While there may not be the most perfect national healthcare system in the world, there are many good examples that have met the challenges and made significant progress in healthcare!
Mark Britnell summarizes the characteristics and strengths of 12 national health systems, and argues that if there were a perfect health system in the world, it would have at least the following 12 characteristics: values and universal coverage in the United Kingdom, primary care in Israel, community-based services in Brazil, mental health and well-being in Australia, and the ability to deliver health care in the United States. mental health and well-being, five, health promotion in the Nordic countries, six, patient and community empowerment in parts of Africa, seven, research and development in the United States, eight, innovation, talent, and speed in India, nine, information, communication, and the use of technology in Singapore, ten, the right to choose in France, eleven, financing in Switzerland, and twelve, elderly care in Japan.
First, the values of health and well-being are a prerequisite. The UK's National Health Service (NHS) was the world's first truly universal coverage healthcare system, founded in 1948 after World War II. In 2008, the NHS developed its own charter, declaring that it exists to improve the health and wellbeing of the whole population, to support people's physical and mental well-being, to be able to get treatment when they are sick, and to maintain the highest possible quality of life when it is difficult to cure them. To save lives and improve health within the limits of scientific knowledge, and to connect with people when care and compassion are most needed. Such values are almost close to religious beliefs.
Second, primary health care is the basic kernel. Israel has excellent primary health care, which they believe is the kernel of health development, and there are at least four characteristics that should be present. First, the life expectancy of the population should be longer (82.1 years in Israel); second, the proportion of health expenditure to GDP is more appropriate (7.2% in Israel); third, the health maintenance organization has both preventive and curative services, and the accessibility of these services should be very high; and fourth, the diagnostic and treatment centers, emergency centers, and the continuum of care, family care services should form a system. Israel was the first country to introduce primary health care into hospital medical services.
Third, community services are a necessary condition. Brazil established a unified health system and a family health program in 1988, which was implemented in large part through a form of what is called "community empowerment". Although this model is considered to be mainly suitable for universal health care, it is an example for low- and middle-income countries. In fact, it also has important lessons for the prevalence and prevention of chronic diseases, and for the deepening and prevention of aging in developed countries. Brazil will be fragmented individual health care and hospital health care, hospital medical services, in the community to realize the landing and combination.
Fourth, mental health is also an essential aspect. In fact, over the next two decades, the world's economic burden due to mental illness will exceed that of cancer, diabetes and respiratory disease combined, as predicted by a recent study by the Harvard School of Public **** Health in the United States. Australia's innovation lies in shifting from a traditional hospital warehousing model to a community service model of proactive early intervention. Australian research and innovation suggests that early intervention in mental health with home treatment is a necessary component.
Fifth, health promotion should be national policy. The five Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden) were the first in the world to initiate a national policy and welfare model for health promotion, emphasizing that the state must play a leading role in the development of health and well-being policies, not only in terms of input mechanisms and policy mechanisms for health promotion should be given a priority position, but also to formulate a national policy for the control of risky behavioral factors affecting health (e.g. smoking, alcohol consumption overweight and physical inactivity, etc.). Since the 1987 Helsinki Conference, the Nordic countries have made a commitment to joint action in health promotion at the national level, at the level of local governments, at the level of public organizations, at the level of private organizations and at the level of individual citizens.
Sixth, research and innovation is a leading force. Perhaps it would be a little strange for the United States, the richest country in the world, not to lead in its rankings. But as former President Obama noted, "the United States must also recognize that health and well-being must be elevated to a level similar to that of the space race". There is no doubt that the United States is the world's largest center of health research and development, spending more than $130 billion a year on medical research and development, which is almost as much as the countries of the European Union combined. It has produced the world's largest number of Nobel Prize winners and a large number of high-impact drugs and devices. The U.S. leads medical innovation by investing in the economy and shaping the more remarkable cases through the output of research.
