I. Examination Content Analysis:
Human understanding of the universe is deepening continuously
The universe is material and in motion
The existence of matter in the universe in the form of: celestial bodies (examples will be given: stars, etc.; and also gases and dusts in the interplanetary space)
Celestial bodies are attracted to each other and revolve around each other to form: celestial body systems
Hierarchy of celestial systems: Earth-Moon system - Solar system - Milky Way system - total star system
Extragalactic systems --Total Galaxy
The Earth as an ordinary and special planet in the Solar System, the cosmic environment of the Earth, and the reasons for the existence of life on Earth
Solar System Diagram: Classification of the Nine Planets according to Structural Characteristics and Their Individual Memberships (Ordinaryness of the Earth)
Positions in the Asteroid Belt
Comets
Central object: the Sun (the most massive)
Causes for the existence of life on Earth (Earth's specificity)
Causes for the cosmic environment: each of the nine planets goes in its own way without interfering with each other; stable light from the Sun
Causes for the Earth itself: suitable solar-terrestrial distance; suitable size and mass
Source of energy of the Sun and its Significant impacts on Earth
Source: nuclear fusion at the center of the Sun
Impacts: major driver of natural water, atmospheric, and biological cycles; energy for production and living (solar and fossil fuels)
Effects of sunspots and flares on the Earth
Solar-atmospheric stratification Types of solar activity Comparison of solar activity Impact on the Earth
Photospheric stratification Blacks. >Photosphere Blacks The number and size of sunspots is an indication of the strength of solar activity Impact on climate: correlation between precipitation and the number of blacks Interference with the ionosphere, affecting short-wave communications Interference with the Earth's magnetic field, causing magnetic storms
Colorosphere Flares The strongest display of solar activity; however, the two are often accompanied by a cycle of 11 years
Direction of the Earth's rotation and its period
Direction of rotation: east to west; counterclockwise at the north pole. East to west; counterclockwise at the North Pole; clockwise at the South Pole
Period: 1 sidereal day
Cause of day-night and local time - one of the phenomena produced by the rotation of the Earth, the second
Day and night
Morning and twilight lines, the meaning, location
Concepts of the sun altitude : solar altitude in the day and night hemispheres? Sun's altitude on the morning and evening lines = 0
Period and significance of diurnal alternation: 1 solar day (24 hours)
Differences in local time at different longitudes
West-to-east rotation: early morning and late afternoon in the east and west in the west in the local time; local time difference of 1 hour for every 15 degrees of longitude
The effect of geodesic deflective forces on objects moving horizontally on the earth's surface-... -Phenomena produced by the rotation of the Earth III
Southern hemisphere leftward; northern hemisphere rightward; at the equator is not deflected
Effects: winds; ocean currents; the state of the river banks scouring and accumulation of sediments
Direction of the rotation of the Earth, orbital orbit, period, the angle of the yellow and red
Direction of rotation: the same as the rotation
Orbits of the rotation : an ellipse approximating a square circle; location and approximate date of perihelion and aphelion
Period: 1 sidereal year
Changes in speed: perihelion is the fastest; aphelion is the slowest
Yellow-earth angle of equinox (reflecting the relationship between rotation and revolution)
Emphasis on three-dimensional and planar drawings of yellow-earth angle of equinox:
Understand the important points, lines, surfaces, and angles on the diagrams and their relationships, and require the ability to draw, interpret, and interpret these points. and their relationships, and require the ability to draw and describe them
Earth's axis, morning and evening twilight lines, equatorial plane, ecliptic plane, North-South Tropic of Cancer, South-Arctic Circle, and direct sun rays (points)
Relation between the angle of intersection of the yellow and red angles and the orbital inclination of the Earth's axis
Effects of the angle of intersection of the yellow and red angles: the movement of the sun's direct sun point in the position of the earth's surface- -Changes in the time distribution of solar radiation at the surface
Clarify the pattern and period of movement of the direct sun spot: -Move back and forth between the north and south regression
lines with a period of 1 regression year (one direct shot on the line; two direct shots between the lines)
The change in the angle of intersection of the Yellow-Equator What change in the angle of intersection causes a change in the extent of the five bands?
