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Branches grow after the leaves and are called new shoots or nutrient branches. Branches can be categorized according to their growth status: elongated branches, ordinary branches, slender branches, leafy branches: Apple's flower buds are mixed buds. Axillary buds branch, the buds formed in the leaf axils of the current year's branches, the next year can flower and fruit is called axillary buds. The flower bud differentiation of apple, most varieties are from the beginning of June to the completion of the winter, the whole process is divided into physiological differentiation, morphological differentiation and sex cell maturation of three periods. Flower buds are mixed buds and inflorescences are corymbose cymes. Each inflorescence has 5-7 flowers.
Flowering and fruiting
Flowering: The flowering period of apple varies greatly depending on the climate of each place. Generally in April to May,
Apple (4 pictures)
There are 3-7 flowers per bud, and the center flower blooms first. Apple is a heterogamous pollinated plant, and most varieties are not self-flowering and cannot bear fruit. The proportion of each type of fruiting branch varies according to the age of the tree and variety. Usually young trees have more long fruiting branches and medium fruiting branches, and as the age of the tree increases, the proportion of short fruiting branches rises rapidly, and to the fruiting season, generally up to 70% or more, and almost entirely short fruiting branches in the aging period. From the variety point of view, Jin Shuai and other varieties of long fruiting branches and more fruiting branches, new red star, red Fuji and other varieties of short fruiting branches proportion, Liao Vo and other varieties are prone to the formation of axillary flower buds.
Seated fruit: the normal fruit of the apple, each fruit has 5 ventricles, each ventricle has 2 seeds. In the process of fruit development, seed secretion of hormones to stimulate the growth of fruit flesh, so pollination fertilization good, full of seeds, fruit shape is correct, flesh rich; on the contrary, the seed is poorly developed or no seed side, flesh depression thin and deformed fruit, so be sure to configure pollination tree and improve pollination. [1]
Fruit quality
Apple fruit is a pseudo-fruit developed by the ovary and receptacle, in which the ovary develops into a fruit heart, receptacle development of fruit flesh, the embryo develops into seeds. The volume of the fruit expands, in the early stage by the increase in the number of cells that divide rapidly, and in the later stage by the expansion of cell volume.
Apple (4)
The expansion of the volume of the fruit, the middle to maturity before the faster, the early and late slower, the weight of the fruit to maturity before the month of the fastest growth. The length of the fruit development period, generally early maturing varieties for 65 to 87 days, medium maturing varieties for 90 to 133 days, late maturing varieties for 137 to 168 days. Fruit color is an important indicator of commodity. Apple coloring good and poor with the accumulation of sugar, the coordination of mineral elements, environmental conditions and hormone types, content and so on.
Later control the application of nitrogen fertilizer, increase the application of potash, reduce the chlorophyll in the peel, improve ventilation and light conditions, improve sunlight exposure, do a good job of drainage, reduce air humidity, spray naphthalene acetic acid and 2.4-D and other hormones, can promote the color of the apple.
Apple from buds to fruit harvest, there are generally four times the blossom drop. The first time in the final flowering period, the flower stalks with the flower shedding and fall together, usually called flower drop. The second time in about a week after the blossom drop, the ovary slightly enlarged, can last 5 to 20 days, called the pre-fruit drop. The third in the second 7 to 14 days after the fruit drop, the fruit has reached the thumbnail size, a greater impact on yield, known as physiological fruit drop, Yunnan generally occurs in May, the northern climatic period later than Yunnan, occurring in June, so it is called "June fruit drop".
Fourth in the fruit before harvest, fall mature or nearly mature fruit, so called pre-harvest fruit drop. The first and second drop flowers and fruits, mainly due to nutritional deficiencies and poor pollination and fertilization. The third fruit drop, in addition to the competition for nutrients between the fruit, the lack of growth hormone in the embryo, is the tip of the fruit to compete for nutrients due to intense. Because the osmotic pressure of the leaves is greater than the young fruit, the power to compete for nutrients is stronger than the young fruit, so in addition to branching time to do a good job of plucking, cutting the tips and other inhibition of the growth of the new shoots, should also be timely application of Xiehua flower fertilizer, supplemental nutrients. [1]
Fruit development
Apple peel color is divided into two kinds of bottom color and surface color. The bottom color of the skin in the fruit is not ripe is generally expressed as dark green, fruit maturity will appear in three situations:
1. Green fade, or even completely disappeared, the bottom color is red.
2. The green color does not completely disappear, resulting in a yellow-green or green-yellow background color.
3. The green color does not subside at all and remains dark green.
Pericarp color in the fruit after ripening, generally show varying degrees of red, green and yellow three types, there are other colors, but not common.
