Chinese medicine is commonly known as "Materia Medica" in Chinese ancient books.
China's earliest monograph on traditional Chinese medicine is the Han Dynasty's "Shennong Ben Cao Jing", the Tang Dynasty by the *** promulgated by the "Newly Revised Materia Medica" is the world's earliest pharmacopoeia. It is known as the Tang Materia Medica.
Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica in the Ming Dynasty summarized the experience of medicines before the 16th century, and made a significant contribution to the development of pharmacology in later generations. Traditional Chinese medicine before the Han Dynasty with the emergence of writing, drug knowledge was also documented.
The Jinwen of the Shang Dynasty had the word "medicine". The Shuowen Jiezi (Explaining and interpreting characters) reads: "The grass for curing diseases, from grass, music."
The origin, utility and therapeutic properties of more than 120 medicines have been documented in the Western Zhou Dynasty's "Poetry" and the "Classic of Mountains and Seas". During the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods, the "52 Disease Formulas" already contained more than 280 prescriptions, using more than 240 kinds of drugs.
For a long time, people used to take the herb as a synonym for traditional Chinese medicine. The term "Materia Medica" was first used in the Book of the Han Dynasty (汉书-平帝纪).
By the late Western Han Dynasty, the term "materia medica" was used to refer to pharmacological monographs. The earliest surviving pharmacological monograph is the Shennong Ben Cao Jing (Classic of the Materia Medica of Shen Nong).
Although the name of "Shennong", it is not out of the hands of one person at a time. There is evidence that the final book was written no later than the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty (2nd century AD).
Since the end of the Han Dynasty, the Wei Jin and North and South Dynasties period, the medical application of the types of drugs is increasing, the number and types of herbal writings have also greatly increased. In the Jin Dynasty, Ge Hong's "Holding Park Zi" had first contained the term herbal medicine.
Important works on herbs were first completed in 500 A.D., Liang Tao Hongjing compiled the "Herbal Classic Collected Notes". However, during the Liu-Song period of the Southern Dynasty, Lei wrote "The Treatise on Herbal Concoctions", which included the concoctions of 300 kinds of medicines, and was the first concoction monograph in China.
During the Sui and Tang dynasties, the north and south were unified, the economy and culture became more and more prosperous, and the science of medicine also had greater development. Tang Xianqing four years (659 AD), the court issued by Li Jie, Su Jing and other presided over the compilation of the "new revision of the Materia Medica" (also known as "Tang Materia Medica").
Containing 844 kinds of medicines, the completion of this book relied on the administrative power and human and material resources of the state, and was the first Chinese pharmacopoeia materia medica; more than 800 years earlier than the European Nuremberg Pharmacopoeia of 1542 AD. And in Japan, the ancient book "Yanxi style" and "all doctors read Su Jing Xinxiu Materia Medica" record.
The Jin Yuan period, written by Zhang Element "Medical Qiyuan" introduced the internal organs of the diseases of the heart of the medicine, laying the internal organs of the theory of identification of medication. He was in the "pearl capsule", "viscera specimen of cold and heat, virtual and real medicine type", "Jie Gu prick the pain method" are advocating the doctrine of Chinese medicine to the meridian.
Later, Li Dongyuan's "medication method image" and Wang Hao Gu's "Tang Liquid Materia Medica" are exploring the nature of medicine. During the Ming Dynasty, the great pharmacist Li Shizhen (1518-1593) spent 27 years compiling the Compendium of Materia Medica (a 52-volume book of about 2 million words, with 1,892 types of medicines, more than 1,100 illustrations, and more than 11,000 prescriptions).
Republic of ChinaThe establishment of the Republic of China (1912~1949) ended more than 2,000 years of feudal monarchical rule, but China has not yet changed its semi-feudal and semi-colonial social nature. Coupled with the country's successive wars, social unrest and economic decline, resulting in China's slow and unbalanced development of science and technology, far behind Europe, America, Japan and so on, losing the 16th century before China's general leading position in the world of science and technology.
In the case of the massive influx of Western scientific and technological culture, there was a situation in which Chinese and Western medicines coexisted. Correspondingly, society and the medical profession of the traditional Chinese medicine gradually have "Chinese medicine", Chinese medicine, "the name of the modern Western medicine is also gradually called" Western medicine "and Western medicine.