"Dichotomy and Solstice Chart"
Position of the Earth and corresponding dates and seasons, direction of rotation, pointing of the Earth's axis, approximate position of near and far solar points, and changes in the speed of rotation
10. Formation of the Four Seasons and the Five Belts
Geographic phenomena resulting from the Earth's rotation
Annual changes in day and night length:
Day is longer than night in the hemisphere where the point of direct sunlight is located, and the higher the latitude the longer the day is
Day is progressively longer in the hemisphere toward which the point of direct sunlight is shifted
Northern hemisphere before or after June 22? --The day is longest and the night is shortest at all latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, and there is a polar day at and within the Arctic Circle
Before and after December 22, the Northern Hemisphere? -- Shortest day and longest night at all latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, with a polar night at and within the Arctic Circle
Spring and Autumn Equinox? -- day and night are equally divided across the globe
Equator? -- Equal division of day and night throughout the year
Division of seasons: (apparent at mid-latitudes)
Seasonal variations in the height of the sun at noon and the length of the day and night -- The time when the sun is at its highest, and the day is at its longest, is the astronomical summer season
Sun's lowest, shortest day is astronomical winter
Spring and autumn are the transitions therein
The three seasons; the 24 solar terms
Division of the five belts:
Latitudinal distribution of day/night length and solar altitude - solar radiation decreases from low to high latitudes --Formation of the five belts
The boundaries of the five belts and their respective phenomena; the five belts are the basis for the division of climate and the division of natural zones
11, the significance and current status of cosmic exploration
Understanding of the Earth's cosmic environment; the development of cosmic resources (space resources and characteristics, solar resources, mineral resources)
Second, the examination question analysis
The content of this unit accounts for about 10% of the 100 points in the HKCEE;
The first question in the comprehensive questions of the HKCEE is from this unit;
1, please refer to the "HKCEE Instructions" in the examples of the test questions for practice:
Appendix I of the question example P10 of the three, 1; Appendix II P29 of the paper II of the 1, Appendix III P53 of the paper II of the 1
This unit is the first unit of the HKCEE;
This unit is the first unit of the HKCEE. 1 in Volume II
2. Basic points to be mastered regarding the synthesis questions in this unit:
Will draw the morning and evening lines, the night hemisphere, the North-South Tropic of Cancer, the South-Arctic Circle, the ecliptic plane, the equatorial plane
Direction of rotation and revolution
Dates and festivals
Position of the day's point of direct sunlight, and the pattern of the latitudinal distribution of global midday solar altitude for the day
Status of the height of the sun at noon at each point on the graph
Status of the length of day and night at each point on the graph and how it will change in the future
Comparison of the length of the day at each point on the graph, and how many hours the day is at the polar circle and at the equator
Changes in the speed of rotation
Knowledge that can be linked:
When was the flag raised at 6:00 am in Beijing on that day? (B, D)
Which stage of Beijing is the gradual lengthening of the silhouette? (A to C)
When the Earth orbits to point A (or C):
The climate of the Mediterranean region is characterized by? (hot and dry - summer/wet and warm - winter) because it is controlled by (sub-high/westerly winds)
The savannahs of northern Africa show a landscape of (a greenish green/a yellowish yellow) because it is controlled by (equatorial low pressure/trust winds)
Beijing The climate at this time is characterized by (hot and rainy/cold and dry), mainly because of the influence of (southeast monsoon/northwest monsoon)
Asia and Europe on the continent (Asian low pressure/Asian high pressure) is strong
East Asia blowing (south-easterly/north-westerly winds), the reason is (difference in the heat between the sea and land)
South Asia blowing (southwest winds/north-easterly winds), the reason is (south-easterly monsoon northward across the equator to the right of) The reason for this is that (the southeast monsoon moves northward across the equator to the right and becomes the southwest monsoon or the seasonal movement of the pressure belt/the northeast wind in winter is due to the difference in heat between the land and the sea)
The circulation of the North Indian Ocean is (clockwise - the sea water flows eastward because of the southwesterly winds/counterclockwise - the sea water flows westward because of the northeasterly winds).
