An earthquake (earthquake) is a rapid vibration of the Earth's surface, which in ancient times was also known as an earth tremor. It is like wind, rain, lightning, landslide, volcanic eruption, is a natural phenomenon that often occurs on the earth. It originates at a point underground, which is called the source (focus). Vibrations emanate from the source and travel through the Earth. The point on the ground closest to the source is called the epicenter, which is the earliest part to receive vibrations. Earth vibration is the most intuitive and common manifestation of earthquakes. Strong earthquakes that occur under the sea or in coastal areas can cause huge waves called tsunamis. Earthquakes are extremely frequent, occurring globally about 5 million times a year, and have a great impact on society as a whole.
Terms and knowledge about earthquakes
The structure of the Earth is like an egg, which can be divided into three layers. The center layer is the "yolk" - the Earth's core; the middle is the "egg white" - the Earth's mantle; and the outer layer is the "egg shell" - the Earth's crust. Earthquakes generally occur in the Earth's crust. The Earth is constantly rotating and revolving, and at the same time the interior of the crust is constantly changing. As a result, the earth's crust is deformed, fractured, and shifted by forces, and earthquakes occur. The place where an earthquake occurs underground is called the epicenter. The place from the source to the surface of the earth vertically is called the epicenter. The distance from the epicenter to the source is called the depth of the epicenter. Earthquakes with a depth of less than 70 kilometers are called shallow earthquakes, earthquakes between 70 and 300 kilometers are called medium earthquakes, and earthquakes over 300 kilometers are called deep earthquakes. The deepest earthquake with a depth of epicenter was the 5.8-magnitude earthquake that occurred in the northern waters of Irian Jaya Province, Indonesia, in 1963, with a depth of 786 kilometers. For earthquakes of the same size, the degree of damage caused to the ground varies because the depth of the epicenter is not the same, nor is it the same. The shallower the epicenter, the greater the damage, but the smaller the ripple effect, and vice versa.
The distance between a place and the epicenter is called the epicenter distance. Earthquakes with an epicenter distance of less than 100 kilometers are called local earthquakes, earthquakes between 100-1000 kilometers are called nearshocks, and earthquakes larger than 1000 kilometers are called distant earthquakes, in which the farther the distance from the epicenter, the smaller the impacts and damage.
The ground vibration caused by earthquakes is a complex movement, which is caused by longitudinal and transverse waves **** with the results of the action. In the epicenter area, the vertical wave makes the ground up and down. Transverse waves make the ground shake horizontally. As the longitudinal wave propagation speed is faster, the attenuation is also faster, the transverse wave propagation speed is slower, the attenuation is also slower, so far away from the epicenter of the place, often do not feel the up and down bouncing, but can feel up to the horizontal shaking.
The size of the earthquake itself, expressed in magnitude, according to the size of the elastic wave energy released during the earthquake to determine the magnitude of the magnitude of the earthquake, our country generally use the Richter scale. Usually less than 2.5 earthquakes called small earthquakes, 2.5-4.7 earthquakes called felt earthquakes, greater than 4.7 earthquakes called destructive earthquakes. For every 1-magnitude difference in magnitude, there is about a 30-fold difference in the amount of energy released by an earthquake. For example, an earthquake of magnitude 7 is equivalent to 30 earthquakes of magnitude 6, or equivalent to 900 earthquakes of magnitude 5, the magnitude difference of 0.1, the average difference in the release of energy 1.4 times.
When a larger earthquake occurs in a certain place, a series of earthquakes tend to occur over a period of time, the largest of which is called the mainshock, the earthquake that occurs before the mainshock is called a foreshock, and the earthquake that occurs after the mainshock is called an aftershock.
