And
Italy:
Economy Affected by the global economic downturn, the Italian economy grew slowly in 2001, below the government's 2% expectation. The center-right government launched a "100-day plan" to revitalize the economy, including encouraging investment, increasing employment, abolishing inheritance and gift taxes, reducing the burden on enterprises, promoting industrial and infrastructure construction, reforming the labor system, reducing medical expenses, raising the minimum pension, phasing out the underground economy and adopting new and high technology, which was well received by business owners. They were welcomed by business owners, but labor conflicts intensified.
The main economic indicators for Italy in 2001 were as follows:
Gross Domestic Product (GDP): 1,216.583 billion euros (about 1094.925 billion U.S. dollars).
GDP per capita: 210,919,400 euros (about $18,983).
GDP growth rate: 1.8%.
Currency name: lira, euro.
Exchange rate: 1 euro = 0.9 U.S. dollars, 1,000 lira = 0.621 euros.
Inflation rate: 1.4 percent.
Unemployment: 9.5 percent.
Resources Mineral resources are poor, with only hydropower, geothermal, natural gas, marble, mercury, sulfur, and small amounts of lead, aluminum, zinc, and bauxite.
Industry Three-quarters of the energy supply and the main industrial raw materials rely on foreign imports, while more than 1/3 of the products for export. Historically, the Italian state has developed a participatory system of enterprise. Erie, Eni and Efim used to be the three largest state-run consortia, accounting for about 1/3 of the country's industrial output and operating in sectors such as steel, shipbuilding, machinery, petroleum, chemicals and arms. Since the 1990s, the government has accelerated the privatization of state-owned enterprises. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) occupy an important position in the Italian economy, with greater advantages in tanning, footwear, clothing, textiles, furniture, kitchen equipment, ceramic tiles, silk, jewelry, brewing, machinery, marble mining and mechanical industry, etc., and are characterized by a high degree of specialization, a strong adaptive capacity, and a large proportion of products exported. Italy's crude oil processing capacity ranks sixth in the world, with an annual refining capacity of about 100 million tons. 2001 crude steel output of 26.7 million tons, plastics and tractor production ranked sixth in the world, and power generation ranked ninth in the world. In recent years, attention has been paid to the development of new science and technology industries, mainly in the electronics industry. At present, the information and communication technology industry accounts for 6.2% of GNP. Production of major industrial products in recent years: (1995 = 100)
1998 1999 2000
Energy products 107.4 109.4 112.4
Metals, non-ferrous ores 99.9 91.6 98.9
Non-metallic ores 104.9 109.3 114.9
Chemical Products 105.9 106.1 107.7
Metal Products 106 105.1 106.8
Agricultural, Industrial Machinery 103.7 101 107.5
Office Equipment 101 92.9 103.8
Electromechanical Products 98.7 98.1 98.8
Transportation Equipment 111.1 110.8 116.4
Food, Tobacco 104.4 107.5 109.7
Textiles, Clothing, Leather 99.9 95.1 95.6
Wood, Furniture 104 111.9 121.3
Paper, Publishing 107 111.5 112.5
General Index 104.3 104.4 107.7
(Source: Bank of Italy Annual Report 2000)
Agriculture and fisheries The value of agricultural production in 2000 was 52.8 trillion lire, or 2.4% of GDP. Due to the mountainous and lack of fertile soil, agricultural arable land area only accounted for 10% of the total area of the country (1995), the main agricultural output in 1995 were as follows: crops 3606.5 billion lire, livestock 224.31 billion lire, forestry 733 billion lire, fisheries 230.7 billion lire. 2001 Italy's import and export of vegetables, beans, fruits, and 1.940 billion euros and 2.853 billion euros, respectively, an increase of 20% over the previous year, the import and export of vegetables, beans, and fruits were 1.940 billion euros and 2.853 billion euros. Euro, respectively, 20.7% and 10.7% more than the previous year. Italy is the world's second largest wine producer after France, wine production in 2001 was 5.1 billion liters, 5% less than the previous year, accounting for about one-fifth of the world's total production, and its export profits in 2000 for 2 billion euros, the first nine months of 2001 for 1.8 billion euros. Except for fruits and vegetables, Italy is a pure importer of agricultural products. The total production of the main agricultural products in recent years is as follows (in tons):
1998 1999 2000
Wheat 8460.9 7947.2 7641.8
Corn 9127.3 10127.9 10196.3
Potatoes 2320.7 2155.8 2108
Tomatoes 6076.4 7498.1 7594.2
Grapes 9400.2 9599.6 9186.5
Olives 2664.9 3888.4 2927.4
Oranges 1422.3 1912.7 1852
Apples 2201.5 2383.7 2283.1
(Source: ISTAT Annual Statistics 2000)
Tourism The tourism industry is well developed, and tourism income is an important source to compensate for the country's balance of payments deficit. in 2001, foreign tourists cared to spend about 28,779,000 euros, a decrease of 3.8%, while Italian tourists spent 15,681,000 euros on trips abroad, a decrease of 7.9%, and the annual net tourism profit amounted to 13,098,000 euros. The annual net profit of tourism amounted to 13.098 million euros, slightly higher than the previous year's 12.893 million euros. Italy is rich in tourism resources, with a humid climate, beautiful scenery, many cultural relics, good beaches and mountainous areas, and well-connected roads. Hotels are mostly small and medium-sized, including hotels, campgrounds, tourist villages and agro-tourism residences, etc., including the country *** there are 115,000, in 2000 received 44.53 million domestic tourists and foreign tourists 34.59 million; stayed in the number of trips were 194,813,000 for the nationals, 137,545,000 for foreigners. The main tourist cities are Rome, Florence and Venice.