When the Earth rotates to point (A/C), the salinity of the sea near the mouth of the Yangtze River is the most (low/high)
When the Earth orbits from D to A: the Pearl River and the Yangtze River are in the flood season (because of the rainy season rain recharge)
From A to B: the Yellow River (the arrival of the rainy season), and the Tarim River is in the flood season (the most glacial meltwater in summer)
Second Unit Atmospheric Environment
I. Examination Content Analysis
1. Composition of the Atmosphere and the Role of the Major Components of Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapor, Ozone and Solid Impurities
Lower Atmospheric Composition: a stable proportion of dry and clean air (oxygen and nitrogen predominantly), unstable content of water vapor, solid impurities
Nitrogen - the basic constituents of living organisms
Oxygen - essential for life activities
Carbon dioxide - raw material for photosynthesis; thermal insulation
Ozone - umbrella for life on earth, absorbing ultraviolet rays
Water vapor and solid impurities - clouds and rains; impurities: condensation nuclei
2. Vertical Layers of the Atmosphere and Their Influence on Human Activities
Atmospheric Layers Temperature Changes with Altitude Airflow Conditions Other Characteristics and Human Relationships Changes in airflow conditions Other characteristics Relationship with human beings
Troposphere The higher the lower the convection 3/4 of atmospheric mass; water vapor and dust; inconsistency of layer heights at various latitudes Weather phenomena
Stratosphere The higher the stratosphere The higher the stratosphere High-altitude flights; presence of the ozone layer
Upper atmosphere Presence of the ionosphere (radio communication; solar activity interferes with short-wave communication
3. Heat process
(1) the fundamental source of energy: solar radiation (the range of wavelengths of various types of radiation and the nature of solar radiation - short-wave radiation)
(2) the heat process of the atmosphere (the atmospheric thermal effect) - the sun heats up the earth, the earth heats up the atmosphere
the weakening effect of the atmosphere on the sun's radiation: the three forms and the phenomenon of their respective (illustrated with examples)
The main reason affecting the size of the weakening: the sun's altitude angle (the weakening of each latitude is different)
Atmospheric insulation of the ground:
Knowledge of terrestrial radiation (infrared long-wave radiation); atmospheric radiation (infrared long-wave radiation)
The process of insulation: the atmosphere strongly absorbs terrestrial long-wave radiation; atmospheric inversion of the radiation will be returned to the surface of the heat (diagrams and examples) Illustration - such as the time of frost; comparison of the size of the daily temperature difference)
The significance of insulation: to reduce the daily difference in temperature; to ensure that the Earth's appropriate temperature; to maintain the global heat balance
4, the causes of vertical and horizontal atmospheric movement
(1) the fundamental cause of atmospheric movement: hot and cold inequality (between latitudes; between land and sea)
(2) (2) forms of atmospheric movement:
(1) the atmosphere's temperature is not equal to the temperature; the atmosphere's heat and cold are not equal to the temperature; the atmosphere is not equal to the temperature; the atmosphere is not equal to the temperature. ) Forms of atmospheric motion:
The simplest form: thermodynamic circulation (diagrams and explanations); examples: suburban winds; sea-land winds; monsoon main causes
Decomposition of the thermodynamic circulation: uneven heating and cooling causes vertical motion of the atmosphere
Difference in horizontal barometric pressure
Horizontal air currents flow from high pressure to low pressure
Horizontal motion of the atmosphere (winds):
Root cause of wind formation: uneven heating and cooling
Direct cause of wind formation: horizontal pressure difference (or horizontal barometric pressure gradient force)
Three forces affecting the wind: horizontal barometric pressure gradient force; geostrophic bias force; and surface friction
Determination of the direction of the wind: 1 force wind (theoretical wind) - perpendicular to the isobars, with high pressure pointing to low pressure.2 force wind (wind at high altitude) - parallel to the isobars and north rightward, south leftward.3 Force wind (actual surface wind) - diagonally across the isobar, north rightward, south leftward
Note the drawing of the wind direction at a point in the actual surface barometric pressure field in the Northern Hemisphere
5. Three-circle circulation and formation of barometric pressure zones and wind zones
(1) No rotation, uniform surface - single-circle circulation (thermodynamic circulation)
(2) Rotation, surface uniform - three-ring circulation
(3) Composition of three-ring circulation: 0-30 low-latitude circulation; 30-60 mid-latitude circulation; 60-90 high-latitude circulation