Earthquakes have a certain spatial and temporal distribution pattern. From time to time, earthquakes have active and calm period alternating cyclical phenomenon. From a spatial point of view, the distribution of earthquakes in a certain band, said the seismic zone, mainly concentrated in the Pacific Rim and the Mediterranean - Himalayan two major seismic zones. The Pacific Ocean seismic zone almost concentrated more than 80% of the world's shallow earthquakes (0 kilometers to 70 kilometers), all of the medium-source (70 kilometers to 300 kilometers) and deep-source earthquakes, the release of seismic energy accounted for about 80% of all energy.
The degree of ground shaking strength at a certain point during an earthquake is called seismic intensity. China will be divided into 12 degrees of seismic intensity.
Magnitude and intensity, although both can reflect the strength of the earthquake, but the meaning is not the same. The same earthquake, the magnitude of only one, but the intensity is different from place to place, different places, the intensity value is not the same. For example, on February 10, 1990, Changshu - Taicang occurred 5.1 earthquake, some people say in Suzhou is 4, in Wuxi is 3, this is wrong. No matter where, it can only be said that a 5.1 magnitude earthquake occurred in Changshu-Taicang, but this earthquake, in Shaxi Town, Taicang, the seismic intensity is 6 degrees, in Suzhou the seismic intensity is 4 degrees, in Wuxi the seismic intensity is 3 degrees.
Earthquake intensity is a frequently used term. There are qualitative and quantitative criteria for dividing the intensity. In the Chinese earthquake intensity table (see table below), the human feeling, general housing earthquake damage and other phenomena described, can be used as a basic basis for determining the intensity.
Causes of earthquakes
There are many causes of vibration of the earth's surface, and according to the causes of earthquakes, they can be categorized as follows:
1. Tectonic earthquakes
The earthquakes that are caused by misalignment and rupture of the rock strata deep under the ground are known as tectonic earthquakes (Figure 1-1). These earthquakes occur most frequently and have the greatest destructive power, accounting for more than 90% of the world's earthquakes.
2. Volcanic earthquakes
Due to volcanic action, such as magma activity, gas explosions caused by earthquakes known as volcanic earthquakes. Volcanic earthquakes can only occur in volcanic activity areas, such earthquakes only account for about 7% of the world's earthquakes.
3. collapse earthquakes
Due to the collapse of underground caverns or the top of the mine caused by earthquakes known as collapse earthquakes. The scale of such earthquakes is relatively small, the number of times is also very small, even if there is, but also tends to occur in the cave densely populated limestone areas or large-scale underground mining mining areas.
4. Induced earthquakes
As a result of reservoir storage, oil field water injection and other activities triggered by earthquakes known as induced earthquakes. These earthquakes occur only in some specific reservoir reservoir area or oil field area.
5. Artificial earthquakes
Underground nuclear explosions, explosives blasting and other human-induced ground vibration known as artificial earthquakes. Artificial earthquakes are caused by man-made activities. Such as industrial blasting, underground nuclear explosions caused by vibration; in deep wells for high-pressure water injection and large reservoirs to increase the pressure of the earth's crust after storage, and sometimes induced earthquakes.
The place where the seismic wave originates is called the epicenter. The vertical projection of the epicenter on the ground is called the epicenter. The depth from the epicenter to the epicenter is called the depth of the epicenter. Usually the depth of the epicenter is less than 70 kilometers called shallow earthquakes, the depth of 70-300 kilometers called medium-source earthquakes, the depth of more than 300 kilometers called deep earthquakes. Destructive earthquakes are usually shallow earthquakes. For example, the 1976 Tangshan earthquake had a depth of 12 kilometers.
