--China's Digital Computer Venture and Leaders
(2006-09-11 16:18:31)
■ Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Professor of the University of Science and Technology Beijing, Gao Qingshi
Editor's Note: In a flash, China's computer business has gone through 50 years of spring and autumn. China's computer industry has gone through 50 years of spring and fall. In Computerworld's commemoration of 50 years of development of China's computer industry, we see that in these 50 years, there are too many exciting innovations, there are also too many gloomy helpless through.
Generations of masters in order to the development of China's computer industry, bowing to the development of more people in order to China's computer industry to move forward. To this end, we invited academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, professor of the University of Science and Technology of Beijing, Institute of Computing Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, life-long researcher Gao Qingshi wrote this article to commemorate the past, to celebrate the achievements, but also to wake up the status quo, to inspire the future.
After 50 years of stormy times, China is actively brewing a better policy environment in search of ICT convergence and greater development in computing. on August 29, 2006, the National Conference on Scientific and Technological Innovation in the Information Industry (NCITI) was held in Beijing.
Since 1946, when the world's first digital electronic computer was born in the United States, the **** and state titans of mathematics and physics in the fields most neighboring to computers, Prof. Hua Luogeng, the world's master of mathematics, and Prof. Qian Sanqiang, the founder of China's atomic energy industry, have been very much concerned about how this new technology will be developed in the country.
China's birth of computers
Since 1951, talented people from other fields similar to the computer field at home and abroad, especially professors, engineers and PhDs returning from abroad, have continued to move into the industry. Many of them were in the Institute of Mathematics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences under Hua Luogeng and the Institute of Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences under Qian Sanqiang, including Prof. Min Naida, an international authority on circuit networks, Dr. Fan Xinbi, who had many years of practical experience in U.S. firms, and Engineer Wu Guikang, who had many years of practical experience in Danish firms, as well as Dr. Xia Peisu, who had come back from studying in the United Kingdom, and Dr. Jiang Shifei, who had come back from studying in the United States.
They actively pushed for the development of computers to be included in the 12-year development plan.
In March 1956, a delegation consisting of Prof. Min Naida, Prof. Hu Shihua, Prof. Xu Xianyu, Prof. Zhang Xuxiang, Associate Researcher Wu Guikang, and party and government officials from Peking University attended the International Conference on "The Way of the Development of Computing Technology" hosted by Moscow, and traveled to the former Soviet Union to learn from the experience and formulate a 12-year development plan for China. "They traveled to the former Soviet Union to learn from the experience of the Soviet Union and to make technical preparations for the computer part of China's 12-year plan. The main members of the then delegation later participated in the 12-year plan. In addition, Mr. Fan Xinbi, Mr. Xia Peisu and Mr. Jiang Shifei also joined in the formulation of the plan. In the 12-year plan that followed, it was determined that China would develop computers, and approval was given for the Chinese Academy of Sciences to establish four institutes of computing technology, semiconductors, electronics and automation.
The Preparatory Division of the Institute of Computing Technology was jointly established by the Academy of Sciences, the Third Department of the General Staff, the Fifth Academy of National Defense (the Seventh Department of Computer Science), and the Tenth Bureau of the Second Department of Computer Science (the Fourth Department of Computer Science), while Peking University and Tsinghua University set up computational mathematics and computer science programs accordingly. In order to quickly train computer professionals, these three units jointly organized the first computer and the first computational mathematics training course. The students of the Computational Mathematics Training Course were fortunate to hear lectures by Prof. Qian Xuesen and Prof. Dong Tiebao, who had just returned to China. At that time, Prof. Qian was already an authoritative international expert in cybernetics, and Prof. Dong Tiebao had already had three to four years of programming experience in the United States, and was the only scholar in China who had really touched computers at that time. I was also one of the students at that time.
The depth and breadth of Qian's mathematical skills encompassed almost all of the courses we took in mathematics, and he used them with ease, which we, as Peking University math students, admired. At the same time, Prof. Qian also helped us understand specifically how mathematics can be applied to the real physical world.