Surface formation of 7 pressures and 6 winds: Ideal pattern of latitudinal distribution (zonal)
Wet and dry conditions of each pressure band (low-pressure wet; high-pressure dry)
Winds and wet and dry conditions of each wind band (westerlies) generally drier; westerly winds wetter)
Polar front: near 60 degrees, formed by the meeting of the prevailing westerly winds and the polar easterly winds
Barotropic and wind zones move with the seasonal north-south shift of the sun's direct point
(4) Influence of land and sea distribution on the barotropic and wind zones: the actual land surface condition (lumpy)
The most important influence: the difference in the sea and land thermal
Expression (center of atmospheric activity):
July (summer) in the Northern Hemisphere: low pressure in Asia-Europe-Asia; high pressure in the Pacific Ocean
January (winter) in the Northern Hemisphere: high pressure in Asia-Europe-Asia; low pressure in the Pacific Ocean
(5) Monsoon Circulation (pay attention to the graphic)
Conceptual Understanding: it is an integral part of the global atmospheric circulation; the monsoon in East Asia is the most Typical
The causes of the monsoon:
The main cause - the difference between land and sea heat (can be explained by the winter and summer monsoon in East Asia; the winter winds in South Asia)
The causes of the summer winds in South Asia - the southern hemisphere south-easterly trade winds northward across the equator to the right into the southwest winds (or to generalize: seasonal movement of the barometric pressure belt and the wind belt)
Monsoon impacts: the monsoon's **** characteristics: the same time as the heat and rain; large seasonal variations in precipitation. The seasonal variations in precipitation make it prone to droughts and floods
The two monsoon climates of East Asia and their respective distribution areas (bounded by the Qinhuai line); the characteristics of their respective climates
--Temperate Monsoon Climate: Monsoon area north of Qinhuai; dry and cold in winter; hot and humid in summer
--Subtropical Monsoon Climate: Monsoon area south of Qinhuai; mild and rainy in winter; hot and humid in summer
--East Asia The two monsoon climates have the same winter and summer monsoon wind directions and the same causes
-- Note the distribution of air-polluting enterprises in the industrial layout of cities in the monsoon zone Tropical monsoon climate in South Asia:
-- High temperatures throughout the year, alternating between the dry season (controlled by the northeast monsoon) and the rainy season (controlled by the southwest monsoon) The monsoon zone is the world's main distribution region of the rice-growing industry
-- East Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia's monsoon climate zone and Southeast Asia's tropical rainforest climate zone
6. The relationship between atmospheric circulation and water-heat transport - is a summary of the role of atmospheric circulation
(1) global atmospheric circulation:
facilitates the exchange of heat and water vapor between high and low latitudes, and between the sea and land;<
Adjusts the global distribution of water and heat;
It is an important factor in weather changes and climate formation in various places
(2) The causes of several types of important climate:
Mediterranean climate:
West coast of the continent between 30 and 40 north and south latitudes; warm and humid in winter under the control of the westerly winds; dry and hot in summer under the control of the sub-highs
Tropical savannah climate:
Tropical grassland climate:
South latitudes:
South latitudes.
Between 10 and 20 degrees north and south latitude; hot all year round, controlled by equatorial low pressure in the rainy season and by trade winds in the dry season
Temperate oceanic climate:
West coast of the continent between 40 and 60 degrees north and south latitude; warm and humid all year round controlled by westerly winds
Tropical rainforest climate:
Beyond the equator; hot and humid all year round controlled by equatorial low pressure all year round<
Three monsoon climates: (see analysis above)
7. Characteristics of weather systems such as fronts, low pressure, high pressure, etc.
Frontal systems
Frontal category Diagram Symbol for weather before transit Weather at transit Precipitation location Examples
Cold fronts Warmer air masses control: sunny; low pressure Cloudy, rainy, windy, and cooler Behind the fronts Cold wave in winter; rainy in summer in China Northern rainstorms
Warm fronts Cold air masses control: sunny; high pressure Continuous precipitation Pre-frontal
Low-pressure (cyclonic) and high-pressure (anticyclonic) systems
Barometric pressure: high and low
Air currents: cyclones and anticyclones
Diagrams: can judge; can draw wind direction
Central pressure Horizontal airflow direction Vertical airflow direction Central weather conditions Examples Other influences
Cyclone Low North against South upwards Rainy Asian low pressure Fronts along the trough line
Anti-cyclone High South against North downwards Sunny Asian high pressure
Frontal cyclone (important!)