China's Eight Most Famous Earthquakes
Earthquake Name Date Time Magnitude (Ms) Intensity at Epicenter Depth at Epicenter (Km)
1. Xingtai, Hebei Earthquake 1966.3.8 05:29:14.0 6.8 IX 10
Dongwang, Ningjin, Hebei Earthquake 1966.3.22 16:19:46.0 7.2 X 10
2. p>2. Yunnan Tonghai Earthquake 1970.1.5 01:00:37.0 7.7 X 13
3. Sichuan Fuhuo Earthquake 1973.2.6 18:37:08.3 7.9 X 17
4. Yunnan Zhaotong Earthquake 1974.5.11 03:25:18.3 7.1 IX 14
5. Liaoning Haicheng Earthquake 1975.2.04 19:36:06.0 7.3 IX 12
6. Yunnan Longling Earthquake 1976.5.29 20:23:18.0 7.3 IX 24
1976.5.29 22:00:22.5 7.4 IX 20
7. Hebei Tangshan Earthquake 1976.7.28 03:42:53.8 7.8 IX 20
7. Hebei Tangshan Earthquake 1976.7.28 03:42:53.8 7.8 IX 20
8. 42:53.8 7.8 XI 22
8. Sichuan Songpan Earthquake 1976.8.16 22:06:46.2 7.2 IX 24
1976.8.23 11:30:10.0 7.2 VIII 23
Eight Strongest Earthquakes in the History of Mankind in the Twentieth Century
Sumatra Island An earthquake measuring 8.5 on the Richter scale struck the waters off Sumatra Island on the 28th (09:09 GMT on the 29th), one of the eight strongest earthquakes to hit human history since 1900. The following is the basic situation of the eight major earthquakes (in order of magnitude):
1, the Chilean earthquake (May 22, 1960): 9.5 on the Richter scale. It occurred in the central Chilean sea and triggered a tsunami and volcanic eruption. The earthquake **** led to 5,000 deaths and 2 million people were left homeless.
2. The Great Alaskan Earthquake (March 28, 1964): 9.2 on the Richter scale. This triggered a tsunami that killed 125 people and caused $311 million in property damage. Strong tremors were felt in most of Alaska, the Yukon Territory in Canada, and Columbia.
3, the United States, Alaska earthquake (March 9, 1957): 9.1 on the Richter scale, occurred in the United States, Alaska, Andrea Island and Unak Island in the vicinity of the sea. The earthquake caused the 200-year dormant volcano Visevidov to erupt and triggered a massive 15-meter-high tsunami that affected as far as the island of Hawaii.
4. (Juxtaposed) The Great XX Earthquake (December 26, 2004): 9.0 on the Richter Scale, which occurred in Aceh Province on the island of XX Sumatra. The earthquake triggered a tsunami that swept through Sri Lanka, Thailand, Indonesia and India, leaving about 300,000 people missing or dead;
4. (tie) Great Russian Earthquake (November 4, 1952): 9.0 on the Richter scale. The earthquake triggered a tsunami that rippled through the Hawaiian Islands, but caused no injuries.
5, the Great Ecuadorian Earthquake (January 31, 1906): 8.8 on the Richter scale, occurred in Ecuador and off the coast of Colombia. The earthquake triggered a strong tsunami, resulting in more than 1,000 deaths. The earthquake was felt along the coast of Central America, San Fransisco and Japan.
6, (tied) XX earthquake (March 28, 2005): 8.7 on the Richter scale, the epicenter was located in the sea north of the island of XX Sumatra, not far from the location of the magnitude 9.0 earthquake occurred three months ago. It has killed 1,000 people so far, but did not cause a tsunami.
6, (tied) the United States, Alaska earthquake (February 4, 1965): 8.7 on the Richter scale. The earthquake triggered a tsunami up to 10.7 meters high that swept across the island of Shumanya.
7, China's Tibet earthquake (August 15, 1950): 8.6 on the Richter scale. 2000 houses and temples were destroyed. India's Yarlung Tsangpo River suffered the worst damage, with at least 1,500 deaths.
8, (tied) Russian earthquake (February 3, 1923): 8.5 on the Richter scale, occurred in Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia;
8, (tied) XX earthquake (February 3, 1938): 8.5 on the Richter scale, occurred in the sea off XX Banda. The earthquake triggered a tsunami and volcanic eruption, causing heavy losses of people and property;
8. (Juxtaposed) The Great Russian Thousand Islands Earthquake (October 13, 1963): 8.5 on the Richter Scale, and spread to Japan and Russia, among other places. (Springer)
Earthquake self-help book
Nearby shelter during the earthquake, after the earthquake quickly evacuated to a safe place is a better method of emergency protection. The so-called nearby shelter, that is, according to the local conditions of different situations to make different responses.