Seventh, community empowerment is a guarantee of sustainable development. The African region has only 3% of the world's health workers but carries 25% of the world's disease burden. As a result, African countries have had to train patients as partners and develop communities as caregivers. Patient empowerment in Africa improves health, satisfaction, equity and sustainability. Considering the global shortage of doctors and nurses (WHO estimates a shortfall of more than 7 million), all countries can benefit to varying degrees from patient activation. Some studies estimate that community empowerment can reduce the cost of healthcare services by 8-20%. In Africa, there are many patient-led non-governmental organizations (NGOs), such as Family Health Associations (FHAs), Anti-AIDS Associations (AAA), and Tuberculosis Associations (TBAs), that have become expert clients in their communities and are able to assist hospitals in managing the distribution of medicines and the orientation of new patients. Such cases are particularly relevant in less developed regions. It should be said that a sustainable national health system needs more and stronger patient involvement.
Eighth, innovation and invention and crossover is the space for development. India is arguably ahead of the curve in this regard. India's Apollo Group, the country's largest hospital services group, now claims that its knee surgery, coronary and prostate surgery complications are equal to or better than the world average. Many of these organizations serve not only high-end clients but also low-end communities. This creates a healthy cross-subsidization while keeping cost levels low. The Harvard Business Review in the US lists the case of hospital innovation in India as having three strengths: first, the advantage of a central radial layout, second, the advantage of innovation in defining job responsibilities, and third, the advantage of focusing on improving cost effectiveness rather than just cost containment.
Ninth, information technology is also an important support. Health information technology is a feature of this era and an important connotation of medical development. Singapore has many of these qualities. in 2004, all of their hospitals began *** enjoying patient data. in 2011, an electronic health record system was set up from the national level, linking all hospitals, community agencies, GPs and care homes. this has made it possible to analyze diagnostic, cost, and operational data in a comprehensive manner and to assess the value of healthcare services, and has had a positive effect on health cost and output control, both of which have positive implications. About 40% of patients in Singapore have access to their own complete medical information, compared to 17% in the US.
Tenth, informed choice is an important right for patients. France has always been proud of the fact that its citizens have the right to choose in the health care system. They believe that freedom in healthcare is based on three principles: individual patient payment, physician choice, and freedom of medical care. In France, most of their medical processes are hybrid, with primary care physicians, general practitioners, and specialists, all of whom are paid and reimbursed at different rates. As a result, patients' rights in France are manifested in the ability to determine for themselves what level of physician to call on, patient satisfaction is high, and cost-sharing is consistent.
Eleventh, financing is a source of health development. Every country's health care system may be under tremendous financial pressure, yet there may be no country in the world that is as well off as Switzerland. The Swiss say: you get what you pay for in health care. Switzerland spends 11.5% of its GDP on healthcare, which equates to higher than $10,000 per capita, slightly higher than the United States' $9,146. If a country can spend 12% of its GDP on its healthcare system, it will work very well, according to Mark Britnell, KPMG's chair of global healthcare. Switzerland and Singapore have developed high-level, complex healthcare systems that balance the complex relationship between social, individual and state responsibility. The Swiss approach is one of "managed care," where the state pays the bulk of the costs and both residents and patients are willing to shoulder their share of the expenses.
Twelfth, elderly care is a major task for the future of medical care. Japan has the world's longest average life expectancy at 83.3 years, but few realize that its population will shrink from 122 million in 2015 to 90 million in 2055, putting enormous pressure on the healthcare and elder care system. Japan established a universal coverage mandatory long-term care insurance program in 2000. All persons over the age of 40 contribute to the scheme, which provides social care for all persons over the age of 65 on the basis of their needs. Ability to pay is not included in the assessment, but some services require a 10% *** payment. Japan has a strong tradition of caring for patients at home. Japan has also begun trials of "care robots" in the community and in nursing homes. Japan also has the largest number of day care centers for the elderly in the world. This is a choice that needs to be guided and made by the state.