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Arms trade is arms trade
Arms trade
Arms trade
Trade in a special kind of goods. Not through the general international trade free market but by special channels. Arms trade is the largest buyer of governments. 20 century before the mid-1960s, arms transfers mainly through the two superpowers to provide military assistance in the way; after the mid-1960s, the economic factors increase, arms transfers gradually changed on the basis of trade, a large number of arms began to enter the international circulation of goods.
Arms include, according to the U.S. government's interpretation: including new, old or refurbished conventional weapons of destruction, including the ability to load both conventional and chemical/atomic munitions weapons, as well as non-destructive military support equipment, such as radar, uniforms and equipment, but also includes military training, arms production or assembly facilities, military bases or defense buildings. According to the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, weapons systems account for about 60 percent of U.S. arms exports; more than 85 percent of the former Soviet Union's arms exports were weapons systems.
The arms trade is also known as arms tran sfer. Strictly speaking, arms transfers include military assistance in the form of "gifts", which are commonly used in Western economics.
In terms of items: tactical missiles and rockets, military aircraft, warships, armed or unarmed military vehicles, military communications and electronic equipment, artillery, infantry weapons, light weapons and ammunition, as well as other ordnance, parachutes and uniforms. Also includes transfers of military industrial equipment. Excludes atomic, chemical and biological weapons, strategic missile systems, as well as foodstuffs, medical equipment and other civilian items that can be used for military purposes, and construction, training and technical services.
The 1970s were a period of rapid expansion in the world arms trade . According to the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA) statistics, the value of world arms exports in 1970 was $5.8 billion, which increased to $23.7 billion in 1979, a three-fold increase, excluding the factor of price increases, the actual increase of about 1. The arms trade continued to increase in the early 1980s.
Since the 1970s, the arms trade appeared new features are:
①Changes in the pattern of exports. In addition to the United States and the former Soviet Union, the two major exporters, the rapid development of the arms industry in Western Europe, due to limited domestic demand, exports expanded dramatically. France, Britain, Italy and the Federal Republic of Germany is the world's major arms exporters in addition to the United States and the Soviet Union, they produce arms 1 / 3 to 1 / 2 lost to foreign countries. Arms sales to developing countries, 1977-1980 total, France 17.8 billion dollars, Britain 7.1 billion dollars, Italy 5.6 billion dollars, the Federal Republic of Germany 5.3 billion dollars, *** total of 35.8 billion dollars, more than the United States of America 26.5 billion dollars, close to the Soviet Union 36.1 billion dollars.
Some countries and regions that used to rely on arms imports have developed arms industries and turned to exports, joining the ranks of international suppliers of military equipment, notably India, Israel, South Africa, Argentina, and Brazil. The value of their arms exports in 1980 had reached 1.58 billion dollars.
②Changes in the composition of arms. In the past, the United States and the Soviet Union to the developing countries to export arms are mostly obsolete, technologically backward weapons, as a clearance of stockpiles and marketing to the outside world. 60's arms trade in the 1960's there is also a considerable portion of the Second World War or the early post-war production of weapons. 70's since the increasing proportion of modernized weapons, especially in the aircraft, tanks and missiles. As a result of the increasing competition in the arms market, some of the newest weapons have also been included in the arms trade's list of commodities. At the same time, the superpowers and other major arms suppliers are also expanding the arms market through technology transfer and co-production.
③The developing countries became the main sales market. Until the mid-1960s, the two superpowers of the arms exports were mainly exported to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the Warsaw Pact countries, since then, it is gradually sold to developing countries. 80's developing countries arms imports accounted for more than 3/4 of the world's total value of arms imports. 1973 after the war in the Middle East and the price of oil, the Middle East and North Africa arms imports have increased dramatically, and has become the largest arms trade market. The market.