The pigments that determine the color of the fruit mainly include chlorophyll, carotene, anthocyanins and flavonoids. Anthocyanin is a very unstable water-soluble pigment, mainly in the cytosol or cytoplasm. They appear red when the pH is low, mauve when neutral, and blue when alkaline. When combined with different metal ions, they also show a variety of colors, and thus the fruit can show a variety of complex colors.
Factors affecting the formation of anthocyanins
In addition to the heredity of varieties, the sugar content in the fruit is the main factor affecting the formation of apple anthocyanins. Anthocyanins are pigment elements formed when pentose sugar respiration is strong; in addition, anthocyanins are often combined with sugar to form anthocyanin glycosides present in the fruit. Therefore, the development of anthocyanins is closely related to the sugar content. Any factor that affects sugar synthesis and accumulation will affect anthocyanin development. Higher tree nutrient level, reasonable loading, appropriate ratio of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer to nitrogen fertilizer, and proper water control are all conducive to the development of red fruit.
The effect of temperature on coloring is also related to the accumulation of sugar. Medium and late maturing apple varieties night temperature above 20 ℃, is not conducive to coloring.
Fruit flesh hardness is also one of the important indicators of fruit quality, fruit flesh hardness not only affects the taste of taste when freshly eaten, but also related to the storage and processing traits of the fruit. The hardness of apple pulp is closely related to the cellulose content in the cell wall, the type and quantity of pectin-like substances in the cell wall gel layer, and the expansion pressure of the pulp cells. [1]
Production and cultivation
Editorial
Climatic requirements
Temperature
Apple diagram (2 images)
The apple tree is a temperate fruit tree that prefers low and dry temperatures, requiring no severe cold in winter and no heat in summer. The suitable temperature range is the average annual temperature of 9 ~ 14 ℃, extreme low temperature in winter is not less than -12 ℃, the highest average monthly temperature in summer is not higher than 20 ℃, ≥ 10 ℃ annual cumulative temperature of about 5000 ℃, the average temperature of the growing season (April to October) 12 ~ 18 ℃, the winter needs to be 7.2 ℃ below the low temperature of 1,200 ~ 1,500 hours in order to successfully pass the natural dormancy. It is generally believed that the average annual temperature of 7.5 to 14 ℃ in the region, can be cultivated apple. The natural dormancy period of apple is long. If the winter temperature is high, can not meet the winter dormant period required low temperature, spring germination is not complete.
From the point of view of the world's most cultivated apple regions, the average temperature of the coldest winter month (January in the Northern Hemisphere and July in the Southern Hemisphere) is between -10 and 10 ℃, in order to satisfy the apple's requirement for low temperature. The average January temperatures in China's major apple-producing regions are all within this limit. The average temperature during the growing period (April to October) is between 12 and 18 ℃, and the average temperature during the summer (June to August) is between 18 and 24 ℃, which is the most suitable for the growth of apples. Autumn temperature, high during the day and low at night, the fruit contains high sugar content, good coloring, thick skin, fruit powder, storage resistance. [1]
Precipitation
Apple needs about 180 millimeters of precipitation per mu of land during the growing season. General natural precipitation, can actually be utilized to the fruit tree absorption of about 1/3, so that the growing period precipitation can be 540 mm, has been sufficient. In April to September precipitation in the 450 millimeters below the region is the need for irrigation, the uneven distribution of precipitation in northern China, 70 ~ 80% of the concentration in July to August, the spring is not enough water. In the inland areas with low precipitation, the amount of water is insufficient, so when selecting the land for building the garden, it is necessary to take into account the irrigation conditions and moisture retention measures, but also pay attention to drainage measures during the rainy season.