▲School personnel to avoid the earthquake
In the school, the earthquake is the most important need for school leaders and teachers to be calm and decisive. In areas where there are medium and long-term earthquake forecasts, it is usually necessary to combine teaching activities to tell students about earthquakes and earthquake prevention and avoidance. Before the earthquake, arrange the routes and venues for students to move and evacuate; after the earthquake, calmly direct students to evacuate in an orderly manner. In the more solid, safe houses, you can hide under the desks, podiums, students in the teaching building can go to the open small, pipe-supported rooms, never let the students run around or jump.
▲Earthquake, walking on the street to avoid the earthquake
When the earthquake occurred, the high-rise buildings, glass fragments and the outside of the building concrete debris, as well as advertising signboards, tinplate, neon lamps, etc., may fall down to hurt, so when walking on the street, it is best to walk around the purse or a soft object on the head, no object can also be used to protect the head of the hand, as far as possible, to make good preparations for self-defense. The first thing you need to do is to get out of the way of the poles and fences and run to a more open area to avoid them.
▲ Workshop workers to avoid the earthquake
Workshop workers can hide in the car, machine tools and higher equipment, do not panic and run, the special position of the workers to close the first flammable, explosive, toxic gas valves, timely reduction of high temperature, high pressure pipeline temperature and pressure, close the operation of the equipment. Most of the personnel can be evacuated from the work site, under the premise of safety protection, a small number of personnel to stay at the scene at any time to monitor the situation, timely handling of possible accidents, to prevent secondary disasters.
▲Earthquake traveling vehicle emergency shock
(1) the driver should decelerate as soon as possible, and gradually brake brake;
(2) passengers (especially in the train) should be firmly grasped by the hands of the handles, columns or seats, and pay attention to prevent the luggage from the shelf fell hurt, face to face in the direction of the car, the person, the arm should be leaning in the front seat cushions, protect the face, the body tends to The first thing that you need to do is to get your hands on a pair of shoes or boots, and then you can get your hands on a pair of shoes or boots, and then you can get your hands on a pair of shoes or boots, and then you can get your hands on a pair of shoes or boots.
▲ Building people earthquake emergency shock
Once the earthquake occurred, first of all, to maintain a clear, calm mind, timely identification of the vibration condition, never jump in panic, this is extremely important. Secondly, you can hide in the solid furniture, or the corner of the wall, can also be transferred to the more load-bearing walls, small openings in the kitchen, the toilet to take refuge for a while. Because these places have strong bonding force, especially the pipeline has been processed, has a better support, anti-seismic coefficient is larger. In short, the earthquake can be based on the layout of the building and the indoor conditions, the time and situation, looking for safe space and channel to avoid, reduce casualties.
▲ in the store earthquake emergency avoidance
In the department store encountered an earthquake, to remain calm. As a result of the panic and the fall of goods, the evacuation channel may be blocked. At this time, you should hide in the near the large columns and large goods next to (avoid the merchandise display case), or towards the unobstructed access to avoid, and then crouch down, waiting for the earthquake to subside. Being in the upstairs position, in principle, it is better to move to the ground floor. However, staircases are often the weakest part of a building against earthquakes, so it is important to look for the right time to get out of danger. Attendants should organize the masses to take shelter nearby and evacuate safely after the earthquake.
▲ Post-earthquake self-help
Earthquake such as being buried under the rubble, surrounded by darkness, only a very small space, you must not panic, to be calm, to establish confidence in survival, believe that there will be people to save you, to do everything possible to protect themselves.
After the earthquake, there are often many aftershocks, the situation may continue to deteriorate, in order to avoid new injuries, to try to improve their own environment. At this point, if the emergency kit is at hand, it will help you get out of danger.