With the help of experts from the Soviet Union, China's first digital electronic computer, the 103 (fixed-point 32 binary bits, 2,500 times per second), was developed under the leadership of Senior Engineer Zhang Zichang of the Department of VII Mechanical Engineering at the Institute of Computing Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and was delivered to the Institute of Computing Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1958. The backbone of the research and development involved young people such as Dong Zhanqiu and Wang Xinggang. Subsequently, China's first large-scale digital electronic computer 104 (floating-point 40 binary bits, 10,000 times per second), led by Prof. Zhang Haoxiang of the General Staff, was also delivered in 1959, with the backbone of Yilian Jin, Dongzhuang Su, Xigang Liu, Xishan Yao, Xiling Zhou and others. Among them, the magnetic core memory was completed under the leadership of Fan Xinbi, an associate researcher of the Institute of Computing, and Huang Yuhang, a senior engineer of the Department of Seven Machines. China's first self-designed compilation system, built on the 104 machine and led by Zhong Zuihao and Dong Susanna Mei, was successfully tested in 1961 (Fortran type).
National defense is the first service object
In any advanced country, the development of computers is first and foremost for national defense, applied to the strategic deployment of the country, and China is no exception. 1958, Zhang Shilong of Peking University led the faculty and students of Peking University including Wang Xuan, who was a student at that time, to design and develop their own digital electronic computers, in cooperation with the Air Force of the PLA. "Peking One" and delivered it to the Air Force for use. At that time, the Commander-in-Chief of the PLA, Mr. Zhu De, personally visited the machine in the "Beijing No. 1" machine room in the North Pavilion of Peking University. Subsequently, Zhang Shilong led the faculty and students of Peking University (including Wang Xuan and Xu Zhuoqun) to immediately devote themselves to the development of Peking University's self-designed "Red Flag" computer, which was set at a higher target than the 104 machine developed with the help of Soviet experts, and was successfully tested in 1962. However, due to relocation and the interference of the Cultural Revolution, the "Red Flag" has not been able to resume and continue to work after the relocation.
Meanwhile, in 1958, under the leadership of Liu Kejun of the Department of Naval Science at the Harbin Institute of Military Engineering (the predecessor of the National University of Defense Technology), the Harbin Institute of Military Engineering and the People's Liberation Army Navy cooperated in designing the "901" Naval Computer and delivered it to the Navy for use. Under the leadership of Kang Jichang of the Department of Navy, Harbin Institute of Military Engineering cooperated with the People's Liberation Army Air Force and designed the "Dongfeng 113" Air Force airborne computer, which was also delivered to the Air Force for use. Subsequently, Liu Kejun led the domestic transistorized military computers, also delivered to the Navy in 1961.
Between 1958 and 1962, the General Staff of the PLA also independently developed a number of self-designed computers, all localized.
In 1964, the Institute of Computing Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, led by Wu Guikang, Fan Xinbi, self-designed 119 machine (general-purpose floating-point 44 binary bits, 50,000 times per second) was also delivered, which was China's first self-designed large-scale general-purpose computer with electronic tubes, and was the world's fastest computer with electronic tubes at that time. At that time, the United States and other developed countries had already moved into the field of transistor computers, 119 machines, although it does not show that China has a very high level, but still can show that China has the ability to achieve "foreign countries have, China should have; foreign countries do not have, China should also have" this great goal.
Built on the 119 was a self-designed compilation system under the leadership of Dong S?nk?mi, which was delivered in 1965 (Algol type) and later transferred to the 109C for continued use.
The self-designed transistorized computer 441B (floating-point 40 binary bits, 8,000 times per second), led by Prof. Ci Yungui of the Computer Department of the Harbin Military Engineering Institute, was successfully developed in 1964, with a skeleton crew that included Kang Peng and others. in 1965, the 441B machine was improved to a computing speed of 20,000 times per second.
Meanwhile, the transistorized computer 109B (floating-point 32 binary bits, 60,000 times per second) designed by Jiang Shifei under the leadership of the Institute of Computing Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences was also delivered in 1965. In order to develop the "two bombs and one star" project, in 1967, by the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Computer Science, led by Jiang Shifei, self-designed computer designed specifically for the two bombs and one star service 109 C machine, and delivered, the backbone of Shen Yacheng, Liang Yinzao and others. The two 109 C machines were installed in the Second Department for nuclear bomb research and the Seventh Department for rocket research. 109 C machine has been in use for 15 years, known as the "Meritorious Computer", is China's first computer with time-sharing, interrupt system and management program, and China's first self-designed management program is built on it. It was the first computer in China to have a time-sharing, interrupt system and a management program.