Sunshine
Apple (2)
Apple tree is a light-loving species, light enough to grow normally. According to the Shandong Agricultural University determination, Taian region, the Golden Crown, the new Red Star, light compensation point of 600 to 800 meters candlelight, saturation point in 3500 to 4500 meters candlelight. In this range of light intensity increases, photosynthesis is also strengthened. Insufficient sunlight, it causes a series of reactions, such as branch and leaf prolongation, weakness, poor resistance to diseases and pests, less differentiation of flower buds, less nutrient storage, low rate of flowering and fruit set, root growth is also affected, low sugar content of the fruit, and color is not good. [1]
Soil
Soil has a great impact on the growth, yield, quality of apple. The main factors are soil layer, soil aeration, and soil quality. In short, apples need fertile, deep, well-drained soil, rich in organic matter, slightly acidic to slightly alkaline.
Wind
Gale force winds often bring many adverse effects to the growth and development of the apple, such as causing the crown skewed, affecting flowering, pollination, destruction of leaf organs, and fruit drop, etc., so the establishment of the apple orchard in windy areas, it must be created to prevent wind forest.
Winter (December - February) is the dormant period of the apple tree, orchard management focus on winter pruning, and combined with winter pruning to cut out diseased branches, insect branches, scraping thick, old bark, in order to reduce or eliminate overwintering pests and diseases.
A, winter pruning
1. young tree pruning young tree pruning should be in accordance with the "light-based, shaping and results and to promote early yield" principle. (1) 2-4 years old young trees, in the arrangement of the backbone branch under the premise, pruning focus is to clean up a layer of dense crowded branches, the shape of the tree. According to the planting density, can promote small crown thinning layer form (mu planted 80 plants below) and free spinning humor form (mu planted more than 80 plants). Small crown thinning layer shape: a layer of main branches to choose to stay 3-4, choose to stay after the impact of the growth of the backbone branches of the dense crowded branches to clean up, clean up 1-2 each year, and strive to clean up in 2 years. Free spindle humorous shape: each year to select and retain 3-4 small main branches, the main branch spacing of 20 cm or so, too dense branches appropriate thinning. (2) 5-8 years old young trees have entered the fruiting period, the focus of pruning is to clean up the interlayer dense crowded branches, improve tree light conditions, so that the fruiting part of the gradual transition to the backbone branches. Dense crowded place to clean up 2-3 per year, and strive to clean up in 3 years. After a few years of adjustment and cleaning up the tree, the small crown sparse layer form to retain 5 main branches, 1-2 auxiliary branches, free spindle humorous form to retain 10-13 main branches.
2. adult tree pruning adult tree pruning to "improve light, improve branch quality, stabilize the quality of yield" for the purpose of pruning is focused on batch thinning more than two layers of overcrowded large auxiliary branches, large lateral branches and large branches, try to make more than two layers of the retained large branches as a whip outward extension of the total number of branches accounted for the total number of branches of the tree 20% or less, in order to facilitate a layer of light in the inner chamber. Crown is high depending on the strength of the tree gradually drop head happy, the tree height control in 3.5 meters below; crown has been handed over to the periphery of the dense crowded branches to be thinned out or transformed into small branches, extend the branch trunk short cut, slow outside to promote the inner, or the use of the main head to change the main guillotine branch direction and angle, so that the upper and lower left and right are staggered each other, the crown spacing to maintain 1 meter or so, in order to facilitate the improvement of the group and the individual lighting conditions.
Two, cut off diseased branches, insect branches according to the survey, many kinds of pests and diseases that harm the apple are overwintering on the branches. On the tree overwintering pests and diseases, combined with winter pruning thoroughly cut out diseased and insect branches centralized burned or buried, can make the next year, the harm is significantly reduced.