Requirements: Identification of each weather system on the map;
Control of weather systems and weather phenomena occurring at different locations
8. Influence of geographic location, atmospheric circulation, and topography on climate
8-1 Analysis of climatic factors
Geographic location
A latitudinal location: determines solar radiation -- the most basic cause of climatic differences -- determines heat or temperature
B land and sea location:
e.g., temperate oceanic and temperate continental climates; oceanic climates have small temperature differences and high humidity; continental vice versa
Monsoon climate formation on the east coast of the continent is due to differences in the thermal properties between land and sea
Atmospheric circulation (baroclinic and wind zones)
Features: Dual nature - exchange of water and heat between latitudes, land and sea; direct control of the characteristics of the climate of a particular place (water and heat conditions)
Sublittoral surface (land surface) conditions); nearest surface atmospheric direct heat and water sources
Other factors affecting climate: human activities, ocean currents (cold currents cool and dampen; warm currents warm and dampen)
8-2 Climate Types
Climate Characteristics (can judge temperature and precipitation graphs; can describe)
Climate Elements: Temperature, Precipitation
Temperature-determined zones -Tropical climates with average monthly temperatures above 15 degrees
Subtropical climates with average monthly temperatures as low as 0-15 degrees
Temperate climates with average monthly temperatures as low as 0 or below (except for temperate oceanic climates)
Determination of zones by water - -Tropical climates are divided into four types:
Tropical rainforest climates: rainy year-round;
Tropical desert climates: dry year-round;
Tropical monsoon climates: dry and rainy seasons
Tropical savannah climates: dry and rainy seasons
- Subtropical climate is divided into two types:
Subtropical monsoon climate: rainy and hot at the same time
Subtropical Mediterranean climate: rainy in winter and dry in summer
-- Temperate climate is divided into three types:
Temperate monsoon climate: rainy and hot at the same time
Temperate continental climate: little rain throughout the year
Temperate maritime climate: wet all year round
Causes of climate
Causes of monsoon climate: three types of monsoon climates
Climate controlled by alternating bands of barometric pressure and winds:
Mediterranean climate (sub-high and westerly winds); savannah climate (trade winds and equatorial depression)
Climate controlled by a single band of barometric pressure and winds:
Tropical rainforest climate (equatorial low pressure); temperate oceanic climate (westerly winds)
Climate distribution
Climate on the east coast of the continent: three monsoon climates
Climate on the west coast of the continent: the Mediterranean climate, temperate oceanic climate
Intercontinental climate: temperate continental climate
9, the Earth's greenhouse effect, the destruction of the ozone layer, acid rain and other Causes and hazards of the phenomenon
Phenomenon Causes Pollutants Hazards Countermeasures
Greenhouse effect Burning of fossil fuels Deforestation, especially destruction of tropical forests Carbon dioxide Sea level rise (cause?). Direct threat to coastal lowlands Causes changes in precipitation and wet and dry conditions in all regions, leading to changes in the structure of the world's economies (specific manifestations?). Improvement of energy utilization and adoption of new energy sources; efforts to strengthen international cooperation; afforestation
Destruction of the ozone layer Use of ozone-depleting substances such as refrigeration equipment, etc. HCFCs, etc. Increase in solar ultraviolet radiation: direct harm to human health; damage to ecosystems and agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fisheries Global cooperation to reduce the emission of ozone-depleting substances; active development of new types of refrigeration systems
Acid rain Burning of fossil fuels (mainly coal); vehicle exhaust emissions Acid gases such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides Acidification of water bodies, affecting the growth and even death of fish; acidification of soils, endangering the growth of forests and crops; corrosion of buildings and cultural relics, endangering human health The most fundamental way: to reduce the anthropogenic sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides emissions- Research on the comprehensive development and utilization of sulfur resources in coal (e.g., clean coal technology; clean combustion technology; exhaust gas reuse) burning low-sulfur coal or other clean energy sources
Unit III Terrestrial and Marine Environments
Major rock-forming minerals and the three main types of rocks
Chemical elements -- minerals -minerals
Rock-forming minerals-rocks
Major rock-forming minerals: quartz, mica, feldspar, calcite, etc.
