastructure construction, and the hard environment for India's economic development has improved significantly. The total railway mileage increased from 53,600 kilometers in 1950 to 63,700 kilometers in 2006, making it one of the largest railway transportation networks in the world. Indian Railways is one of the largest state-owned enterprises in India, with 6,543,800+600,000 employees. It has been profitable for many years and is the second largest source of non-tax revenue for the central government. The total mileage of highways exceeds 3.3 million kilometers, including paved roads 15 10000 kilometers. By the year 2000, the national expressway reached 56,000 kilometers. By 200 1, there will be 335 airports of various types and 62 large and medium-sized airports in China. 4. Great Achievements in the Development of Science and Technology India has invested great efforts in the development of science and technology and made great achievements, making India a world power in science and technology. At present, India ranks in the forefront of the third world in atomic energy research and application, space technology, computer and software, biology, solar energy application and cutting-edge science. A complete production system from nuclear fuel exploration, mining, refining, heavy water production, reactors to nuclear waste disposal has been established, with 14 nuclear power plants and 9 heavy water plants.