Transportation Domestic transportation is mainly by road, which is responsible for two-thirds of the passenger traffic and 70% of the freight traffic, and the revenue from highway tolls was about 3 trillion lire in 1989, and 6,798 billion lire in 1998, which is more than double the revenue.
Railways: in 1995, the total length of 19,527 kilometers, of which the state-owned railroads accounted for 80%, the rest of the private railroads. 2001 National Railways made a profit of 20 million euros for the first time. The group now has 106,000 employees, guaranteeing the operation of 7,500 trains a day; the annual passenger volume of 474 million passengers and 87 million tons of freight. The group owns 80,000 rolling stock on 16,000 kilometers of railroads and is also responsible for the ferry to Sardinia across the Straits of Messina.
Roads: total length in 1995 was 307,771 kilometers; 30.3 million motor vehicles in the country, 2.8 million commercial vehicles and 6.2 million motorcycles and motorized pedicabs. road transport in 1996 was 175.5 billion tonne-kilometers. 6,453 kilometers of Italian highways were in use in 1999, and the decision was made to sell off stakes in state-owned highways and to put 30,000 kilometers of of highways to local regions.
Water transportation: because of the special geographical location, so the ship has been the main means of transportation of goods. 1986, there are 2,031 merchant ships, fishing boats, with a total tonnage of 8.06 million tons; in 1995, the arrival of 294 million tons of cargo; the departure of 108 million tons of cargo (of which 51 million tons shipped to foreign countries); there are Genoa, Naples, Venice, Trieste, Taranto, Livorno, Siracusa, Sicily, Sicily, Sicily, Sicily, Sicily, Sicily, Sicily, Sicily, Sicily. There are 19 major ports in the country, including Genoa, Naples, Venice, Trieste, Taranto, Livorno, Syracuse, etc. Its ports are more competitive than other ports in the central Mediterranean due to the establishment of autonomous management bodies in the ports, the implementation of privatization and the liberalization of port services and other measures.
Air transportation: In 1998, international arrivals amounted to 17.9 million, of which 6.6 million passengers traveled by Alitalia; departures amounted to 19.8 million, of which 6.9 million traveled by Alitalia. The main airports are Fiumicino in Rome, Linate and Malpensa in Milan, and Caselle in Turin.