Three, scrape the old bark of fruit trees and trunk cracks in the old bark, often lurking in a large number of overwintering germs and pests. Scrape the coarse old bark, and burned or buried, a variety of pests and diseases have good control effects, and sometimes can even completely eliminate some pests. [5]
Cultivation Status
World Apple Cultivation Status
Apple varieties (7)
World apple production is about 32 million tons per year. In most parts of Europe 123, a large proportion of apples are used to make cider and brandy. Apples used in cider making account for 1/4 of the world's production. the United States, China, France, Italy and Turkey are the largest producers, and France, Italy, Hungary, Argentina, Chile, South Africa and the United States are the largest exporters. There are more than 80 countries producing apples in the world, and there are 12 main producing countries with annual output of more than or close to 1 million tons, ranked by output, in order of China (46%), the United States (9%), Turkey (6%), Italy (5%), France (5%), Poland (5%), Germany (3%), Russia (3%), etc. The world production of apples in the United States, Italy, Hungary, Argentina, Chile, South Africa and the United States are the largest exporting countries. Excluding China, Marshal System and Golden Crown are the two main cultivars in the world, and if China is included, Fuji becomes the world's number one cultivar. The United States, Italy, France, Chile, South Africa and other new developments in the orchards of red Fuji accounted for more than 50%, China Fuji cultivated area of 49.6% of the total area of apple.
The main varieties in various countries:
China: Flowering Cow, Red Star, Rongguang, Marshal System, Red General, etc.;
Korea: Ganhong, Red Dew, Aurora, Autumn Light, Hwahong;
America: Jonagold, Enpai, New Red Star, Gala, Briben;
Australia: Pink Delight, Australian Green Apple, Mri Gemstone, etc.;
New Zealand: Gala, Pacific Rose, Briben, Gorgeous;
Japan: Fuji Series, Kokko, Tsugaru Series, Wang Lin, Jonagold, Luau, Shanshia, and so on.
Industry has developed considerably, has made great achievements. 2005 cultivated area of 1.89 million hectares, the output reached 24 million tons, accounting for the world's total amount of apples 2/5 and 1/3, respectively, China has become the world's largest apple producer. Yield per unit area increased from 4.7 tons/ha in 1995 to an average of 12 tons/ha.
After nearly 10 years of regionalization and layout adjustment, the proportion of apple area in the total area of national orchards dropped from 34.9% in 1996 to 18.8% in 2005, but the apple output has continued to grow, accounting for 27.2% of the national fruit production in 2005. Bohai Bay and the Northwest Loess Plateau two apple advantageous production areas, the cultivated area accounted for 40% of the total area of the country's apples, 39%, the output accounted for 45%, 35%; red Fuji and other excellent varieties of the cultivated area of the proportion of more than 80% of the export of apples and apple juice concentrates accounted for more than 90% of the proportion of the. Apple storage and preservation capacity from the 1970s less than 100,000 tons of the country's development to more than 5 million tons, accounting for about 25% of the total apple production, fresh apple post-production commercialization and processing level has gradually improved, a number of apple production, sales, processing enterprises have been formed. China has become the world's largest producer of apple juice concentrate. The national processing capacity of 10 tons / hour or more of apple juice concentrate production-oriented companies more than 35; fresh apple processing by 5% of apple production in 1996 to more than 20%; production capacity from the mid-80s less than 1,000 tons surged to 1 million tons.
In the rapid development of the apple industry, there are some problems, such as variety resources and land resources constraints are increasing; the overall quality of the product needs to be improved; pre-production and production and post-production disconnect and so on, therefore, the apple industry also need to further implement the sustainable development strategy.
Apple contains more potassium, can be combined with the body's excess sodium salt, so that it out of the body.
When the body intake of sodium salt is too much, eat some apples, is conducive to balance the body electrolytes. Apple contains elements such as phosphorus and iron, easy to be absorbed by the intestinal wall, there is a brain nourishing blood, tranquilize the mind and sleep. Clinical use has proved that, let the mental depression patients smell apple aroma, the state of mind greatly improved, the spirit of relaxation and happiness, depression disappeared. Experiments have also proved that insomnia patients sniffing apple flavor before going to sleep, can make people fall asleep quickly and quietly. Wash and squeeze the juice of apples, 100 milliliters per serving, 3 times a day, take consecutively, 15 days for a course of treatment, apples have the effect of lowering cholesterol levels. [7]
Lowering cholesterol: Keeping blood sugar stable can also effectively lower cholesterol.