There are three main types of rocks according to their origin:
Magmatic rocks:
Divided into intrusive rocks (e.g., granite). >divided into intrusive rocks (such as granite - composed of feldspar, quartz, and mica) and ejecta rocks (such as basalt)
Granite is an excellent building and decorative material
Sedimentary rocks: formed by external forces; such as limestone; form rock formations (which often contain fossils)
Limestone is an important raw material for burning lime
Metamorphic rocks: such as marble (mainly composed of calcite, is an excellent building material and decorative materials)
The main content of the doctrine of plate tectonics, and the impact of plate movement on the surface of the earth
Contents:
The earth's lithosphere by a number of fracture tectonics (such as ridges, trenches, etc.) is divided into six platesP97Figure 4-11< /p>
Plates are in constant motion, and the inner plates are more stable;
Active crustal movements at plate junctions (the Pacific Rim Volcanic Seismic Belt and the Mediterranean-Himalayan Belt)
Effects of plate movements on the earth's surface - formation of sea-land distribution, land land geomorphological patterns
Plate tensional boundaries (growth boundaries): formation of rift valleys and landforms; and the formation of the Rift Valley and the Rift Valley. growth boundaries): formation of rift valleys and oceans, such as the East African Rift, the Atlantic Ocean
Plate extrusion boundaries (extinction boundaries): often form mountain ranges
Continental plate and oceanic plate extrusion - trenches; island arcs, Coastal Mountains
Land land plate extrusion - -massive mountain ranges, such as the Himalayas are formed by the extrusion of the Asia-Europe plate and the Indian
Oceanic plate
Composition of the crustal material cycle, its process and its impact on the earth's surface
(1) Crustal Material Cycle - one of the four major cycles of the natural world (the rest are the atmospheric circulation, water cycle, and biological cycle)
The composition and processes are illustrated in the following diagrams:
External Forces (Erosion, Transportation, Deposition, and Consolidation into Rock)
Sedimentary Rocks Magmatic Rocks (Ejecta and Intrusive Rocks)
Metamorphic Rocks Magma
Melting
(2) Impacts of Crustal Matter Cycle on the Earth's Surface
Summary
The constant interaction of internal and external forces, the transformation of energy and exchange of materials between the earth and the outside of the earth, especially the circulation of materials on the earth's surface, which is directly participated by the atmosphere, water, and the biological world and plays an important role, has a profound effect on the morphology of the earth's surface, and the formation of rocks on the earth's surface, changes in the landforms, and development of the soil layer are closely related to this.
Specific performance:
Geology: the role of the crust and its surface morphology changes caused by the role of the crust (in the long term to the internal forces are dominant)
Geology classification of the role of the main sources of the results of the main manifestations of other
Internal role of internal forces, the Earth's internal energy to make the surface of the earth's unevenness of the earth's surface earthquakes, volcanoes, crustal movements (horizontal movement and vertical movement of the dominant magma activities metamorphosis). Role
External forces Solar radiation to make the surface flat Weathering, erosion, transport, deposition, solidification of rocks (which the role of wind and running water diagram requires will identify: P99-P100 diagram) water erosion landforms (water flow to widen and deepen the gullies; waterfalls, canyons, Loess Plateau surface gullies and ravines) hydroaccumulation landforms (foothills of alluvial fans, the middle and lower reaches of rivers, alluvial plains and estuarine deltas) Alluvial plains and estuarine deltas) Wind-eroded landforms (wind-eroded gullies, wind-eroded mushrooms, Gobi) Wind-accumulated landforms (sand dunes, Loess Plateau)
Which is the result of crustal movement--geological formations
Geological formations Basic patterns Geomorphological manifestations Relationship with human production
Folds Dorsal slant, oblique ( Dorsal slope into mountains; dorsal slope into valleys terrain inversion and causes: dorsal slope into valleys, dorsal slope into mountains top of dorsal slope: oil, gas dorsal slope is suitable for repairing underground tunnels to the trench: water
Faults Dislocation of rock masses along the sides of the fracture surface East African Rift Valley, the northern slope of Mount Hua, the Great Fault; ascending rock masses: Mount Hua, Mount Lushan, Mount Tai descending rock masses: Weihe River Plain, Fenhe River Valley engineering construction in the event of faults to strengthen or avoid
Faults are the most important geological formations. or avoid
Types of terrestrial water bodies and their interrelationships
Types of terrestrial water bodies
Classification Remarks
Spatial distribution Surface water: rivers, lakes and marshes, glacial water, etc. Groundwater: submerged, pressurized water (Fig. 4.21 to be able to judge) Glaciers are the main body of freshwater on Earth, distributed in the poles and mountainous areas, direct use of less; groundwater is the second body of freshwater, but mainly deep underground. The main body of fresh water, but mainly for the deep groundwater, the development of more difficult; dynamic water is the focus of the development and utilization of people, of which the river water is the most important
Water cycle static water: glacial water, inland lakes, deep groundwater, etc. Dynamic water: surface water, shallow groundwater
Utilization degree easy to use: river water, freshwater lake water, shallow groundwater Other
Terrestrial Interrelationships of water bodies (rivers as an example)
Where atmospheric precipitation is the most important recharge of land water
Note: The two diagrams in P103 of the textbook should be able to identify which recharge is for each.