These first computers, developed by Chinese researchers through self-reliance and hard work, represent the technical level and achievements of the Chinese in mastering computers, and prove China's ability to develop its own fully localized computer business.
Breaking through the million to surpass the billion calculation
Although China has designed and developed many types of computers on its own, but the speed of operation has not been able to break through the million times mark. 1973, Peking University (cultivated by Zhang Shilong, including Xu Zhuoqun and Zhang Xinghua and other key personnel) and the "738 factory" (including Sun Qiangnan, Chen Hualin and other key personnel), and "738 factory" (including Sun Qiangnan, Chen Hualin, etc.) have developed the first batch of computers. Sun Qiangnan, Chen Hualin and other key personnel) jointly developed the integrated circuit computer 150 (general-purpose floating-point 48 binary bits, 1 million times per second) was introduced. This was the first self-designed multi-million times IC computer in China, and also the first computer with multi-channel program and self-designed operating system. The operating system was developed under the leadership of Prof. Yang Fuqing of Peking University and was the first self-designed operating system in China.
In March 1973, when the actual development target of 2 to 5 million times could not meet the computational hydrodynamics needs of China's flying body design, Qian Xuesen, then deputy director of the National Defense Science and Technology Commission (NDSTC), requested the Institute of Computing of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (ICCAS) to develop a 100-million-times high-performance megacomputer in the 1970s, and to complete the 1-billion and 10-billion-times high-performance megacomputers in the 1980s, in accordance with the needs of flying body design, and pointed out that parallel computing must be considered. and pointed out that parallel computing path must be considered. The Institute of Computing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, according to the National Defense Intelligence Institute and the Institute of Computing Intelligence Office of the international public information, analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of the high-performance megacomputer developed by the United States before and after 1970, and then put forward in May 1973, "all the components of localized high-performance megacomputer 100 million times (20M low-power ECL, circuit - four pipelines) and its models (757-vector computer, 10M ECL, circuit - four pipelines) computer, 10M ECL, circuit - single pipeline)". Due to the serious interference during the Cultural Revolution and the chaotic command of leaders of varying standards after the Cultural Revolution, although the IC chip for the 20M low-power ECL circuit responsible by Yacheng had been successfully developed in 1979, the development of the "100-million-times-high-performance The research and development of the "giant machine", because of changes in the mission, and ultimately shelved.
Tables 1 and 2 give a representative of China's mastery of electron tube, transistor, integrated circuit computer technology development timetable, the level is mainly based on the innovation of the "three sexes" in the advanced. It should be noted that the table listed only represents the level of computer technology China has mastered the computer, which, with * 103, 104, 119, 150, 757, and the Galaxy-1 giant machine and Galaxy-2 simulation computer and other 7 computers, have been included in the "account of the development of Chinese civilization to promote the development of important historical events "
In addition to the bronze tunnel inscription of the China Millennium Forum, the bronze tunnel inscription of the China Millennium Forum is also included.
In addition to the level of development, the development of industry, market and application is equally important. The Ministry of Electronics Industry and its related research institutes (e.g., the famous Institute 15) and factories (e.g., the famous Factory 738) were instrumental in the mass production of computers. Not only did they rely on them for the development and mass production of the early Chinese computers mentioned above, but they also independently designed and developed some mass-produced computers (e.g., the 108 series, the DJS-130 with Tsinghua University, etc.), and they made outstanding contributions, especially in the ground-based systems for artificial satellites (e.g., the 320 computer and the 718 computer on board ships) and other military industrial tasks. The focus of the research work of the institutes and factories was mainly on technology and processes. Their leaders include Mo Gensheng, Chen Liwei, Cao Qizhang and a group of key personnel such as Jiang Xueguo. The imitation IBM series led by Luo Peilin, now an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, also played a historic role, and Shen Xupeng and Li Sanli, who were responsible for computers related to satellites in the sky and on the ground as well as computers for other missions, also made important contributions. In addition, the Ministry of Seven Machines, Tsinghua University and branches of the Chinese Academy of Sciences have made many contributions to the development of computing technology, which are too numerous to mention here.
China's self-reliance, all localized semiconductor, integrated circuit computer business, and the 1950s to 1970s LinLanYing, WangShouWu, WangShouJue and XuYuanSen and other professors of the Chinese academy of sciences semiconductor led by Shanghai metallurgical institute and 109 factory research and development work is inseparable. Semiconductor Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and 109 plants are independent from the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Physics, Institute of Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences on the history of China's contribution to the cause of computer credit.