As a result of the *** *** policy of abolishing Chinese medicine, the development of Chinese medicine has been hindered, thus triggering a generalized struggle in the Chinese medicine sector. As academic medicine practitioners forged ahead, despite the difficulties, herbalism or Chinese medicine developed.
According to incomplete statistics, the existing Republic of China period of Chinese medicine monographs have more than 260 kinds of, most of the new style, type of diversity, focus on practical. Because of their scope of discussion, style, terminology, etc., and the traditional herbal different, or in order to popularize the reason, generally do not use the herb named.
During this period, there were more comprehensive works and lectures on traditional Chinese medicine, and most of them emphasized on clinical practice. The former to Jiang Yubai "Chinese pharmacology integration" is more representative.
The book has two major parts: the General Introduction and the Treatise. The general theory outlines the basic theoretical knowledge of Chinese medicine; the thesis is categorized according to the efficacy of the description of more than 400 kinds of drugs aliases, odor, shape, function, method of preparation, poisonous, non-toxic, dosage, contraindications, prescriptions, etc.
This book has a very good understanding of Chinese medicine.
Its style and content are basically similar to the former, but more concise and practical. For example, Qin Bo Wei's "Lectures on Medicines" is divided into 12 categories such as dispersing, diuretic, regulating qi, regulating blood, warm and cold medicines, etc., and is introduced, such as Zhang Shan Lei's "Justice of the Materia Medica", which belongs to the nature of the traditional pharmacological theory.
The book combined with personal experience in medicine discusses the medicinal properties of Chinese medicine, function, and identification, preparation, decoction method, etc., has a good impact. There are also a variety of traditional local herbs, with Xiao Budan "Lingnan medicine book", Gao Zongyue "Taishan Drugs" is more distinctive, but also enriched the variety of drugs.
The therapeutic herbs have made great progress, most of the content is rich, practical. Such as Qin Bo Wei "dietary guidelines), characterized by traditional, brief; Yang Zhiyi, Shen Zhonggui "food healing common sense", Lu Guanbao "Edible Materia Medica", is more empirical.
Other aspects, such as by Cao Bingzhang according to the late Qing Dynasty Zheng Shao-yan compiled "pseudo-medicine Article discernment" supplemented by the "updated pseudo-medicine Article discernment", 110 kinds of medicines, on the origin, morphology, odor, main treatment, etc. to discuss or compare, for the recognition of the authenticity of medicines and provide valuable experience. Yang Huating "drug map test", cited in the literature of materia medica, the drug varieties for scientific evidence, and with a map, has great reference value.
Concoctions in pharmaceuticals, such as Yang Shucheng "Chinese Pharmaceuticals", Zhou Fusheng "updated Pharmaceutical Guide", the contents are more practical. At that time, in addition to the traditional works of Chinese medicine, in addition to the expression, but also produced a work of Chinese and Western medicine.
The convergence of the school of medicine, the use of natural sciences and some of the results of Western medicine, complementary expression of the origin of Chinese medicine, composition, efficacy and its pharmacology, etc., or Chinese and Western pharmacology for each other as an explanation; the depth of their depths, the gains and losses of the uneven. In the various works, to Guo Wang "Chinese medicine new consciousness", Wen Jingxiu "the latest experimental pharmacology" and Ruanqi hydrocarbons, Wang Yiren, Dong Keren's "Materia Medica Classic new note" and so on is more representative.
In view of the large number of Chinese medicines in this period, a wide range of knowledge, the study and dissemination of Chinese medicine has been a lot of inconvenience, it is not only easy to read, the song includes a class of Chinese medicine introductory books, and the new produced a dictionary of Chinese medicine. One of the more influential is the 1935 Chen Cunren compiled by the Chinese Pharmacy.
According to the different measures taken by successive dynasties for the development of national culture and economic development, the development of Chinese medicine also varies.
Comprehensive information and historical evidence, China's traditional Chinese medicine is the fastest growing and most prosperous is the Sui and Tang dynasties to the Song Dynasty. Since the unification of China in the Tang Dynasty, the territory is vast, the people are happy, the economy continues to develop, especially the rapid development of agriculture, foreign exchanges are becoming more and more frequent, the cause of traditional Chinese medicine has also been a comprehensive development, and a variety of medical writings and varieties of drugs continue to increase.