Type of recharge Flood time Influencing factors Distribution in China
Rain Rainy season (in China for the summer and fall) Rainfall Eastern Monsoon Area
Glacial meltwater Summer Temperature (winter breaks) Northwest
Rivers, lakes, and groundwater have a complementary relationship between the water source (determined by the water level is not higher); natural water resources in the constant movement of renewals and the cycle of transformation of each other Lake water and reservoirs regulate seasonal and inter-annual variations in river runoff (e.g. Poyang Lake and Dongting Lake in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China)
Sea water temperature and salinity and their relationship with the environment
The distribution pattern of sea water temperature:
A Changes in ocean heat balance with latitude in the Northern Hemisphere - P70 Fig. 3-3
(heat balance factors in the figure, the temperature zones in which the surplus and deficit zones are distributed, and the latitude at which the point of change from surplus to deficit is located)
B Latitudinal distribution of surface SST--P71 Fig. 3-5
Decreasing from low latitude to high latitude (the reason for this is the result of the change in heat balance with latitude)
C Variation of vertical SST - P70 Figure 3-4
Decreasing with depth (note the trend of the curves in the figure); deeper waters below 1000 meters remain cold
Salinity of seawater
A mass fraction of saline substances in seawater; the world's oceans Average salinity is 3.5%
B Latitudinal distribution pattern of surface salinity - Figure 3-5 of P71
Decreases from subtropical sea areas in the northern and southern hemispheres to higher and lower latitudes on either side
Reason: slightly lower at the equator - equator rainy, more precipitation than evaporation;
highest in the subtropics - controlled by the paratropics, evaporation greatly outweighs precipitation
decreases toward higher latitudes - lower temperatures, weaker evaporation, more precipitation than evaporation
C Factors Affecting Salinity< /p>
Precipitation vs. evaporation: outer seas vs. oceans; major factor in salinity from low to high latitudes
Freshwater injection: nearshore (estuaries)
D Highest salinity in the Red Sea - subtropical; little freshwater injection
Lowest salinity in the Baltic Sea -large freshwater injection; more precipitation than evaporation;
Low salinity in summer and high salinity in winter in the waters of the Yangtze River estuary -summer is the flood season of the Yangtze River
Main forms of seawater movement
Three main types of seawater movement
Waves, tides, and ocean currents
Waves: wind waves, tsunamis, etc.
Tides: the phenomenon of periodic rise and fall of seawater under the gravitational pull of the sun and the moon
Ocean currents: the flow of seawater in a more stable, large-scale movement year-round
Causes and geographic significance of ocean currents
Causes of Ocean Currents
A Atmospheric movements and near-surface wind zones - the main driving force. -the main driving force;
such as wind currents:
North and South Equatorial Warm Currents formed by the trade winds; westerly drift; North Indian Ocean Monsoon Circulation reversed in winter and smooth in summer
B Uneven density of seawater -the cause of ocean currents in localized seas
such as density currents: surface currents between the Mediterranean Sea Surface currents between the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean
C Compensatory effects
E.g. Compensatory currents: upwelling in the Peruvian fishing grounds
Geographic significance of ocean currents
A Self-purification and dispersal of pollutants
B Transportation and exchange of heat between high and low latitudes to regulate heat distribution globally
Vertical cold currents cool and reduce humidity; warm currents increase temperature and humidity ( To be able to determine cold and warm currents based on sea water isotherms - Example P90 Figure 3-33)
(e.g., the influence of the North Atlantic Warm Current on the oceanic climate of Western Europe;
the causes of the deserts along the west coast of Australia and the Pacific coast of Peru)
C Formation of large fisheries
Meetings of cold and warm currents: e.g., the Newfoundland fishing grounds and the Japanese Hokkaido Fishing grounds (convergence of cold and warm currents in Thousand Islands and Japan)
Upwelling: Peruvian fishing grounds
D Nautical navigation
Major environmental problems in the oceans and major measures to protect the marine environment
Major environmental problems manifestation Sources Major measures to protect the marine environment
Marine pollution Main sources of pollutants are industrial sewage pollutants, such as heavy metals, pesticides, and petroleum. Oil pollution: the main source of coastal industrial production and marine vessels; the current focus of pollution control is on oil spills 1, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: to protect the rights and interests of the territorial sea and the exclusive economic zone 2, the prevention and control of pollution 3, sustainable fisheries production; the protection of marine biological resources and marine ecosystems 4, the construction of coastal projects should be scientifically demonstrated, rationally planned and implemented
Marine ecological damage 1, Marine pollution 2, human production activities: sea enclosure, indiscriminate fishing, etc. 3, changes in the natural environment: global warming and sea level rise
The main links of the water cycle in nature and its impact on the land surface
The water cycle is one of the four major cycles of the natural world
(1) The light blue arrows in the figure indicate the six links of the great cycle between the sea and land;
The significance of this: Land water is replenished and renewed, and water resources are regenerated
(2) The gray and dark arrows in the figure indicate the respective water cycles on land and in the ocean
In which very little water is replenished to land waters by the land cycle
Effects of the water cycle on the earth's surface
A constant renewal of freshwater resources and maintenance of the dynamic balance of global water is one of the most active material B absorbs, transforms, transmits and regulates solar radiation energy on the surface of the earth, thus realizing material migration and energy exchange between the various layers of the earth's surface and the land and the sea
C influences the global climate and ecology
D shapes the morphology of the earth's surface such as water-eroded and waterlogged geomorphology, and so on
10. The role of organisms in the process of formation and development of the geographic environment, and the influence of organisms on the development of the geography of the earth's surface. process, and the role of organisms as indicators of the environment
The role of organisms in the geographic environment is ultimately due to photosynthesis in green plants
Photosynthesis: inorganic matter organic matter; solar energy biological (or chemical) energy
Biological cycle: synthesis of organic matter by green plants animals
Environmental Microbial decomposition
(Where the pink arrows indicate the flow of organic matter; black arrows indicate the flow of inorganic matter)
Role of organisms in the geographic environment:
Contribute to the migratory movement of material and chemical elements and the transformation of energy flow in the natural world, thereby linking the organic and inorganic realms in the geographic environment.