Anti-cancer and anti-cancer: reduce the risk of lung cancer, prevent lead poisoning, proanthocyanidins can prevent colon cancer blood.
Respiratory tube cleaner: improve respiratory system and lung function, protect the lungs from pollution and soot.
Promote gastrointestinal motility: assist the body to discharge waste, reduce the harmful substances on the skin.
Maintaining acid-base balance: apples are alkaline food, eating apples can quickly neutralize excessive acid in the body (including exercise (exercise food) produced by the acid and fish, meat, eggs and other acidic food in the body to produce acidic metabolites), to enhance the physical strength and resistance to disease.
Weight loss: apples will increase satiety, eat before meals can reduce the amount of food, to achieve weight loss.
Apple is rich in a variety of trace elements and vitamins and other nutrients needed by the human body, is recognized as one of the highest degree of nutritional health fruit. The apple seed is known as the "library of life", the nutrient content is more than 10 times the pulp. Apple seeds contain a large number of plant hormones, which can effectively regulate the human endocrine system, promote cellular microcirculation, and improve cellular activity.[9] However, apple seeds are also known to be a good source of nutrients. [9] However, apple seeds contain cyanogenic glycosides, which are toxic. Cyanogenic glycosides can be hydrolyzed to the highly toxic substance hydrocyanic acid (HCN) when exposed to acid or under the action of biological enzymes. The cyanogenic glycosides in each gram of apple seeds, when converted to hydrocyanic acid, are about a few hundred micrograms, which is hardly likely to cause human poisoning, but the core part of the fruit should be avoided when eating apples on a daily basis
Advice #1: Give preference to apples that have been bagged. This kind of apple has a clean and even skin,
Apples that are not ripe on the tree (14 pictures)
are less affected by polluting gases, pesticide spraying and so on.
Advice 2: apples ripen in the fall, fresh apples were sold at that time without the need for preservatives to deal with, eating the peel is safer. The most uneasy is the foreign apples that come from across the ocean, because they are bound to go through the preservation process, and foreign fruit waxing is more common.
Advice 3: Fresh apples have a natural layer of wax on the surface, but there is also a thin layer of fruit powder, is not the appearance of the light can be seen. Apple harvest, in order to improve the commercial value and delay the loss of water in the apple, commonly used waxing machine for polishing, and there may be preservatives to deal with such issues, so see the surface of the particularly beautiful shiny apples, especially anti-seasonal apples, it is best to peel and then eat.
Advice 4: the best choice of pollution-free, green and organic certification of apples, so that the apple heavy metal and pesticide residues will be much less, even if it is not equal to zero, but also than the average apple skin residues in the small, more assured to eat the peel. Plant seedlings, training of more than 500 technicians, responding to more than 600 letters from 27 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions across the country to the public consultation. So that they benefit to varying degrees, and the Longnan region has become one of the country's three major production bases of Huanglian. Facts speak louder than words, as long as the creation or use of nature's favorable conditions, the introduction of foreign Chinese medicine village is entirely possible. Pharmacy and the introduction of planting Western ginseng, saffron, digitalis, zhebeimu, dogwood and other 54 kinds. Not only cultivation success, but also the yield and quality are improved than the origin.
The introduction of foreign valuable medicinal herbs planting success, more validation of biological and adaptive and its laws. The rural areas of the vast areas of the west have good vegetation, soil, climate and other conditions for the growth of drugs, vigorously promote and planting has its inevitability and necessity. At the same time due to the introduction of valuable Chinese herbs market price is favorable, is rising year by year trend, prosperous market
Economy. The majority of farmers are most likely to accept and form **** knowledge, is indeed the doorway to prosperity for farmers.
Two, wild herbs into home planted broad prospects and urgency
Western poverty-stricken mountainous areas due to slow development, economic lag, poor production conditions, the vast majority of people affected by the traditional, "mountain eat mountain" concept is y rooted. And foreigners on the local wild resources without planning, blindly buy. Induce the people, "kill the chicken and take the egg" type of mining, resulting in Chinese herbal medicine resources and other green resources on the verge of extinction. Therefore, vigorously carry out the artificial cultivation of wild herbs is not only for farmers to open up a way to get rich, the more long-term, the relationship between a thousand years to save the endangered species, maintain ecological balance, benefit mankind, but also the original face of the earth.