Such as the Tang Xianqing four years (659 AD), by the Changsun Wuji (after the Wu queen usurped power, the Queen of the Changsun was deposed, so change Li performance) and Su Jing and other 22 people are responsible for the compilation and repair of the "new cultivation of the Materia Medica" (also known as the Tang Materia Medica). At that time by the *** mobilized all over the country to inquire about the drug form and color, efficacy, origin, etc., with the central, after the adoption of the national issue, is the most complete a monograph of pharmacology.
In addition, there are also "therapeutic herb", "Shu Materia Medica", "Gleanings of Materia Medica" and a large number of works on materia medica. At this time, the country has found about 1,500 kinds of drugs.
Song Dynasty also due to the upper *** attention, soon after the founding of the country, that is, Liu Han, Ma Zhi and other 9 people edited the "Kai Bao Materia Medica", by the official issued by the country. Subsequently, then appeared 4 kinds of materia medica works, the length and content are more than before increased.
At this time, the total number of drugs in the country has developed to more than 2,400.
At this time, the total number of medicines in the country had grown to more than 2,400.
Only later, due to the corruption of the upper ***, the state of the Song Dynasty was deteriorating day by day, and the whole Chinese medicine business also followed the downhill.
The history of Chinese medicine
Chinese medicine has a long history.
As early as the ancient times, our ancestors in the struggle with nature created a primitive medicine. People in the process of searching for food, found that certain foods can alleviate or eliminate certain diseases, which is the origin of the discovery and application of traditional Chinese medicine; in the baking of the fire on the basis of warmth, found that the use of animal skins, bark wrapped in hot stones or sand for local warmth can be eliminated some of the pain, through repeated practice and improvement, and gradually produced hot ironing and moxibustion; in the process of the use of stone as a tool of production, found that a certain part of the human body can be relieved after being stabbed by the other part. In the process of using stone tools as production tools, found that a part of the human body can be stabbed to lift another part of the pain, thus creating the use of stone, bone needle treatment method, and on this basis, gradually developed into acupuncture therapy, and then formed the meridian theory.
The theory of Chinese medicine mainly comes from the summarization of practice, and is constantly enriched and developed in practice. As early as two thousand years ago, China's earliest surviving monograph on Chinese medicine theory, Huangdi Neijing (The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine), was published.
The book systematically summarizes the therapeutic experiences and medical theories before this, combines other natural science achievements at that time, and applies simple materialism and dialectic thinking to the anatomy, physiology, pathology, as well as the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases of the human body to make a relatively comprehensive exposition, initially laying the theoretical foundation of Chinese medicine.
Its content also includes physiology, pathology, diagnosis, treatment and other aspects, supplementing the Huangdi Neijing insufficiency. Since the Qin and Han dynasties, internal and external transportation is becoming more and more developed, the rhinoceros horn, amber, antelope horn, musk, and the South China Sea longan, lychee nucleus, etc., gradually adopted by the mainland medical practitioners.
Southeast Asia and other places of medicinal herbs also continue to enter China, thus enriching people's knowledge of medicinal herbs. The Divine Husbandman's Classic of the Materia Medica (神农本草經) is the earliest surviving pharmacological monograph in China.
It summarizes the knowledge of people's medicines before the Han Dynasty, contains 365 kinds of medicines, and describes the theories of pharmacology, such as the king, the minister, the supporting actor, the enabler, the seven emotions and harmony, and the four qi and five flavors. Long-term clinical practice and modern scientific research has proved that: the book contains most of the medicinal effects are correct, such as ephedra for asthma, Huanglian for dysentery, seaweed for galls.
In the third century AD, Zhang Zhongjing, a famous doctor in the Eastern Han Dynasty, studied "Suwen", "Needle scripture", "difficult scripture" and other classical medical books on the basis of a wide range of collection of people's effective prescriptions, and combined with their own clinical experience, the book was written "typhoid fever and miscellaneous illnesses theory". The book identifies typhoid with six meridians and miscellaneous diseases with internal organs, establishing the theoretical system and treatment principles of Chinese medicine, and laying the foundation for the development of clinical medicine.
The book was later divided into the Treatise on Typhoid Fever and the Essentials of the Golden Chamber. Among them, the "Treatise on Typhoid Fever" contains 113 (actually 112, because of which the Yu Yu grain pill has a formula without drugs), the "Golden Chamber Essentials" contains 262, removing the duplication, the two books actually received 269, basically summarizes the clinical subjects of the commonly used formula, known as "the ancestor of the formula book".