Finance and Economy Huge deficits and public **** debt have been the two major problems of the Italian economy. 1992, Italy began to increase privatization efforts, successively on the National Labor Bank (BNL), Credit Italia (December 1993) and the Italian commercial banks (March 1994), as well as Erie, Eni, the National Insurance Corporation (INA), the National Electricity Company, Highway Company, and other large state-owned enterprises were privatized by selling their shares. At the same time, public spending was cut and the social welfare system was reformed, and the financial situation continued to improve, with the first batch joining the European Economic and Monetary Union (EEMU) in 1999. in 2001, the government's fiscal deficit amounted to 17.614 billion euros (34.3 trillion lire), or about 1.4 percent of GDP, the national debt was about 1,224 billion euros, or 109.4 percent of GDP, and foreign exchange reserves were 4,7201 billion dollars, including gold reserves of 4,721 billion dollars, of which 4,721 billion dollars was in gold. 472.01 billion dollars, of which 216.35 billion dollars are in gold reserves. The fiscal balance in recent years is as follows (in billions of euros):
1999 2000 2001
Fiscal deficit -194.17 -62.63 -176.14
Accounting for GDP (%) 1.8 0.5 1.4
Public **** debt 2457 2493 13300
of GDP (%) 114.9 110.6 109.4
Note: Public **** debt in trillions of euros in 1999 and 2000
(Source: ISTAT Report on the Economic Situation in 2001)
The main banks are as follows: the Banco di San Paolo Imi (San Paolo Bank), formerly known as the Banca San Paolo di Torino, founded in 1563, with assets of 99 billion euros (2001); took over Banca di Napoli in 2000, including its 16.2% government stake. (IntesaBci ), formed by the merger of the Provincial Savings Bank of Lombardy with Banca Ambrovento in 1998, followed by the merger of the Savings Bank of Parma and the Banca Adriatica of Friuli in 1999, and then by the merger with the Banca Commerciale Italiana (BCI) in 2001, with total assets of 96.3 billion euros (2001). (UniCredito ), the first Italian banking group, merged with Banca d'Italia, Banca di Rollo and Torino to form UniCredito in October 1998, and merged again with Banca d'Italia Savings Banks of Trento and Rovereto and of Trieste in 1999, with assets of 732.2 billion euros (2001). Banca di Roma (Banca di Roma), founded on March 9, 1880, with assets of 25.4 billion euros (2001); in 1997, it acquired a 33% stake in the Erie Group, and at the end of 1999, it purchased one of the last state-owned banks in Italy, the Central Bank of Mediocredito Centrale (Mediocredito Centrale). Banca Nazionale del Lavoro (BNL), founded in August 1913, with assets of 19.8 billion euros (2001).
Foreign trade Foreign trade is the main pillar of the Italian economy. Traditional products are the mainstay of export earnings, mainly manufacturing accounting for a quarter of total output and three quarters of exports of products and services. Although the value of services is twice that of manufacturing, most services are related to the marketing or supply of manufacturing products. Specialized industrial zones and government policies to encourage exports have effectively contributed to export growth. Italy's foreign trade has been in surplus for many years, and is the world's third largest trade surplus country after Japan and Germany. As a result of the price hike of oil and the depreciation of the euro, Italy's trade surplus in 2001 was as high as 9.8 billion euros (19 trillion lire); of which imports were almost the same as in the previous year, totaling 495,499.0 million lire (260,179.0 million euros), an increase of 0.6% over the previous year, while exports amounted to 498,201.0 million lire (269,701.0 million euros), an increase of 3.6% over the previous year, mainly due to an increase in the number of exports to new Eastern markets such as Russia, China, Central and Eastern Europe and the Middle East. The foreign trade situation in recent years is as follows (in billions of euros):
2000 2001
Total 5,139,5298.8
Import 2559,2601.79
Export 2580,2697.01
Difference 21,95.22
(Source: Italy) ISTAT 2001 Economic Situation Report)
Imports are mainly in the form of petroleum, raw materials and foodstuffs, while exports are mainly in the form of machinery and equipment, chemical products, household electrical appliances, textiles, garments, leather shoes, gold and silver jewelry and other light industrial products. Italy's foreign markets are mainly in Europe, and the regional distribution of Italy's foreign trade and import and export volume in 2001 are as follows: (unit: billion euros)
Imports, year-on-year growth rate Exports, year-on-year growth rate
European Union 1469.44 0.3% 1448.14 0.3%
European Union member states 1284.40 1.3% 1220.28 0.4%
EU member states 1284.40 1.3% 1220.28 0.4
EFTA 107.32 14.8% 110.32 13.5%
Russia 85.34 2.4% 35.39 40.4%
Other European countries 33.73 25.1% 49.02 17.2%
EU Candidates 159.20 19.7% 221.32 10.5%<
OPEC 181.13 -12.6% 102.68 20.7%
US 127.78 -5.5% 262.12 -1.7%
MERCOSUR 34.55 -5.6% 37.49 -1.7%
CHINA 74.81 6.4% 32.72 37.5%
Japan 62.77 -2.2% 47.04 8.4%
Asian Economies 63.50 -5.9% 98.80 4.4%
Other 202.22 0.3% 251.96 3.3%
Note: EFTA: European Free Trade Area countries; MERCOSUR: Mercosur, a market of the South***. The main countries are Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and Argentina; Asian economies are: Singapore, South Korea, Malaysia, Thailand and other countries and Taiwan and Hong Kong.
