Key points of relevant provisions on the sequence of building floors (extracted from "Civil Fire Prevention", "High-code Fire Prevention" and "Residential Design" Code
Smoke-proof staircases should be set up in unit houses with 19th floors and above.
ordinary houses with 19th floors and above are a kind of houses.
ordinary houses with 18 floors and 1 floors to 18 floors belong to the second category.
A tower residence with 18 floors and below, with no more than 8 households on each floor and a floor area of no more than 65㎡, and equipped with a smoke-proof stairwell and fire elevator, can be equipped with a safety exit.
for high-rise residential buildings with 12 floors and above, there should be no less than two elevators in each building, among which one elevator that can accommodate stretchers should be configured.
fire elevators should be installed in unit houses and corridor houses with 12 or more floors.
the apartment building with the 12th to 18th floors should be provided with a closed stairwell.
closed stairwells should be provided for the corridor-style houses with eleven floors and below; There should be smoke-proof staircases for corridor-style houses with more than eleven floors.
The enclosed stairwell is not required for the unit houses with the 11th floor and below, but the doors opening to the stairwell should be Class B fire doors, and the stairwell should rely on the external wall for direct natural lighting and ventilation.
each unit on the tenth floor is provided with an evacuation staircase leading to the roof, and the adjacent units on each floor from the tenth floor
are provided with unit houses communicating with balconies or corridors, and a safety exit can be provided.
more than ten floors belong to high-rise buildings.
the seventh to ninth floors are medium and high-rise buildings.
a staircase can be set up for a unit dormitory with a floor area of not more than 3m2 and no more than 3 people on each floor.
a staircase can be provided for a tower house with a floor area of not more than 5m2.
elevators must be installed in seven-story and seven-story houses, or in houses where the height of the entrance floor is more than 16m from the outdoor design floor.
The fourth to sixth floors are multi-storey houses.
The minimum width of an evacuation staircase with railings on one side in a unit house with no more than six floors can be not less than 1m, and the minimum width of other evacuation walkways and stairs should not be less than 1.1m.
For combined apartment houses and dormitories with more than six floors, the stairwell of each unit should be connected to the flat roof. If the door adopts Class B fire door, it may not be connected to the roof.
closed staircases (including enlarged closed staircases on the first floor) should be set up in ward buildings of five-storey hospitals and sanatoriums, multi-storey hotels with air conditioning systems, and indoor evacuation staircases of other public buildings over five floors.
for the safe evacuation distance of a four-story civil building, when the number of floors does not exceed four, the external exit can be set at a place not more than 15m away from the stairwell (the first floor of the stairwell should be set with a direct external exit).
when building with a first-class or second-class fire resistance, children's rooms in nurseries and kindergartens, children's play halls and other places for children's activities should not be located in four or more floors or underground or semi-underground buildings.
the above-ground buildings with song and dance entertainment venues on the second and third floors and more than three floors should be equipped with closed stairwells.
Crowded places such as audience hall, conference hall and multi-function hall in high-rise buildings should be located on the first floor or the second and third floors (when it is necessary to be located on other floors, see Gao Gui 4.1.5)
Children's activity places such as nurseries, kindergartens and amusement halls should not be located in high-rise buildings. When it is necessary to be located in high-rise buildings, they should be located on the first floor or the second and third floors of buildings, and
Children's activity places such as nurseries, kindergartens, children's playgrounds and inpatient parts of hospitals and sanatoriums with three or more floors or underground or semi-underground buildings should not be set up.
an evacuation staircase (except hospitals, sanatoriums, nurseries and kindergartens) shall be provided with a first-class and second-class fire resistance rating, with the maximum construction area of 5㎡ on each floor, and the total number of people on the second and third floors shall not exceed 1, with a third-class fire resistance rating, with the maximum construction area of 2㎡ on each floor, and the total number of people on the second and third floors shall not exceed 5.
The fire resistance rating of the second floor is Class III, and shops, schools, cinemas, theaters, auditoriums, canteens and vegetable markets should not exceed the second floor.
a single-story public building (except nurseries and kindergartens) with an area of less than 2m2 and no more than 5 people can be provided with a safety exit that leads directly to the outside.
Building height
The teaching buildings and ordinary hotels, office buildings, scientific research buildings and archives buildings with a building height of 5m or less are Class II high-rise buildings.
public buildings with a building height of more than 5m are a kind of high-rise buildings.
other second-class public buildings with a height of more than 32m should be equipped with fire elevators.
except for the unit-type and corridor-type houses, the second-class buildings with a building height of more than 32m and the tower-type houses should be provided with smoke-proof stairwells.
the podium and the second-class buildings with a building height of no more than 32m, except for the modular and verandah houses, should be provided with closed stairs.
public buildings with a height of more than 24m are high-rise buildings.
civil buildings with a building height of less than 24m and single-storey public buildings with a building height of more than 24m belong to the code for fire protection of civil buildings.
podium-an accessory building connected with a high-rise building with a building height of no more than 24m.
the height of the entrance floor of a 16m residential building from the outdoor design floor is more than 16m, and the residential building must be equipped with an elevator.
for the third-class fire-resistant buildings with a height of more than 1m, there should be an outdoor fire escape leading to the roof.