The Western Jin Dynasty physician Huang Fu Jing (215~282 AD) re-categorized and rearranged the basic contents of the three books, Su Man, Needle Classic, and Ming Tang Hole Acupuncture and Moxibustion, into the 12 volumes of Acupuncture and Moxibustion A and B Jing, with 128 articles. The book for China's earliest surviving book on acupuncture and moxibustion, its contents include internal organs, meridians, acupoints, disease mechanism, diagnosis, acupuncture techniques, stabbing forbidden, acupoints, such as the main treatment.
The book was examined to determine the total number of acupoints and acupuncture points 349 (including 49 single points, 300 double points), discussed the indications and contraindications of the various acupuncture points, summarized the operation techniques, etc., the world of acupuncture and moxibustion medicine has a great impact. In 701 A.D., when Japan *** formulated the medical ordinance, this book is a mandatory book for medical doctors.
610 A.D., Chao Yuanfang and others collectively prepared the "theory of the origin of all diseases," is China's earliest surviving monograph on etiology and evidence. The book **** 50 volumes, divided into 67 doors, contains more than 1,700 items of evidence, respectively, on the internal, external, gynecological, pediatric, five senses and other diseases of the etiology of pathology and symptoms.
The etiology and pathogenesis of some diseases have been described in detail and scientifically. For example: the infection of certain parasites, has been clearly pointed out with the diet; that the tapeworm disease is caused by eating undercooked meat.
The book also recorded intestinal anastomosis, abortion, tooth extraction and other operations, indicating that the surgery has reached a high level. Sui and Tang dynasties, due to political unity, economic and cultural prosperity, developed internal and external transportation, the increasing number of foreign drugs, medication experience is constantly enriching the pharmacological achievements of further summary has become the objective need.
In 657 A.D., the Tang *** organization Su Jing and other twenty people collectively revised the materia medica, finished in 659 A.D., called "Tang - Newly Revised Materia Medica" (also known as "Tang Materia Medica"). This is the first pharmacopoeia issued by the *** in ancient China, but also the world's earliest national pharmacopoeia.
It predates the Nuremberg Pharmacopoeia, which was issued by the European Nuremberg *** in 1542 AD, by 883 years. The book *** 54 volumes, including materia medica, medicinal charts, chart of the three parts of the scripture, containing 850 kinds of drugs, in foreign influence.
In 713 A.D., the Japanese officials stipulated that a copy of this book was mandatory reading for the study of medicine. In the Tang Dynasty, Sun Simiao (581-682 AD), a medical practitioner, devoted his entire life to writing the "Preparing for an Emergency Thousand Golden Essentials" and "Thousand Golden Wings".
Among them, Qianjin Yaofang is divided into 30 volumes, with a total of 5,300 prescriptions; Qianjin Yifang is also 30 volumes, with 2,571 prescriptions. The two books also discuss clinical subjects, acupuncture and moxibustion, food therapy, prevention, and health care.
Especially in the prevention and treatment of nutritional deficiency diseases, outstanding achievements. Such as gall disease (goiter type of disease) is due to people living in the mountains, drinking a bad water for a long time, advise people not to live in these places for a long time; on the night blindness patients, the use of animal liver treatment.
In 752 A.D., Wang To authored the "Secret Essentials of Wai Tai", the book **** 40 volumes, 1,104 doors (according to today's verification of 1,048 doors), containing more than 6,000 square, can be described as a set of pre-Tang dynasty book of square of the great success. The Song Dynasty paid more attention to the education of traditional Chinese medicine.
Song *** set up the "Bureau of Imperial Medicine", as the highest institution for the cultivation of Chinese medicine personnel. The curriculum for the students included the Suwen, Nanking, Typhoid Fever, and the Origin and Candidates of Various Diseases.
Teaching methods have also been greatly improved, such as acupuncture medical officer Wang Weiyi had designed casting bronze two (1026 AD), finely engraved twelve meridians and 354 acupuncture points, as acupuncture teaching and examination of physicians. During the examination, the examiner injected water into the acupuncture points of the bronze man and sealed them with wax.
Subjects such as the correct acupuncture points, the needle can be in the water out. This is the cause of medical education in China.
Fourth, the history and culture of Chinese herbal medicineChinese medicine culture is rich in heritage When it comes to Chinese medicine culture, because it has a long history of thousands of years, so its heritage is very rich.