(Source: ISTAT Economic Report 2001)
Trade in imports and exports of major items in recent years: (in millions of US dollars)
1998 1999 2000
Exports (total) 245.7 235.2 238.3
Machinery, transport equipment 110.0 105.0 110.0
Textiles, Clothing, Leather 38.5 37.0 41.0
Metal Products 14.2 14.8 16.8
Import (Total) 218.4 220.3 236.6
Machinery, Transportation Equipment 74.5 83.0 93.5
Chemical Products 32.5 36.0 39.5
Energy products 18.5 19.5 22.3
Metals, non-ferrous 19.0 20.0 22.0
(Source: ISTAT 2000 press release)
Famous companies A few brief profiles of some of the famous big companies are as follows:
(1) Fiat Group ( Gruppo Fiat ), the full name of the Italian automobile manufacturing plant in Turin, was founded in 1899, and officially used the current name in 1906. Controlled by the Agnelli family, the business scope includes: all forms of automobiles and parts, commercial vehicles, agricultural and construction machinery, metallurgical products, production systems, aircraft and marine engines, publishing and communications, finance and insurance and business services and other businesses. In 2000, the Fiat Group had a turnover of more than 57 billion euros, with 1,064 companies in 64 countries around the world and *** a total of 223,000 employees, of whom more than 111,000 are located in overseas companies. Of its 242 production plants, 167 are located abroad, and 61 of its 131 research and development centers are located overseas.In 2000, Fiat Automobiles*** produced 2,439,000 vehicles, with revenues of more than 25 billion euros, accounting for 45.5% of the group's total revenues.In 2001, the group posted a loss of 791 million euros.
(2) National Hydrocarbons (Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi, ENI), also known as the "Eni Group". February 10, 1953 by the state-controlled oil, gas, petrochemical companies merged into. The business scope includes: crude oil, natural gas, chemicals and petrochemicals, nuclear fuel, coal, machinery and equipment, textile raw materials and clothing, mining and metallurgy, as well as contracting engineering and construction and trade. 2001 Group net profit of up to 7,745,000 euros, an increase of 1,974,000 euros compared with the previous year, or about 34.2%.
People's life In 2001, the total number of employed people in the country was 21,514,000, with 434,000 new jobs created, an increase of 2.1% year-on-year. Among them, the agricultural population was 1.126 million, an increase of 0.6% year-on-year; the industrial population was 6.841 million, an increase of 1.1% year-on-year; the construction population was 1.707 million, an increase of 5.5% year-on-year; the service population was 13.548 million, an increase of 2.7% year-on-year; and the number of unemployed people was 2.061 million, accounting for 9.5%. Currently, there is an average of one television set for every 3.4 people, one radio for every 3.9 people, one telephone for every 1.7 people, 154 daily newspapers and 565 automobiles per 1,000 people. For many years, Italian births have been zero or negative; in 2001, there were 544,000 births and 544,100 deaths, a population growth rate of zero, but a long life expectancy, averaging 75 years for men and 82 years for women.
Southern Issues The southern region includes the regions of Abruzzo, Molise, Campania, Puglia, Calabria, Basilicata, and the islands of Sicily and Sardinia. The South covers an area of 123,000 square kilometers, or 40.8% of all Italy, and has a population of 20.85 million, or 36% of the country's population. Although Italy is the fourth largest economic power in the European Union, due to historical reasons, Italy's southern economic and social development is seriously lagging behind, with a wide gap between the north and the south. Some provinces and regions are even the most economically backward places in the European Union. since 1995, although the European Union institutions and the Italian government have continuously implemented many kinds of preferential policies for the region, its development is still not obvious, and it has become the oldest problem in Italy. in 1999, the per capita GDP of the south of Italy was only 54.9% of that of the north-central region, and the average per capita income is low, and the unemployment rate is high; in 2001, the unemployed population of the south of Italy amounted to 1.456 million, accounting for 64.2% of the country's population. In 2001, the unemployed population in the south amounted to 1,456,000, accounting for 64.2% of the whole country. Unemployment rate of about 20%, of which more than half of the young people are unemployed, women's unemployment rate of 29.4%, black workers accounted for about 23.5%.
Architecture
The main church of Pisa, with its bell tower and baptistery, is one of the most important architectural complexes of the Italian Middle Ages. It was built to commemorate the defeat of the Arabs and the capture of Palermo in 1062.
The main church is in the Latin Cross style, 95 meters long with four rows of columns. The nave is built with wooden trusses and the side aisles with cross arches. The front fa?ade is about 32 meters high and has a four-story empty coupon gallery for decoration, with rich variations in form and light.
The bell tower (1174) is more than 20 meters southeast of the main church, round, about 16 meters in diameter, eight stories high, the middle six floors around the empty coupon gallery, and later, due to uneven settlement of the foundation. The tower began to tilt year by year. However, due to the rationality of the structure and the design and construction of the high skill, the tower itself has not been damaged, and has been handed down to the present day, lasted nearly a thousand years. It is also known as the world-famous Leaning Tower of Pisa.
Italy and Spain are hard to compare!
Both are very good, Spain is rich, Italy is also good, did not you say very poor. Compared to all about the same ah!