Talent training is essential
Talent training is essential to the development of computer business, the 1950s to 1970s, the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Computing Technology (and later the University of Science and Technology of China) Xia Peisu, associate researcher, Peking University and the Harbin Institute of Military Engineering, in the organization of the hands-on development of computers and students, practice, training of talents, etc., have achieved very good results. The results were very good. Xia Peisu led the organization of teachers and students to develop the 107 (fixed-point 32 binary bits, 250 times per second) computer, which was delivered in 1960, and also reproduced two units. Although the 107 computer was 10 to 40 times slower than the 103 (delivered in 1958) and 104 computers (delivered in 1959), it played an important role in developing talent.
A computer system is made up of the results of research on many fronts. Fan Xinbi led the long-standing leadership in magnetic-core memory, with key cadres such as Wu Funing, Wang Zhenshan, Xu Zhengchun, Zhang Jie, and Gan Hong, to name a few. Wang Kepen led the research and design group of China's first eight-layer printed circuit board. Fang Guangdan made outstanding contributions in magnetic heads and magnetic tape, Zhang Pinxian in magnetic tape, and Gu Erwang in magnetic drums. In fact, most computer research and development is a collective achievement, for example, the country's participation in the 757 computer research and development work, there are thousands of people.
China's first "computer system structure design" group was established in 1957 at the Institute of Computing of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (ICCAS), and from the 1950s to the 1970s, it undertook the task of designing the system structure of the ICCAS's representative computers (computers such as the 119, 109b, 109c, 757, 717, etc.). . The participating members were young graduates in mathematics, based on the recommendations of the then leading Soviet computer figure, Academician Lebedev of the Academy of Sciences of the former USSR. The first team leader was Prof. Min Naida, an international authority on networking, and the first official design task was the design of the system architecture for the "Missile Defense System Computer" in May 1958 for the National Defense Department. The design work was carried out by Zhang Shilong of Peking University and Yu Chengxuan, the second team leader, together with six undergraduates majoring in mathematics, among whom Zhou Chaochen, Shen Xupeng and three others were later elected academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) in different fields (software, aerospace, and system architecture) and in different units.
The leaders of China's compilation systems in the 1960s were all young people at that time, such as Yang Qi of the General Staff Department of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), Susanna Dong and Zhong Zuihao of the Institute of Computing of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Xu Jiafu of Nanjing University, and Chen Huowang of the University of National Defense Technology (UNDT). The leaders of China's operating system in the 1960s were Yang Fuqing of Peking University and Sun Zhongxiu of Nanjing University, who were also young people at that time. Software correctness design (easily generalized to hardware correctness design) is a major issue of great economic, social and theoretical value that has attracted international attention in the past 20 years. Our leading figures, Academician He Jifeng and Academician Zhou Chaoduan, are now internationally recognized leaders.In the 1970s, the leader in the theory and practice of fault tolerance and detection was Wei Daozheng, and the leader in knowledge processing was Lu Ru Insan.
Excessive disadvantages of relying on imports
After the late 1970s, almost all computers developed in China used imported components and parts.
Because of the rapid development of ultra-large-scale integrated circuits, tens of millions or even hundreds of millions of transistors can gradually be integrated on a chip, the 1980s and the rapid development of computers after the 1980s, is the ordinary personal use of the "microcomputer" (PC) and super "microcomputer" (the latter can be formed into a server). The rapid development of computers in the 1980s and thereafter were "microcomputers" (PCs) and super-powerful "microcomputers" (the latter can be composed of servers or high-performance computers with parallel processing) for general personal use, while other kinds of computers (including super small and medium-sized computers) could not compete with microcomputers due to cost-effective problems, and naturally withdrew from the stage. International computer companies that did not adjust their strategies in time, such as CDC and Wangan, went out of business. In spite of this, that period of transition in China to meet the needs of the user to develop a variety of models have had a greater contribution, such as Zhang Xiu led the KJ8920, in order to provide users with quality service software is very prominent.
China was the first to realize the development trend of personal computers and took the lead in researching "microcomputers", and made outstanding contributions to the leadership of Ni Guangnan, Han Chengde and so on.