However, both Chinese and foreigners lack a comprehensive and deep understanding of its rich cultural connotations, which has led to some misunderstandings. The fundamental reason is that for a long time, we have been on the drug culture research and publicity, the strength is very insufficient, in the long run, no doubt on the inheritance of Chinese medicine, development and promotion is very unfavorable.
Here, choose the essentials, slightly discussed, to the readers. Some people say that Chinese medicine is the bark of the tree, grass roots, this is partly right.
Chinese medicine can not be separated from the bark, roots, such as neem root bark, peony bark, cedar root, white grass root, etc. are traditional Chinese medicine, but not all the bark, roots are traditional Chinese medicine; traditional Chinese medicine is mainly originated in China, in addition to plant medicine, animal medicine, such as snake gallbladder, bear gallbladder, five-step snake, antler velvet, antlers, etc., shells, such as pearls, sea clamshells, minerals, such as keel bone, magnets and so on, are used to treat the disease of the traditional Chinese medicine. A few Chinese medicines are of foreign origin, such as American ginseng.
At present, with the development and research of Chinese medicine resources, many folk medicines are also categorized as Chinese medicine. Therefore, Chinese medicine is based on the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, used to prevent and cure diseases of plants, animals and minerals and their processed products, whether produced in China, foreign countries are called Chinese medicine.
Chinese medicine has a unique theoretical system and application form, fully reflecting the natural resources and history of China, culture and other characteristics. First, the poison is not "poison" Dating back to the ancient Shennong era, "Huainanzi - repair training" recorded: "Shennong ...... tasted the taste of all kinds of grasses, water springs of the sweet and bitter, so that the people know what to avoid.
When this time, a day and met seventy-two poison." Thus, in ancient times, all medicines to cure diseases were generally called "poisons".
"Su Wen - different method of prescription" said: "The disease is born in the interior, the treatment should be poisonous." In the view of the ancients, the medicine is three times poisonous, in fact, refers to the characteristics of the drug; later used to refer to the more toxic drugs.
"Medical Q&A" explains: "The drug is poisonous, so the Shennong discernment of all kinds of grass is called 'tasting poison'. The treatment of medicine is nothing but the extraction of poison by poison, and the detoxification of poison by poison."
Zhang Zhongjing, the medical sage, has a more incisive theory: "medicine, grass, wood, insects, fish, birds, animals and so on, in order to be able to cure the disease, are called poison," "Wherever you can avoid the evil Anzheng, can be called poison." Shennong one day and met seventy-two poisons, is to say that he one day, to identify the characteristics of more than 70 kinds of drugs.
The characteristics of the drug, with the right can cure the disease, with the wrong will hurt people. In the case of traditional Chinese medicine, it is the use of poisons to cure diseases.
Shennong tasted a hundred herbs of the herb, is a courageous exploration of the great righteousness, is a kind of life and death of the noble behavior. No wonder the beginning of the pre-Qin, written in the Eastern Han Dynasty, after hundreds of years, the integration of several generations of pharmaceutical scientists hard work and wisdom of the first Chinese medicine tome, the authors would rather hide their own names, and crowned with the name of "Shennong" - "Shennong Materia Medica", "Shennong Materia Medica". In addition to the influence of the ancient style, I'm afraid it is also a kind of commemoration of the Chinese pharmacology of the holy ancestor of the bar! It is not difficult to see the rich cultural connotation of the word "poison".
It is this poison that has made an indelible contribution to the prosperity of the Chinese nation and to the healing of the sick. Secondly, the four qi cure disease Chinese medicine has "qi", "qi" is what? What is "qi"? Can it cure diseases? The answer is yes.
In the Shennong Ben Cao Jing, it says: "Medicine has four qi: cold, hot, warm and cool." "Heat medicine is used to cure cold, and cold medicine is used to cure heat."
The "four qi" of medicine is derived from this. In the theory of Chinese medicine, when it comes to "qi", there are actually 27 items.
This "qi" is not a concept in our daily lives, but specifically refers to "medicinal properties". Our ancestors used cold, hot, warm, cool to interpret the characteristics of medicine, more specific than the "poison", much more scientific, the Chinese medicine, not only rich in content, but also a cultural interest.