In this extremely unfavorable environment, first of all, to protect the respiratory flow, move away from the head, chest debris, smell gas, poisonous gas, wet clothes and other things to cover the mouth, nose; avoid the body above the collapse of the non-structural objects and other easy to cause the fall of the object; expand and stabilize the survival space, with bricks, sticks, etc. to support the wreckage in case of aftershocks, the environment to further deteriorate.
Try to get out of danger. If you can not find a way out of danger, try to save energy, use stones to knock objects that can make noise, outward call for help, do not cry, impatient and blind action, which will consume a lot of energy and physical strength, as far as possible to control their own emotions or rest with eyes closed, waiting for the arrival of rescuers. If you are injured, think about bandaging to avoid excessive bleeding.
Maintaining life. If buried under the rubble for a long time, the rescuers did not arrive, or did not hear the call for help signal, we must find ways to maintain their own lives, water and food shock packages must save, try to find food and drinking water, if necessary, their own urine can also play a role in quenching thirst.
▲Post-earthquake mutual aid
After the earthquake, the outside world can not immediately rushed to the scene of the disaster, in this case, in order to make more people buried in the rubble under the people, to get a valuable life, the people of the disaster area actively involved in mutual aid, is to reduce casualties in the most timely and effective way, but also reflects the "rescue in distress," the noble virtues.
The time of rescue is timely, the greater the hope of being rescued. According to relevant information, 20 minutes after the earthquake was rescued by the survival rate of more than 98%, one hour after the earthquake was rescued by the survival rate fell to 63%, 2 hours after the earthquake can not be rescued in the personnel, asphyxiation deaths accounted for 58% of the number of deaths. They are not in the earthquake due to the collapse of the building smashed to death, but the room interest death, such as timely assistance, it is entirely possible to get life. Hundreds of thousands of people were buried in the rubble of the Tangshan earthquake, and the people in the disaster area were able to regain their lives through self-rescue and mutual rescue for most of the buried people. The people in the disaster area participated in the mutual rescue action, in the whole earthquake relief played an irreplaceable role.
▲ Post-earthquake rescue time to fast
Post-earthquake rescue, and strive to time to fast, accurate target, appropriate methods, mutual rescue team growing principle. The specific practice is: first save the near, whether it is family, neighbors, or strangers, do not seek far; first save easy to save people, so that the rapid growth of mutual rescue team; first save the young and strong and medical personnel, so that they can give full play to the role of disaster relief; first save the "life", and then save the "people". The first thing you need to do is to get your head out of your ass, so that you can get to the bottom of the pile, and then you can get to the bottom of the pile.
▲Methods of rescue
According to the actual situation of the post-earthquake environment and conditions, we should take effective rescue methods, the purpose is to bury the people, safely rescued from the rubble.
Through understanding, searching, and determining the ruins of the people buried, judging the location of its buried, to the ruins of the shouting or knocking and other methods to pass the rescue signal.
During the rescue process, special attention should be paid to the safety of the buried people. First, the use of tools (such as iron bars, hoes, sticks, etc.) do not hurt the buried people; Second, do not destroy the buried people in the space around the support conditions, causing a new collapse, so that the buried people in danger again; Third, it should be as soon as possible to communicate with the buried people of the closed space, so that the fresh air flow, digging and grubbing, such as the dust is too large should be sprayed with water to reduce the dust to avoid suffocation of the buried people; Fourth, the buried pressure is a long time, and difficult to rescue, can try to the buried people, but also to the buried people in the space, so that they can be rescued. Rescue, you can try to convey drinking water, food and medicine to the buried people to maintain their lives.
Before the rescue operation, there should be a plan and steps, where to dig, where not to dig, where to use a hoe, where to use a stick, should be considered.
In the past, there have been rescuers acted blindly, stepped on the collapse of the buried person's head of the roof, smashed buried people, so in the rescue process to have a scientific analysis and action, in order to receive a good rescue effect, act blindly, often to rescue the object of a new injury.
▲ Rescue and care
First of all, the head of the buried person, exposed from the debris, remove the dust inside the mouth and nose to ensure that their breathing is smooth, for serious injuries, can not leave the buried place of the person on their own, should try to carefully remove its body and the surrounding buried pressure, and then the buried person lifted out of the waste of emptiness, do not pull the hard drag.
The hunger, thirst, injury, suffocation is more serious, buried and long time personnel, was rescued with dark cloth blindfolded, to avoid bright light stimulation, the injured, according to the severity of the injury, to take the bandage or sent to the medical point of resuscitation treatment.
▲ b]Points to avoid the earthquake
When the earthquake is running or hiding, most of our experts believe that: when the earthquake is close to the shelter, after the earthquake quickly evacuated to a safe place, is a better way to avoid the earthquake in case of emergency. Earthquake should be selected indoor sturdy, can cover the body of the object under (beside), easy to form a triangular space, small openings, places with support, room open, safe place.
The body should take the posture:
Volts and stay fixed, squat or sit down, try to curl up the body, lower the center of gravity of the body.
Grasp a firm object such as a table leg.
Protect your head, neck and eyes, and cover your mouth and nose.
Avoid crowds, don't crowd, and don't light a fire, because there may be flammable and explosive gases in the air.
▲School earthquake
Being in the classroom, the teacher under the command of the rapid holding the head, eyes closed, hiding under their desks.
In the playground or outdoors, you can crouch in place, hands to protect the head, pay attention to avoid tall buildings or dangerous objects.
Do not return to the classroom.
After the earthquake, you should evacuate in an organized manner.
Never jump from a building! Do not stand outside the window! Don't go out on the balcony!
Classes should be held outside if necessary.
▲Home earthquake
Earthquake warning time is short, indoor earthquake avoidance is more realistic, and indoor housing after the collapse of the formation of the triangular space, often people survived the relative safety of the location, which can be referred to as the earthquake space. This mainly refers to the space composed of large collapsed body and support.
The triangular space is easy to form in the room:
Under the edge of the bed, near the solid furniture;
Roots of the interior walls, corners;
Kitchen, toilet, storage room and other places with small openings.
▲Public **** place to avoid the earthquake
Listen to the direction of the staff on the scene, do not panic, do not crowd to the exit, to avoid crowding, to avoid the flow of people, to avoid being squeezed into the wall or fence.
In theaters, gymnasiums, etc.:
Crouch or lie down on the ground under the row of chairs;
Pay attention to avoid hanging objects such as chandeliers and fans;
Protect your head with a bag of books, etc.;
When the earthquake is over, listen to the staff command and evacuate the building in an organized manner.
In shopping malls, bookstores, exhibitions, subways, etc.:
Choose sturdy counters, commodities (such as low furniture, etc.) or the edge of the columns, as well as the corners of the interior walls, etc. Crouch down on the ground and protect your head with your hands or something else; avoid glass doors, windows, glass windows, or counters; avoid tall, unstable, or heavy, fragile shelves; and avoid billboards, chandeliers, and other towering or hanging objects.
In a moving car:
Hold on to the handrail to avoid falling or getting hurt; lower your center of gravity and hide near the seat.
Get out of the car after the earthquake has passed.
▲Outdoor earthquake avoidance
Choose an open area to avoid the earthquake:
Crouch down or lie down to avoid falling;
Do not run around, avoid crowded places;
Do not return to the interior.
Avoid tall buildings or structures:
Buildings, especially those with glass curtain walls;
Bridges, overpasses;
High chimneys and water towers.
Avoid dangerous objects, towering or hanging objects:
Transformers, utility poles, street lights, etc.;
Billboards, cranes, etc.
Avoid other dangerous places:
Narrow streets;
Dangerous old houses, dangerous walls;
Daughter walls, high facades, under canopies;
Piles of bricks, tiles, wood and other things.
▲How to save yourself after a strong earthquake
1, after the earthquake, you should actively participate in the rescue work, you can lean your ear against the wall, listen to whether there are survivors sound.
2, so that the injured first exposed head, to keep breathing, such as suffocation, immediately artificial respiration.
3, once buried, to try to avoid the body above the collapse of the non-sturdy, and try to use masonry, sticks, etc. to support the debris, reinforcing the environment.
4, the earthquake is an instantaneous occurrence, anyone should first save themselves, and then start rescue. First save the easy, then save the hard; first save the near, then save the far.
▲ How to identify earthquake rumors
1, correctly recognize the actual level of current earthquake forecasting at home and abroad, human beings currently made a larger time scale of medium- and long-term forecasting has a certain credibility, but the success rate of short-term forecasting is still relatively low.
2, to be clear, in our country, the authority to issue earthquake forecasts in the government, any other units or individuals are not authorized to release earthquake forecast news. To deal with earthquake rumors, we must not believe, do not disseminate, and report in a timely manner.
3. Learn about earthquakes and eliminate the fear of earthquakes.
4. Don't believe the rumors and buy blindly.
▲ ▲ big quake when the family members how to avoid the earthquake, experts suggest mastering three principles:
Principle one: according to the local conditions, the correct choice. These circumstances include: whether to live in a cottage or live in the building, the earthquake occurred during the day or night, the house is not solid, there is no indoor space to avoid earthquakes, you are located in the location of the door from the room, whether the outdoors is open, safe.
Principle two: act decisively, do not hesitate. Whether or not the earthquake can be successful, in the nick of time, never look ahead, hesitation. If you live in the cottage to avoid the earthquake, more decisive action, or nearby shelter, or emergency out, do not go back and forth.
Principle three: Volunteer to be determined, do not rush out. The ancients in the "earthquake record" has recorded: "suddenly heard the change, can not be fast out of the ambulance and to be determined, even if there is a nest, can hope for the egg," meaning that the earthquake, do not rush to run out of the outdoors, and should seize the time to find a suitable place to avoid the earthquake, to take the way of squatting or sitting down, waiting for the earthquake to pass, so that even if the house is collapsed, the person can also be unharmed.
▲Three strategies for avoiding earthquakes in tall buildings
Experts suggest that in a city like Beijing, where buildings are the mainstay, residents should consciously master some of the scientific strategies for avoiding earthquakes.
Strategy 1: Stay calm during the earthquake and walk outdoors after the earthquake. This is the international common code of earthquake avoidance, many examples of earthquakes at home and abroad show that, in the brief moment of the earthquake, people entering or leaving the building, the probability of being smashed to death and injury is the greatest. Therefore, experts caution that indoor earthquake avoidance is the first choice if the conditions are good. If the building seismic capacity is poor, then run out of the room as far as possible.
According to the relevant national standards, residential buildings in Beijing should have the ability to withstand damage from earthquakes with an intensity of 8 degrees. Experts suggest that when the earthquake occurs first do not panic, keep a wide field of vision and maneuverability in order to act on camera. Particularly bear in mind is not to stay in bed; not to run to the balcony; not to run to the hallway and other crowded places to go; not to jump; not to use the elevator, if the quake in the elevator should leave as soon as possible, if the door can not be opened to crouch down with their heads. In addition, to immediately extinguish the fire and power outages to prevent scalding electrocution and fire.
Strategy 2: earthquake location is critical. Live in the building to avoid earthquakes, according to the layout of the building and indoor conditions, the situation, looking for safe space to hide. It is best to find a place where a triangular space can be formed. Squatting next to the heater is safer, the bearing capacity of the heater is larger, the network structure and elasticity of the metal pipeline is not easy to be torn, even in the earthquake is not easy to be thrown out of the substantial shaking; heating pipeline ventilation is good, is not easy to cause people to suffocate; the pipeline of the water can be prolonged survival period. More importantly, trapped people can be used to hit the heating pipe to the outside world to pass information, and heating by the outer wall of the location of the fastest access to help.
Need to pay special attention to is, when hiding in the kitchen, bathroom, such a small open room, as far as possible from the stove, gas pipeline and easy to break the dishes farther. If the kitchen, bathroom in the nooks and crannies of the building, and the partition wall is thin plate wall, do not choose it as the best place to avoid the earthquake. In addition, do not drill into the cabinet or box, because people once drilled into the immediate loss of mobility, obstructed vision, limbs are bound, not only will miss the opportunity to escape but also is not conducive to being rescued; lying posture is not good, the human body's planar area to increase the probability of being hit by the 5 times greater than the probability of standing, and it is difficult to maneuver to change position.
Strategy three: near water, not near the fire, leaning out, not leaning in. This is an important principle to ensure that you get timely help from others in the urban earthquake. Don't be close to gas stoves, gas pipes and household appliances; don't choose the inner position of the building, try to be close to the outer wall, but not to hide under the window; try to be close to the water source, once trapped, try to contact the outside world, in addition to contacting with cell phones, you can knock on the pipeline and the heater, you can also turn on the flashlight
▲ Family earthquake tips
1. Grab the time to take shelter in case of an emergency. If you feel the shaking is very light, it means the source of the tremor is far away, just hide under the solid furniture. From the beginning of the earthquake to the end of the vibration process, the time is only a dozen seconds to dozens of seconds, so grasp the time to avoid the most critical, do not delay.
2. Choose the right space to avoid the earthquake. Indoor safer space to avoid the earthquake: load-bearing wall roots, corners; water pipes and heating pipes and other places. The most unfavorable places to avoid earthquakes in the house are: the bed without support; ceiling, chandelier; around the floor without support; glass (including mirrors) and large windows.
3. Good self-protection. First of all, be calm, choose a good hiding place should crouch or sit down, face down, forehead pillow in the two arms; or grasp the table legs and other objects around the firm, so as not to fall or because of the body out of control shifted and injured; protection of the head and neck, head down, with the hand to protect the head or the back of the neck; protection of the eyes, head down, closed eyes, in order to prevent injury from foreign objects; protection of the mouth, nose, when possible, available wet towels to cover the mouth and nose, in order to prevent the gray earth, poisonous gases. .
▲10 things to know about earthquakes
◆1. For your own personal safety and that of your family, please hide under a table or other solid furniture
A big shake lasts for about 1 minute. The first thing you should do is to take care of yourself and your family. First, take cover under a sturdy table with a low center of gravity, and hold on to the legs of the table. If you don't have a table to hide under, protect your head with a cushion or something else.
◆2. Turn off the fire when there is a tremor, and put out the fire when there is a fire
When there is a big earthquake, there are cases where you can't rely on the fire trucks to put out the fire. Therefore, the efforts of each and every one of us to turn off and extinguish fires is an important factor in minimizing earthquake damage.
Make it a habit to turn off the fire even in small earthquakes.
It is very important to help your family, neighbors, and friends to put out fires at an early stage in order to prevent fires from becoming a big problem.
In an earthquake, there are three chances to turn off the fire:
First chance In the small shaking before the big shaking
In the moment of sensing the small shaking, immediately greet each other: "Earthquake! Turn off the fire!"
The moment you recognize a small tremor, immediately say to each other, "Turn off the fire!
Second Chance When the Big Shake Stops
If you turn off the fire when the big shake occurs, the kettle that is on top of the gas stove or heater will slide down, which is very dangerous.
After the big shaking stops, call out again, "Turn off the fire! Turn off the fire!" , and go turn off the fire.
Third chance After the fire
Even if there is a fire, it can be put out within 1-2 minutes. In order to extinguish the fire quickly, always place fire extinguishers and fire buckets close to the place of fire.
◆3. Don't panic and run outdoors
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