Transformation of the three major circles, the face of the earth has undergone fundamental changes, forming a geographic environment suitable for human survival
Change in the composition of the atmosphere;
Change in the composition of the terrestrial water; green plants participate in the water cycle, improving the terrestrial moisture situation
The emergence of organisms accelerated the weathering of rocks and facilitated the formation of soils; sedimentary rocks are mostly formed with the biological The formation of sedimentary rocks is mostly formed with the participation of organisms
Environmental benefits (varying from place to place):
A purifying air, regulating climate, nourishing water, maintaining soil and water, and preventing winds and fixing sands, so as to improve the ecological conditions, protect farmland and pasture, and guarantee stable and high yields of agriculture and animal husbandry;
B the green space of the city has the function of smoking and dust removal, filtering the air, lowering the noise level, and beautifying the environment
the role of the organisms on the Indicator of the environment
Plant growth on the environment (of which the climate of light, heat and water constraints stand out) dependence and adaptation to the environment, and therefore have a clear indicator of the environment
Camel's thorn - arid environment; lotus - -water-wet environments;
"Sprout dates, plant cotton" - a plant's indication of climate;
Damaged petunia leaves- - an indication of sulphur dioxide pollution
11. Soil formation and its role in geography
Formation processes:
Weathering Lower organisms colonize the soil Higher plants colonize the soil
Rocks form the parent material of the soil Primary soil Mature soil
Biology plays a dominant role in the process of soil formation
Incorporation of lower plants and microorganisms on the matrices marks the beginning of soil formation
The emergence of organisms accelerates the weathering of the rock and the development of the matrices' fertility;
The modification of the matrices by organisms: firstly, the process of accumulation of organic matter; and secondly, the process of enrichment of nutrients
Selective uptake, photosynthesis
Mineral nutrients Plants, Organic matter
Soil fertility humus
The role of soil in the geographic environment
In the transition zone where the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere are in close contact with each other, it is the product of the integrated action of the elements of the terrestrial environment;
Soil is a very active place for the circulation of materials and energy transformation on the surface of the earth, and it is the central link between the organic and inorganic worlds;
Soil has the characteristics of fertility capable of growing plants, providing the conditions for plant growth, thus making a fundamental change in the appearance of the ground
12, the interrelationship between natural resources and human activities (to be checked)
Natural resources can provide raw materials, energy and essential material conditions for human production and life;
The development and utilization of natural resources require certain technical conditions and capital investment
13, land resources, climate resources, marine resources, water resources, biological resources, mineral resources, the characteristics and composition
(1) terrestrial natural resources
natural resources attributes Composition *** Characteristics
Land resources Renewable terrestrial natural resources are limited terrestrial natural resources are unlimited potential for utilization of natural resources Terrestrial Natural Resources There is a certain distribution pattern of natural resources in a geographical area to form an interconnected whole
Climatic resources renewable Light, heat, precipitation, wind, etc.
Water resources renewable
Biological resources renewable
Mineral resources non-renewable
(2) Marine resources
Types Composition Characteristics
Marine chemistry Resources Salt, magnesium, bromine, fresh water, etc.
Marine biological resources Fish, shrimp, shellfish, algae, etc. Marine?