There are tonic gas, tonic heart, tonic blood, tonic kidney, tonic spleen, tonic liver, tonic lung, tonic yin, tonic yang, etc., and the corresponding prescription drugs are "tonic heart Dan, tonic liver, tonic lung, four things soup, the return of the spleen soup, tonic yin pills, tonic blood Rongjin Pills, tonic in the qi soup, the Four Gentlemen Tang, Qijiu chrysanthemum rhubarb pills, six flavors of rhubarb pills, Lily Solid Gold Soup, tonic yang also five soups, tonic kidney magnetic stone pills, The above functions of the single-flavored medicine, no less than dozens of kinds, to name a few. This kind of tonic method is mostly to replenish the vital organs and qi.
The "fill", is to adjust, enhance the meaning; the "gas", refers to the physiological function, that is, the use of drugs to adjust to enhance the physiological function of the five viscera and six bowels, so that it plays a normal role, fully reflecting the role of traditional Chinese medicine in the body's functional organs to treat the root of the role of the body. The Chinese medicines fully reflect the role of traditional Chinese medicine in treating the root cause of human function organs.
It also says: "The upper medicine ...... for the king, the main nourishing life to respond to the sky", "Chinese medicine ...... for the minister, the main nourishment to respond to the people! ", "the lower medicine ...... is the adjuvant, the main treatment of disease to respond to the earth". The so-called nourishing life, nourishing nature, are highlighted the efficacy of Chinese medicine to nourish the human body, so as to ensure that the organism, the function of various organs and tissues is normal, which is one of the reasons why many people believe in Chinese medicine.
It is the progress of Chinese medicine and its characteristics, which is also full of cultural implications. This characteristic of Chinese medicine is integrated into every medicine, as it is important for healing and curing diseases.
For cold diseases, we need to use hot medicine, for hot diseases, we need to use cold medicine, here medicine and disease is reversed, the so-called opposite of each other, which is a specific manifestation of the culture of medicine. If not, if "to heat the heat (hot medicine for hot diseases, the next sentence like this), to cold to increase the cold", will lead to "essence of the internal injury, do not see (now) in the outside", which is a serious therapeutic error ("Han Shu - Arts and Letters Zhi - literature and technology strategy").
Sun Simiao in the "Great Medical Sincerity" seriously criticized those who "cold and cold (is cold disease, but the use of cold to make the disease even more cold, the next sentence like this), hot and warm" of the doctor, "is a heavy plus (i.e., aggravation) of its disease", which will lead to death. In Chinese medicine, this method of medication is called "positive treatment", that is, conventional treatment.
There is also a "counter-therapeutic", which will be described in this article "its five". This shows that the use of medicine, "four qi" to cure the disease, is how important, many people who have taken Chinese medicine, may know little about it.
Third, the medicine is interesting. In addition, there are flavor tonic.
"Shennong Ben Cao Jing" said: "medicine has sour, salty, sweet, bitter, pungent five flavors". What is the role of these five flavors on the human body? In the "Suwen - Xuanming five qi chapter" to make it clear: "the five flavors into (that is, into the apparatus.).
The origin and development of Chinese medicine
People in primitive societies observed the living environment around them, and summarized their rich experience in order to survive through a long struggle with diseases.
In the Warring States period, a hundred schools of thought, the medical profession widely absorbed the strengths of a hundred schools of thought for the treatment of disease, resulting in a large number of theoretical books. Medical books were preserved in large quantities because they would not have an impact on the rule of the rulers, but the wars of the Qin and Han Dynasties and the Han rulers promoted superstition for thought control, and the printing technology was limited, and a large number of medical books were lost.
In the Sui and Tang dynasties, Chinese medicine developed significantly. In the Song, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, due to the war and a large number of medical books were lost, only the Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine was lost twice in the Song Dynasty, and then after many efforts to find a copy in Sichuan to be able to re-introduced.
But because of the war trauma, the spleen and stomach and other theories have been able to develop greatly, the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, the plague epidemic, the warm disease science has been developed greatly. After the founding of new China in the party and state leaders concerned, Chinese medicine books were reorganized, bound, adapted, and a large number of printing, people who love Chinese medicine in various countries **** with the efforts of Chinese medicine theory into modern science and technology to conduct in-depth research for the development of Chinese medicine has a huge role in promoting.
Now many medical schools in Europe take Chinese medicine theory as a compulsory course. In the future, the combination of Chinese and Western medicine in the treatment of diseases will be a major trend, and human beings will eventually be able to overcome diseases.