Domestic high-performance computers include the Galaxy series led by Ci Yungui, Lu Xicheng, Zhou Xingming, and Yang Xuejun; the Shenzhou series led by Zhang Xiaoxiang, Jin Yilian, and Chen Zuoning; the Dawning series led by Li Guojie and Sun Ningshui; the Lenovo Deep Teng series led by Zhu Mingfa; and the Galaxy-2 digital simulation jumbo machine led by Zhou Xingming, etc. The PCs include the Lenovo series, the Great Wall series, the Founder series, and the Tongfang series. series, etc., whose academic representative leader is Ni Guangnan, and the industrial representative leader is Liu Chuanzhi.
The computer industry as an industrial chain, the development of software depends on the development of the machine and application requirements; the development of the machine depends on the development of the chip, components and demand; the development of the chip depends on the development of the "integrated circuit production line triangle". Here the integrated circuit production line triangle refers to the three major parts of the integrated circuit production line, namely, the big base, the middle layer and the top layer. The big base (worth more than a billion dollars of integrated circuit manufacturing process production line) is from pulling single crystal silicon to lithography - diffusion - reference to the final package, equivalent to the past LinLanYing, WangShouWu, WangShouJue and XuYuanSen, etc. led by the Chinese academy of sciences semiconductor, shanghai metallurgical research work. The middle layer is a variety of high-speed low-power circuit design, equivalent to the past, the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of circuit design group Jiang Shifei, Shen Yacheng, etc. In the 1970s, Shen Yacheng's high-speed low-power ECL circuit design, until made into a chip, can not be considered to be completed. The top layer is the silicon compilation and other software work, this part of the work in the past is the calculation of the use of small-scale integrated circuits into the logic design diagram into the engineering wiring diagram of the manual work, plus semiconductor manufacturing small-scale integrated circuits of various mask version of the manual work required. In the case of ultra-large-scale integrated circuits, from the point of view of complexity and reliability, manual work is absolutely impossible to complete, and need to rely on silicon compilation to automatically complete.
In an environment that allows some imports, an industrial chain if all the requirements of localization, will cause a ring backward triggered by the subsequent part of the industrial chain all the backward situation; the use of imported components, imported parts, so that a variety of types of machine can be developed on the basis of the international advanced, and then the software and applications are able to be developed on the basis of the international advanced, from the perspective of the market economy, this is undoubtedly the This is undoubtedly correct from the point of view of market economy.
But when the domestic development of computers all turn to the use of imported components, imported parts, on the one hand, China's high-performance computing and the development of PCs rely on the level of imported components and imported parts; on the other hand, China's integrated circuit development force, due to the lack of huge economic support, are turned to non-computer with other less difficult direction.
"Components all imported" as a result, not only all the localization of the hundred million times the suspension of the development of high-performance jumbo machines, and truly completely independent of the development of domestic computer integrated circuits have been interrupted, and has not been resumed, and not even any sign of resumption, which is very unfavorable to the national security of the two sides. In fact, the "triangle of integrated circuit production lines" relies on imported integrated circuit production lines, which is equivalent to relying on the level of foreign integrated circuit production lines and the level of integrated circuit production lines authorized by foreign governments to be exported to China. The introduction can not reach the most advanced, and in special circumstances, the introduction is likely to be interrupted, the introduction of the production line of the backup parts can not be updated.
When will China's core really rise
After entering the 21st century, Li Delei's Ark, Hu Weiwu's Longxin, and Wang Qin's Longxin have become the most popular and most popular ICs in China. Wang Qin to participate in the responsible "Dosi", Fang Xin I responsible for the "national security" and so on "China's core" projects continue to emerge, the computer industry chain of localization and a big step forward. But the current or future will appear many of the "China Chip" **** the same point, are "integrated circuit production line triangle" of an application. That is to say, its level is still dependent on the level of foreign integrated circuit production line and the level of foreign governments to approve the export of integrated circuit production line to China, still subject to others.
The main difference between the many "China Chip" is only in the system structure design, or in the design of high-speed low-power circuits, there is no major innovation, major breakthroughs. Design of obvious innovation, some foreign scholars called the equivalent of "college students course design" level, although difficult to hear but also has a few points of truth. Although the design of "China's core" more and more people or companies, but can design "China's integrated circuit production line triangle" of people, if you do not take measures, not only at present, I am afraid that the near future is still blank. If China can't make China's "big triangle of IC production line", then no matter how many kinds of "China Chips" there are, the development level of China's high-performance computers and China's PCs will inevitably still depend on the U.S. "big triangle of IC production line". IC production line triangle" development level and the U.S. government allows the level of exports to China.