The prospect of wild herbs becoming home grown is very broad, five horse medicine up to now, has successfully planted more than 150 kinds of wild herbs.
Like Tianma this valuable Chinese medicine. Since ancient times, people have always believed that the "natural hemp" "Tianma will go planting no". Pharmacy from the spring of 1969 to start test planting, three consecutive years have not been successful. Later, we conducted a field study of the natural environment for the growth of jatropha, and visited thousands of households to the masses, summarize the lessons of failure, firmly grasp the folk said "green tree bottom lying jatropha," that is, cut down the stumps of green trees next to the easy birth of jatropha traces. In July 1971 test planting success, the survival rate of 20%. At this time, Japanese scientists revealed the jatropha and nectarine ring bacteria **** biological relationship, the experiments on the drugstore played a catalytic role. In 1975 to obtain a large area of asexual reproduction of asparagus success. The average mu yield than wild asparagus yield 5 times more than some up to 20 times or so. From experimental failure to stable and high yield **** experienced seven years. Time is long, the work is hard, the footprint of exploration is heavy. But also proved a truth, as long as not afraid of failure, the courage to struggle and efforts law can be found and mastered. Immediately to the surrounding provinces, cities, counties, townships, communities to promote, including technology transfer, there was a planting of Tianma fever, because of the planting of Tianma into a professional, ten thousand yuan households abound, but a new problem has arisen, Tianma degradation, the shape of the tubers become elongated. We have seen such a scenario, Tianma on the ground with stems, flowers, fruits. With the fruit will certainly be sexual reproduction, so we inoculate the fruit of asparagus on the honey ring fungus experiments, and was successful. This is also the "heart to heart" it! Effectively prevent the degradation of asparagus, to ensure the quality of asparagus planting. December 4, 1982 "Gansu Daily" disclosed this news.
Pig ling is also a rare shortage of valuable Chinese herbs. Its function is diuretic and seepage of dampness, treatment of urinary incontinence, edema and fullness, foot odor, diarrhea, gonorrhea, by the Chinese and foreign medicine experts in the research and determination of the role of cancer prevention and anti-cancer. Poria growth also has the characteristics of God's secret and difficult to detect, from the beginning of Pangu to the present is to rely on natural wild supply. Because it also sleeps deep underground like Tianma, the ground does not show traces of medicine collectors rely on experience to find. Pharmacy from the asparagus and honey ring fungus **** biological relationship inspired by the honey ring fungus and poria cultivated together, after many experiments, choose different geographical conditions, and obtain the poria artificial breeding success of sexual reproduction, each kiln's yield is higher than the wild 20 times more than the second prize of the Provincial Science Achievement.
In addition, the local wild button seven, bamboo ginseng, feather leaf panax ginseng are tonic and strong, scattered bruises, pain, bleeding effect, their total saponins than American ginseng, ginseng high, according to Mr. Cuide's "American ginseng album" records: American ginseng's total saponins 7.06%, ginseng 4-7% and panax ginseng is 10,9%, button seven 9.62%, and the total saponins of the ginseng, the total saponins of the panax ginseng, the total saponins of the Panax ginseng. The total saponin of Panax ginseng is 7.06%, ginseng is 4-7% and Panax ginseng is 10,9%, button seven 9.62%. Bamboo ginseng 13.66%. These three herbs. I farm all to wild home grown success. If you can develop and utilize will play a greater medical effect. Because these three kinds of medicinal herbs planted than compared to American ginseng, ginseng to be much easier. Then other grass or woody herbs planting easier home grown success.
Summary of the brown in the western poor mountainous areas in the extensive development of Chinese herbal medicine planting is agriculture to market, farmers out of poverty, the ideal project, should be strongly advocated, it is recommended that the western development and implementation of the fifteenth plan as one of the projects. Recently, the governor of Gansu Province, Song Zhaosu in his speech to the development of Chinese herbal medicine research and cultivation as the development of Gansu three major programs, is quite insightful, is combined with the reality of the western countryside.