VI. What information is available on the history of Chinese medicineChinese medicine culture is rich in heritage
When it comes to Chinese medicine culture, it is rich in heritage as it has a long history of thousands of years. However, both Chinese and foreigners lack a comprehensive and deep understanding of its rich cultural connotations, which has led to some misunderstandings. The fundamental reason is that for a long time, we have been on the drug culture research and publicity, the efforts are very insufficient, in the long run, undoubtedly on the inheritance of the cause of Chinese medicine, development and promotion is very unfavorable. Chinese medicine in the Chinese ancient books commonly known as "herbal". China's earliest monograph on Chinese medicine is the Han Dynasty's "Shennong Ben Cao Jing", the Tang Dynasty by the *** promulgated by the "Newly Revised Materia Medica" is the world's earliest pharmacopoeia. Li Shizhen's "Compendium of Materia Medica" of the Ming Dynasty summarized the experience of medicines before the 16th century, and made a significant contribution to the development of pharmacology in later generations.
[edit]Overview
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is the name given to traditional medicine in China after the introduction of Western medicine into the country, as opposed to Western medicine.
Chinese medicine is divided into proprietary Chinese medicines and Chinese herbal medicines according to processing. Chinese medicine mainly originated in China, in addition to plant medicines, animal medicines such as snake gall bladder, bear bile, five-step snake, deer antler, antler, etc.; shellfish such as pearls, sea clam shells; minerals such as keel bone, magnetite, etc. are used to cure the Chinese medicine. A few Chinese medicines are of foreign origin, such as American ginseng.
At present, with the development and research of Chinese medicine resources, many folk medicines are also categorized as Chinese medicine. Therefore, Chinese medicine is based on the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, used to prevent and cure diseases of plants, animals and minerals and their processed products, whether produced in China, foreign countries are called Chinese medicine. Chinese medicine has a unique theoretical system and application form, fully reflecting the natural resources and history of China, culture and other aspects of the characteristics.
VII, China's pharmaceutical development historymedicine industry is closely related to human life, as long as the life is endless, the development of the pharmaceutical industry will never stop. Because of human survival and development in the process of difficult and persistent diseases, prompting the pharmaceutical industry continue to conduct scientific and technological research. Therefore, the pharmaceutical industry is a continuous forward sunrise industry, there is no maturity period; at the same time, it is also high technology, high investment, high risk, high yield industry.
It is estimated that the elasticity coefficient of demand for healthcare products is 1.37, i.e., if the standard of living increases by 1 percentage point, the level of medical consumption increases by 1.37 percentage points.
It can be seen that the growth rate of medical consumption is higher than the growth rate of living standards. Pharmaceutical products are directly facing the consumer's ultimate product, through the hospital or medical stores transferred to the hands of consumers, immediately into the field of consumption, and thus directly affected by the residents of the health care needs, that is, the residents of the improvement of living standards will soon be embodied in the increase in the demand for medicine and health care products, and the latter increase is greater than the former, the rapid expansion of health care market in the last two to three years that is a case in point.
China is the world's largest developing country, the total population accounts for 20% of the world, it is expected that China's population will grow to 1.3 billion in 2000, and will reach 1.4 billion in 2010; the natural growth of the population and the gradual aging of society, so that the demand for medicine increased. In particular, 80% of the rural population currently enjoys only 20% of the healthcare and pharmaceutical resources. With the development of the rural economy and the improvement of the living standards of farmers, people's awareness of healthcare is increasing, which gives the rural pharmaceutical market a strong potential for expansion. From the per capita level, China's residents of medicine consumption level is still at a low level. 1994 China's per capita use of drugs 7 U.S. dollars, only 1.6% of Japan, France 2.2%, the United States of America 2.3%, but also far less than Poland, Mexico, South Africa and other countries in the world at a low level, so China's pharmaceutical market growth rate must be higher than that of the international pharmaceutical market, especially with the rich knowledge of health care and the pharmaceutical business of the population. Therefore, the growth rate of China's pharmaceutical market is bound to be higher than that of the international pharmaceutical market, especially with the enrichment of residents' knowledge of health care and the development of the pharmaceutical business, the market demand for over-the-counter medicines will grow greatly. This is the basic background for the sustainable development of China's pharmaceutical industry.
The broader pharmaceutical industry involves chemical drugs, Chinese (adult) medicines, medical devices, health materials, pharmaceutical commerce, etc. The pharmaceutical industry and listed companies discussed in this article mainly refer to enterprises that produce medicines (including Chinese and Western medicines).