The reality of the road is that we can through the introduction, digestion, absorption and independent research combined with the development of the chip industry, and the establishment of a fully independent "integrated circuit production line triangle", should be the country's urgent solution to the most important.
As early as 1965, the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Semiconductors Wang Shoujue began to develop the automatic formation of the system from the logic map to the mask version of the "graphics generator", this research than the United States is still early. Due to the destruction of the Cultural Revolution and the interruption of three years, the successful development of early 1971, but more than a year later than the United States. The above history shows that the independent research ability of Chinese people should not be ignored, and the research environment should not be ignored.
How can the development of each link of the industry chain be built on the highest international level while ensuring national security? This is not only a computer industry chain problem, should be many industry chain exists **** the same problem, but also decision-makers urgently need to deal with policy issues.
China's half-century electronic digital computer cause of the leader, is in the two **** and national meritorious scientists Hua Luogeng and Qian Sanqiang attention of a group of people, this group in the 50 years ago, is more than 10 from the neighboring fields transferred to the 30 ~ 40 years of age of young and middle-aged leader, and 50, 60 professionally educated young backbone of the 20s, and dozens of the then not yet out of the world! This article lists only a small portion of this group of 100.
Links:Biographies of some of the scientists in this article
Hua Luogeng: a native of Jintan, Jiangsu Province. China's analytic number theory, typical groups, matrix geometry, self-consistent function theory and the theory of functions of many aspects of research founder and pioneer, internationally renowned mathematician, has been elected to the United States Academy of Sciences foreign member of the Third World Academy of Sciences, the University of Nancy, France, the United States of America, the University of Illinois, the Chinese University of Hong Kong honorary doctorate, the Federal Republic of Germany, member of the Bayerische Akademie der Künste, and so on.
Qian Sanqiang: born in Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, Huzhou. He is an expert in nuclear physics and the father of China's nuclear and atomic science. He studied under Curie's daughter, Nobel Prize winner Irène? Curie's daughter, Nobel laureate Ileana Curie and her husband Joliot? Curie's daughter, Nobel Laureate Ileana Curie, and her husband, Joliot Curie. During China's research and development of the atomic bomb, he served as the chief technical leader and chief designer, and was posthumously awarded the "Two Bombs and One Star Medal of Merit".
Fan Xinbi, a computer expert from Changsha, Hunan Province, received a doctorate degree in electronics from Stanford University in 1951, and was awarded eight U.S. patents in the field of electronic device research and application. After his return to China, he led the development of magnetic core memory for China's first mainframe computer and many subsequent mainframe computers, and led the research on semiconductor storage components in China, establishing the first test equipment in China.
Zhang Haoxiang: computer expert, academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (member of the academy), researcher of the Institute of Computing Technology of the General Staff Department of the People's Liberation Army. In 1985, he led the completion of China's first billion times giant parallel computer system.
Qian Xuesen: a modern Chinese physicist, world-famous rocket expert, and vice chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), was born in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China. Qian was a lecturer, associate professor, professor as well as director of the Supersonic Laboratory and director of the Guggenheim Jet Propulsion Research Center in the U.S. Starting in 1950, it took five years of hard work before returning to his homeland in 1955, and since 1958 he has been in a long-term position of technical leadership in the development of rockets, missiles and spacecraft.
Dong Tiebao: mechanic, computational mathematician, Jiangsu Wujin, "China's first programmer" (Wang Xuan), long-term commitment to structural mechanics, fracture mechanics, the mechanical properties of materials, computational mathematics, research and teaching, China's computer development and one of the pioneers of fracture mechanics research. 1945 to the United States to study. He returned to China in 1956 to teach, and committed suicide in 1968 due to persecution during the Cultural Revolution.
Jin Yilian: academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, famous high-performance computer expert, winner of the National Highest Science and Technology Award, originally from Changzhou, Jiangsu Province. He was one of the developers of China's first mainframe computer, and has successively put forward the design ideas and technical programs of various types of large-scale and gigantic computer systems, which are at the domestic leading or international advanced level in various periods, and has made important contributions to the leapfrog development of China's high-performance computer technology and to catching up with the world's advanced level of computers.