Class A fire doors, fire resistance limit of 1.2 hours
Class B fire doors, fire resistance limit of .9 hours
Class C fire doors, fire resistance limit of .6 hours
Balcony Balcony is familiar to everyone, but its railing height should not be less than 1.m in multi-storey buildings and 1.1 in high-rise buildings. Generally, high-rise buildings do not have balconies or close balconies as much as possible, which involves many problems such as strong winds, heavy rain and falling objects hurting people.
The parapet of a multi-storey building is 1.～1.2m high, but it is at least 1.2m high-rise buildings, usually 1.5～1.8m higher than the chest and shoulders or even the head. This is a measure to avoid palpitation and dizziness and danger when overlooking. If you want to make the view on the flat roof wide, you can add a metal fence above the 1.m solid wall to ensure safety. It should be noted that when calibrating the height of parapet, the structural height of thermal insulation layer and spillway slope should be deducted, which is often more than .3m in high-rise buildings.
In some high-rise buildings, because of the podium, it is also a way to make the parapet higher than 3.m by setting the cooling tower on the roof or having facilities such as roof tennis courts.
Stairs involve a lot of dimensional data. In addition to the well-known tread and kick dimensions, the width of steps, the width of rest platforms and the height of platform downline are also clearly defined in the specifications. It is easy to be overlooked that:
1. The height of stair handrail (measured from the front line of step) should not be less than .9 m; The height of outdoor stair handrails should not be less than 1.5m m.
2. when the width of stairwell is greater than .2m, the clearance of vertical bar of handrail should not be greater than .11m to prevent children from falling.
3. The clear width of the landing should not be less than the width of the flight, and should not be less than 1.1m at the same time. 4. The stair width is clearly defined in the residential design code, and in other buildings, it must meet the requirements of fire evacuation. The width of performance stairs in public buildings is usually large, but attention should be paid to the relationship between the setting of handrails and the width of stairs. That is, at least one side of the stairs should be provided with handrails. When the clear width of the stairs reaches three people, handrails should be provided on both sides, and when it reaches four people, middle handrails should be added.
By the way, here are two problems that often need to be dealt with:
First, the step width of indoor and outdoor steps should not be less than .3m, and the step height should not be greater than .15m. Usually, these two parameters are .35m and .125m. It is especially important to note that it is not allowed to set only one step, at least two steps. This is because the height difference between the upper and lower ground of the step is too small, and it is difficult for pedestrians to distinguish the height difference there, lacking mental preparation, and hurting their feet and legs when they step out of the imaginary step.
another problem is that when using the spiral staircase as an evacuation ladder, it must meet the requirement that the tread should be .25m away from the inner handrail or the simple wall, and the tread width should not be less than .22m, which is clearly stipulated in the fire protection code.
elevators and escalators involve the most elevator data, such as hoistway, car, machine room, pit, height of top-floor terminal station, etc. Because of their different specifications and manufacturers, their sizes are different, which should be determined according to the civil installation drawings of elevators provided by manufacturers. However, there is still a limit on the depth of elevator waiting hall to avoid being too small. To put it simply, the depth of the waiting hall of residential elevators should not be less than the car depth of the largest elevator, and the passenger elevator in public buildings should not be less than 1.5 times the car depth of the largest elevator, and it should not be less than 2.4m when multiple elevators are juxtaposed, and it should not be less than the sum of the car depths of the opposite elevators and should not be greater than 4.5m when multiple elevators are juxtaposed. The provisions of the sickbed elevator are similar to those of the passenger elevator. In addition, the width of passages, stairs and doors leading to the computer room should not be less than 1.2m, and the gradient of stairs should not be greater than 45 to facilitate the passage of equipment and personnel. In recent years, escalators have been widely used in department stores, cultural and entertainment places and other public places. In architectural design, in addition to close cooperation with manufacturers, the following data should be mastered:
1. Step width: There are currently three types: .6m, .8m and 1.m, and their widths are slightly different depending on manufacturers.
2. Inclination: generally, there are two types: 3 and 35.
3. the width of the stairwell is:
single stairwell: ladder width+.6m+2× .4m
double stairwell: 2 (ladder width+.6m)+2× .4m
, where .4m is the safe distance from the side of the stairwell to the shaft.
4. the length of stairwell: the story height/tan α+(2. ~ 2.9m)+(2. ~ 2.3m) is not a small number. α is the step inclination angle.
aisle
the aisle with the narrowest width should be the aisle leading to the auxiliary room in the house. According to the Code for Design of Residential Buildings (GBJ96-86), its clear width should not be less than .8m This is a "one-way street" and generally only one person is allowed to pass. The code stipulates that the clear width of the corridor leading to the bedroom and living room in the house should not be less than 1.m, and it is only the size of one person walking straight and the other side giving way. The use of "should not be less than" in this dimension is based on the fact that in brick-concrete buildings, the clearance is only .96m with a wall of .24m and an aisle with a distance of 1.2m, which is less than . m. The clear width of the outer aisle of high-rise residential buildings and the aisle of public buildings is generally greater than 1.2m to meet the width of two people in parallel. Usually, the distance between the walls on both sides is 1.5～2.4m, and the wider it is, the corridor with other functions, such as recess activities and waiting for medical treatment. As for the crowded corridor of large-scale public buildings, it is necessary to determine its width according to the nature of use and evacuation requirements. What needs to be added is that the length of the corridor, lighting and other factors have a considerable impact on the width of the corridor. Generally, long and dark corridors with rooms or walls on both sides should be appropriately widened or treated by changing the width to avoid long, dark, stuffy and narrow corridors, but they can't be widened without principles, wasting construction area in vain.
the clear height of the corridor is originally determined by the height of the building, and it is usually not specially considered in the design. Nowadays, the requirements of building equipment are more common than before. Various pipelines such as air pipes, water pipes, electrical appliances and fire fighting use the upper space of aisles as "corridors". Besides being used for traffic, aisles often become the carrier of pipelines, so the problem of clear height of aisles often appears in front of designers. We divide the total height of the corridor into the following four parts: ① structural height; (2) equipment pipeline height, generally around .6m, depending on the cross section of the air duct, layout, and the arrangement of condensate pipe and automatic sprinkler pipe; (3) the structural height of the flat roof, generally .5m; (4) clear height, which is the size that designers should carefully grasp, is one of the important factors that determine the height of the floor. As a rule, this clear height should be above 2.2m, especially when there are drooping smoke detectors and spray hoses on the flat roof. In order to avoid human touch, this height is 2.15m higher than that of ordinary people. Nowadays, in order to minimize the story height, the clear height of the walkway is compressed to 2.1m, which is probably the minimum height. By the way, the texture of such a low ceiling must be very fine, otherwise there will be a sense of oppression. In case of such a long walkway, it is necessary to change the width and width from the plane to avoid the pressure head and monotony.
window
window height in general residential buildings, the height of the window is 1.5m, and the height of the windowsill is .9m, so the top of the window is 2.4m from the floor, leaving a structural height of .4m.. In public buildings, the height of the windowsill varies from 1. to 1.8m, and the height of the bottom surface of the sash opening to the public walkway should not be less than 2.m. As for the height of the window, it is determined according to the requirements of lighting, ventilation, spatial image, etc., but attention should be paid to the problem of excessive rigidity of the window, and beams or "
spelling" should be added when necessary. In addition, when the window sill is lower than .8m, protective measures should be taken. In modern glass curtain walls, the height of the whole piece of glass has exceeded 7.2m, which is beyond the scope of ordinary windows.
Generally, the window width starts from .6m, which is wide enough to form a "windowed window". However, attention should be paid to the sound insulation of the left and right adjacent rooms and the sliding range of the sliding sash when the windowed window is adopted. It should also be noted that the window width of the fully opened room will cause glare on the horizontal wall, which is not suitable for classrooms and exhibition rooms.
door
the height of a door for people to pass through is generally not less than 2m, and no matter how high it is, it should not exceed 2.4m Otherwise, it will feel hollow, and the door leaf production needs special strengthening. If styling, ventilation and lighting are needed, a waist window can be added to the door, the height of which starts from .4m, but it should not be too high. The door for vehicles or equipment to pass through should be determined according to the specific situation, and its height should be .3～.5m higher than that of vehicles or equipment, so as to avoid collision with the door frame when the vehicles are bumped or the equipment needs to be transported by the roller. As for the clearance requirements of all kinds of vehicles, we should consult the corresponding specifications. If it is a large-scale and large-space building, such as stadiums and exhibition halls, when it is necessary to set a super-scale door, a conventional size attached door can be added to the door fan for people to pass when the door does not need to be opened.
Generally, the door width is .9 ~ 1m for the household door, .8 ~ .9～1m for the sub-room door, about .8m for the kitchen door and .7～.8m for the bathroom door. Due to the consideration of moving in modern furniture, the upper limit size is adopted at present. The door width of a public building is generally 1m for a single door and 1.2～1.8m for a double door. If it is wider, the production of door leaves should be considered, and the width of door leaves for double doors or multiple doors should be .6 ~ 1.m.. The width of the emergency exit for safe evacuation should be the root.