Wang Xuan: a native of Wuxi, Jiangsu Province. Famous computer application experts, mainly devoted to text, graphics, image computer processing research. He is an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, an academician of the Third World Academy of Sciences, and a recipient of the National Highest Science and Technology Award. He was a director of Beifang Founder Group, chief science and technology consultant of Founder Holdings Ltd. and vice chairman of Jiu San Society, vice chairman of China Association for Science and Technology, vice chairman of Jiu San Society, vice chairman of China Association for Science and Technology. he was elected vice chairman of the 10th National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) in 2003.
Zhou Chaochen: a computer software expert, originally from Nanhui, Jiangsu Province, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (member of the Academic Department), an academician of the Third World Academy of Sciences, a researcher of the Institute of Software Research of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and a former director of the International Institute for Software Technology of the United Nations University.
Yang Fuqing: the first professor of computer science at Peking University, doctoral tutor, academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (member of the academy), computer science and technology and software experts, Wuxi. He has been the director of the National Engineering Research Center for Software Engineering, the director of the Department of Information and Engineering Sciences at Peking University, the director of the Institute of Software Engineering at Peking University, and a professor of the Department of Computer Science and Technology at Peking University.
Sun Zhongxiu: computer scientist, academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, originally from Yuhang, Zhejiang Province, born in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, served as assistant professor, lecturer, associate professor, professor, doctoral supervisor, vice president of Nanjing University, etc. After 1974, presided over the development of China's home-made series of computers, DJS200 series of DJS200/XT1 and DJS200/XT1P operating system. From 1979 onwards, he began to conduct research on distributed computer system software and applications, and in 1982, he successfully developed the ZCZ distributed microcomputer system for the first time in China, and researched and developed a number of practical distributed computer systems.
He Jifeng: Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, computer software expert, born in Shanghai, ancestral home in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province. He is now a lifelong professor and dean of the School of Software at East China Normal University, director of the Shanghai Embedded Systems Research Institute, and senior researcher at the United Nations University International Institute for Software Technology (UNU-IIIST). In his early years, he conducted research and development of management information systems and office automation systems.
Wu Guikang: A native of Shexian County, Anhui Province. He is a computer expert and one of the pioneers of China's computer industry. Was in Denmark from 1951 to 1953 as a radio factory development engineer, after returning to China, transferred to the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Modern Physics, and then participated in the establishment of the Institute of Computing Technology. 1965 is responsible for the development of two large-scale general-purpose computers, and then participated in the preparation for the establishment of the Institute of Microelectronics, 771, as deputy director and researcher.
Zhang Zichang: computer expert. Chongming, Jiangsu (now Shanghai). Previously served as director of the Second Research Institute of the Ministry of Aerospace Industry, chief engineer of the measurement and control company, the first vice president of the Chinese Computer Society, the first and second director of the Chinese Institute of Astronautics. Long engaged in the development of electronic equipment and computers, was responsible for the technical work of China's first computer, is China's computer technology, one of the discipline leaders.
Zhang Shilong: Professor and head of the Department of Computer Science and Technology at Peking University, he participated in the system design of China's first self-designed and manufactured mainframe computer 119 and Peking University's Red Flag Computer.
Ci Yungui: a famous computer scientist, professor, member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Technical Sciences, Tongcheng, Anhui Province. Has served as vice president of the National University of Defense Technology and director of the Department of Computer and Computer Research Institute, has presided over the development of a variety of models of computers, from leading the development of China's first tube digital computing machine, to serve as the "Milky Way" billion times the development of computers and the chief designer of the technical commander, for the country's economic construction, He has made outstanding contributions to the country's economic construction, national defense construction and scientific research.
Feng Kang: an applied and computational mathematician, academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and a scientist of great importance in the history of mathematics in the world. Born in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, originally from Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province. He independently created the finite element method, natural normalization and natural boundary element method, and opened up a new field of Singular geometry and Singular research. At the end of 1997, the first prize of the National Natural Science Award was given to Feng Kang for his work on the "Sin Geometry Algorithm for Hamiltonian Systems". He has been an associate researcher and researcher at the Institute of Computing Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the director and honorary director of the Computing Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. (In no particular order)
(Computerworld)
References: