What are the main technical aspects of artificial frog farming?
First of all, it solves the problem of feed for forest frogs. At present, we take the yellow mealworm as the main feed, and natural insects and young animals as the auxiliary feed; choose the flat land on both sides of the mountain streams or farmland, vegetable land, and courtyard as the frog rearing site; set up fences to solve the problem of escaping and the harm of natural enemies; set up shading, cultivate vegetation and sufficient water to simulate the ecological environment of the understorey; implement the rapid breeding of frogs and the female mutation technology to improve the breeding efficiency; promote a variety of effective methods of overwintering to solve the problem of massive death of the frogs in artificial storage; study the solution to the problem of artificial storage of the frogs. It also promotes a variety of effective overwintering methods to solve the problem of massive death of artificially stored frogs; researches and solves the diseases of forest frogs and their prevention and control methods to improve the survival rate of frogs. The following is a detailed introduction:
(I) Selection and construction of site
The site area of artificial frog farming is small, but there are many building facilities, and the breeding density is large, which requires intensive operation and management, especially to satisfy the amphibious environmental conditions that the forest frogs need in particular. Frog farms in mountain forest areas must be selected in a humid climate, close to the natural environment, than semi-human breeding requirements are strict, the same place to have a pool, grass, scrub and woods and other multi-level shading environment. The type of site is different, decide to take different stocking methods, general open-air frog farming circle open-type frog farming, need to choose in the mountains on the flat land, the field has a stream through or streams from one side through the requirements of a large area of forests near the field, the field has a sparse forest thickets and grasslands, fertile soil, thick humus layer, there is a better groundcover, and some of the field should have a hitchhiker's meadow or a warm spring flow of water, there are three sides of the mountains, the back of the wind to the sun, the transportation is convenient. There are no tall buildings and highways and railroads nearby. If the field of the original pools, ponds and dams in the old house layer and other facilities is more ideal.
Another site is in the towns, villages and towns near the residential area, can choose fertile farmland, vegetable fields or wide yard, you can also use the abandoned factory site or vegetable reserve. This kind of site should be used in the form of shade or fully enclosed net shed frog farming, avoid raising frogs in the site without shade. The principle of the construction of the frog farm is to simulate the ecological environment under the forest and meet the requirements of the forest frogs living in the forest on the conditions of temperature, humidity sunlight and food. It has been proved that the more the simulated frog farm resembles the natural environment of the forest, the more likely it is to be successful in raising frogs and the more effective it is. There are two basic constructions of a frog farm, i.e. breeding farm and frog raising farm.
1, the construction of the breeding farm of forest frogs
Artificial breeding farm of frogs is different from the semi-artificial breeding farm of frogs, usually the spawning, hatching and tadpole rearing of forest frogs in three pools, that is, a pool of three, covers an area of small, high stocking density, the requirement to build a high standard of the pools, into the rows of continuous pieces, easy to manage. One kind of pool is earth pool. Site soil is not seepage, according to 3 meters wide, 6 meters long or 4 meters wide, 10 meters long, pool depth of 20-30 cm, around the ridge height of 30 cm, the inner slope of the ridge should be slow, in order to facilitate the young frogs crawling on the shore, to reduce the drop in the water drowning; the bottom of the pool is flat and solid, the center of the bottom of the crucible pit, according to the number of propagation of tadpoles to determine the number of building pools in the sequence of rows into a 1
The other is the use of plastic film bottom, the top 5 cm of soil or sand, the perimeter of the ridge on the outside of the compaction. In order to irrigation and drainage is convenient, to pool repair in the ground above the level, after the bottom of the pool leveling, the pool perimeter with wood nailed up or bricked up, the edge of the high 30 cm, the bottom of the pool and the same side of the plastic film to prevent leakage, the bottom of the pool to put the sand, the pool size and shape according to the site and the number of stocking depends on the size of the pool.
In order to hatch earlier and prolong the growth time of the material frog, the pool is repaired in a plastic greenhouse, the pool is 3 meters wide, each pool is 5-6 meters long, the depth of the pool is 220-30 centimeters, and a few pools are connected together with a plastic film bottom. The water consumption of tadpole breeding period is large, the water source of the site must be guaranteed, it is better to use well water and adopt the way of standing water series irrigation, so that the pool water is flowing. The tadpole's metamorphosis pool is built in the frog rearing circle.
2. Construction of frog farm
The frog farm includes fences, frog rearing circles and overwintering pools (cellars)
(1)Fences
are to enclose the breeding and breeding farms of forest frogs together. The permanent fence is made of strong and durable materials such as brick walls, cement boards, rare earth boards and asbestos tiles etc. The wall base of the fence should be shoveled first, the depth of the wall base should be more than 30 centimeters, the joints of the fence panels should be tightly fitted and the height of the fence panels should be 60-80 centimeters, and the top of the fence should be set up with the corner edge folded inward at 90 degrees, the length of which is 10 centimeters, and the outside of the wall should be set up with a set of electric cats to prevent the rats and mice. The wire of the electric cat is 5-8 centimeters away from the wall and the ground. Serious places with serious damage to birds should be set up in the place where birds often appear sticky bird net. If the investment is large, the fence material utilizes the best effect of iron screen. Around the fence should be planted with grass and trees, with broad-leaved varieties of trees is appropriate. Temporary fence is the use of plastic film, screen mesh and textile cloth, etc., fixed with wooden posts, once a year to change the material, the general height of 0.8-1.0 meters, fence construction methods and semi-artificial breeding of the same fence.
(2)Construction of frog circle
Frog circle is a special enclosure for breeding young frogs and adult frogs, and it is divided into two kinds of permanent circle and temporary circle, which are decided according to the investment capacity and the scale of raising frogs. The permanent circle is divided into two types: open-air and fully enclosed net shed type. Open-type permanent open-air frog-rearing circle's enclosure wall is made of bricks, stones and other materials, the wall height is 70 centimeters, the top of the wall to the inside and outside of the two sides of the edge, and the vertical wall, the top of the edge of the length of 10 centimeters each, the size of the circle is generally 5 × 10 meters is appropriate, the order of the rows of two rows, the middle of the use of a vertical wall, the formation of a frog-rearing community, the interval to leave a 1-2 meters of work road, the road on both sides of the two rows of trees planted, preferably poplar, willow trees It is preferable to plant poplar and willow trees, or plant some high-culm crops, such as sunflower. The construction of simple temporary frog-raising circle is the same as that of permanent circle, only the materials used are different, mainly utilizing plastic cloth and wooden post construction. Each area is equipped with a set of electric cats for defense against natural enemies. The irrigation equipments of the frog circle are channels or pipes, water spraying equipments or micro-spraying equipments, tadpole metamorphosis pools are constructed in the circle, and the metamorphosis pools account for about 20% of the area of the frog circle, some of them are also used as tadpole feeding pools, and in summer, they are used as the circle storage pools, to control humidity in the circle, and the circle is controlled by the ground drainage ditch or made into a two-feet wide ridge, and the ridge and ditch are put into some leaves, corn stalks and other debris, and the ridge and tongue are used for growing weeds or planting some forage vegetables or fruit and vegetable crops. Vegetable crops. The top of the open-air circle set the shade belt, 2 meters high from the ground, using 70-80% of the black shade net, width 2 meters, width spacing 2-3 meters, frog circle or near the higher trees, shade belt can be less or not set.
Construction of closed net shed type frog circle investment is larger, the cost of raising frogs is higher. If the use of vegetable solar heated room as a frog circle needs to be transformed, the original plastic film into a black shade net, this shade net market is available, the price per square meter of about 1 no money, the service life of 2-3 years. It is better to build a new net shed when the frog rearing circle is chosen in farmland, vegetable field and courtyard, so as to realize fully enclosed frog rearing. The advantage is to save space, shed shade, regulating temperature and humidity to simulate the environmental conditions of the forest, to reduce the escape of forest frogs and natural enemy hazards, is conducive to high-density, intensive business management, but the one-time investment in frog rearing is larger, generally build a 100 square meters of net shed needs 600-700 yuan, can raise 50,000 young frogs.
Net shed construction methods: net shed width of 10 meters, the middle column height of 1.8 meters, the side column height of 1.3 meters, 30-50 meters long, the bracket material with wooden poles or bamboo poles, the top of the roof for the arched or ridge type, around the ground near the height of 1 meter with nylon gauze to do the fence, the upper part and the top of the shed with 80-90% of the rain net, and the gauze net connection with the sealing of the net. Screen mesh connection with the sealing machine tied, the roof and around the nylon wire fixed in the skeleton, at one end of a 1.5-meter-long pull refining window, the north and south sides of the window left a few 0.5 square meters of the pull refining, daytime for the ventilation window, the night for the entrapment of the mouth of the insects, the shed ground control tadpole metamorphosis pool, the area of the shed for the area of 1/5, the depth of the pool depends on the soil, in the land without water leakage or the high water table depressions The depth of the pool is 50-60 centimeters. In the loose soil leakage place to repair the metamorphosis pool, the use of plastic film paved pool, water depth of 20-30 centimeters, the ridge should be solid slope should be slow, easy to young frogs on the shore. Tadpole metamorphosis metamorphosis pool is still water storage for the shed pool. The ground in the shed should be dug into a cross or well ditch, ditch depth of 20-30 cm, put some broad leaves and other debris in the ditch, as a place for young frogs to live in drought, and when there is rain, you can discharge the water, and play a role in drought prevention and waterlogging and moisturizing. Shed with red brick or cement block paved 2 sidewalks, other ground for the grass vegetation, new net shed early spring to build vegetation, to put corn stalks and other debris, shed to have water spray equipment, the best installation of micro-sprinkler facilities, but also in the net shed outside the set of farmland large sprinkler, a wide range of artificial rainfall, regulate the temperature and humidity of the entire feedlot.
(3) Construction of overwintering pool (cellar)
Artificial frog farms located near streams can be constructed and managed as semi-artificial frog overwintering pools, which is the best overwintering method at present. Frog farms away from the place with running water, in situ construction of forest frog overwintering pool or storage frog cellar, overwintering pools are built in the open air, there are also built in the solarium; storage frog cellar also has a dry storage method and two kinds of water storage method, as long as to meet the requirements of the hibernation habit of the forest frog, overwintering rate of survival will be high, or else it will be a failure. The construction of overwintering pool (cellar) is introduced below.
①The construction of overwintering pool of water storage method
The method of constructing the overwintering pool of forest frogs in the open air is the same as that of semi-artificial raising frogs, and it will not be repeated here. Artificial frogs, the construction of wintering pools in greenhouses, easy to manage, easy to see the actual situation of the wintering of the forest frogs, found that the problem is solved in a timely manner, the survival rate is higher, but the frogs in the body of the material consumption of the frogs, frogs thin, weak, species of frogs in the reproduction of the sleep of the body is more deaths. In a 50-meter-long greenhouse overwintering pool to 4 meters × 30 meters × 0.8 meters suitable for storing 150,000 frogs. Overwintering pool can also be repaired into a semi-subterranean type, dug square depth of 40 cm, dam ridge height of 40 cm, with a waterproof membrane or plastic film paved bottom and the inside of the dam ridge, the bottom of the pool should be flat, remove the hard debris, inlet and outlet located at the two ends, the inlet to use the artesian water or well water, the drain from the bottom of the pool height of 60 centimeters to maintain the water depth of 50-60 centimeters, the drainage pipe directly to the exclusion of water outside of the shed, but also can be Drainage pipes directly remove the water from the shed, but also can be discharged to the shed seepage pit, to often keep the water in the pool is flowing state. The top of the pool with wooden poles on the ridge, to cover the grass or thatch. The land around the pool in the shed should be retained vegetation and shade, as a place for forest frogs to shore activities.
Greenhouse or shed shallow pool overwintering method, in the courtyard with a simple plastic shed, the area of the overwintering pool for the area of 2 times, first repair pool after shed, pool width opening 4 meters, digging 1 meter deep inward narrowing, the middle of the 2-meter-wide place, and then dug down to the depth of 1 material, which 2-meter-wide pool of the effective width of the edge of the 2 meters above the two-tiered platform, the bottom of the pool should be shoveled flat, laying size gravel 15 centimeters thick, set up the inlet and outlet, inlet and outlet, well water for the water, and the water is the best way to get to the pool. Drainage port, into the water for the well water, drainage pipe through the seepage pit, pool water depth of 15-20 cm, a slow flow state. In the two-story platform and the pool at the top of the mouth with wooden poles, covered with grass curtains or thatch, outside the shed and pool outside the double electric cat wire, to prevent rodent infestation.
② dry storage method cellar overwintering
The use of dry storage cellar to protect the forest frog overwintering approach, there are many examples of failure, the main reason is that the depth of the cellar is not deep enough, the insulation effect is not good and freezing; there is not enough humidity in the cellar and dry death; some of the loss of half of the damage caused by rodents, and also due to the cellar out of the late drowned in the water. But there are also successful, successful specific operations for the following: storage frog cellar depth 2-2.5 meters, 2 meters wide, 4-6 meters long, the cellar cover 30 cm of soil, the two ends of the ventilation cylinder, the use of iron furnace tube or porcelain tube, plastic pipe made of four weeks and cellar door should be set up to prevent rodent nets, cellar periphery set up electric cats to prevent rats, cold each other to cover the cellar outside the plastic shed. Inside the cellar, build 4-5 layers of racks and put the frog storage boxes on the racks, the frog storage boxes are made of plastic or wooden boards, and there should be holes at the bottom to play the role of ventilation and water leakage, the storage box is 50×60×30 cm, and the bottom of the box puts 5 cm of leaves, and 500-600 frogs are stored in each box, and there is a sprinkler on the top of the cellar shed. Frog storage cellar can be built around the masonry, but the bottom of the cellar still maintains the sediment, some of the forest frogs directly to the bottom of the cellar, the density can be larger, per square meter can be stored 4000 young frogs or species of frogs 1000.
There are many ways to overwinter the frogs, but it is still the deep water bay of the river and the overwintering pool with flowing water is the best, which can meet the requirements of natural overwintering of the frogs on the water temperature and dissolved oxygen content in the water, no matter which method is used, it is necessary to follow this principle, otherwise the overwintering rate of the sea will be low. The use of thermal insulation measures overwintering method, must be the temperature control at 0-5 ℃, low freeze, high forest frog activities consume nutrients in the body, respiratory blockage caused by dead frogs.
(2) several technical problems during the reproductive period of forest frogs
The reproductive period of forest frogs refers to the spawning, hatching and tadpole rearing and management of several phases of the specific technical measures are similar to the semi-artificial breeding, and a few different issues are introduced as follows:
1, the seed frogs, frogs, and tadpoles of the transportation
In order to increase the introduction of forest frogs, the domestication of the survival rate, you need to species of frogs or frog eggs In order to improve the survival rate of the introduction and domestication of forest frogs, it is necessary to transport the seed frogs or frog eggs to the frog farm in a short time, and the long-distance transportation should be completed in 2-3 days, the packaging should be made of wooden box, plastic box or cardboard box, but the bottom and all around should be left with air holes, two layers of each box, and the bottom of the box should be placed with decayed leaves, the specification of the box should be 70×60×60cm, and the males and females should be loaded in separate packages, and the frog can be loaded with 1,000 pieces in each box. During transportation, the white mucus secreted in the frog body should be rinsed off to keep the frog body moist. The short-distance transportation of seed frogs is packed in woven bags or cloth bags, about 200 frogs per bag, males and females are packed separately, rinsed with cool water, the frog bags are laid flat in the car and put into the water immediately when they are transported to the frog farm, and put into the same pool according to the proportion of males and females. Frog eggs transportation packaging is mainly buckets or plastic bags, the same period of spawning frog eggs together, preferably the same day spawning eggs on the same day of transportation, loading egg mass without water, the same day when the site is not transported to be placed in the shade, and add an appropriate amount of cool water, transported to the site to be immediately put into the water. The transportation distance of tadpoles should not be too far, usually not more than 2 hours away, mainly using bucket, the bucket is first filled with 1/2 of cool water, each bucket contains about 3000 tadpoles. The transportation package of metamorphic young frogs should be packed in buckets, no water should be put in the bucket, some leaves or weeds should be put in the bucket, cool water should be sprayed, each bucket should be packed with about 2,000 young frogs, and put them into the shade immediately when they are transported to the site, so as to let them move and lurk freely, and water should be sprayed to keep them moisturized.
1, save the "sinking egg mass"
Plastic spawning pools have sediment at the bottom of the pool, easy to be planted frogs or put the egg mass when the water stirred up, some of the egg mass sinks to the bottom of the water and is silted up on the sediment can not float in the water, the hatch rate of such egg mass is only about 40%, so we need to fish out the sinking egg mass, rinse it with clean water and then put it back in the water, and then put it back in the water. So we have to fish out the submerged egg mass and flush it with clean water and then put it in the clean water pool.
2, adjust the density and amount of food
Lin frog spawning and hatching period per square meter of water into the 4-5 pairs of species of frogs or egg masses, tadpoles should be evacuated before eating 1/2, 8 days old to start feeding, 4,000-5,000 per square meter, once a day to feed, feeding 250 grams; 15-20 days old per square meter of water, 250 grams; 15-20 days old per square meter of water to feed; 15-20 days old per square meter of water to feed; 15-20 days old per square meter of water to feed. At the age of 8 days, start feeding 4000-5000 tadpoles per square meter, feeding once a day with 250g; at the age of 15-20 days, 2500-3000 tadpoles per square meter, feeding once a day with 600-1000g; at the age of 25-30 days, 1500-2000 tadpoles per square meter, feeding twice a day with 2g At the age of 25-30 days, stock 1500-2000 pcs per square meter of water, feeding twice a day with 1000 grams of food.
3, regulation of humidity
The breeding of tadpoles in greenhouses can be shortened by 15 days than the natural breeding of tadpoles, but the temperature in the greenhouses should be controlled below 25℃, to prevent high temperature burning, so the greenhouse membrane should be ventilated at the right time or completely uncovered, and the conditions should be changed to the black male sunshade net.
4, improve the tadpole neatness
The same day the frog eggs laid in a pool incubation, so that the hatching tadpoles are basically the same, easy to unify the feeding management, from the wild collection of frog eggs spawning time is different, the first hatching out of the tadpole will eat the unhatched frog eggs glue auger membrane, resulting in dead eggs, so we must timely fish out of the un-hatched egg mass, put into another pool to continue to hatch, which can improve the hatching rate, reduce the interactions between the frog eggs, the tadpoles will eat the frog eggs and the tadpoles. This will increase the hatching rate and reduce the phenomenon of mutual feeding.
(3)Feeding management of young frogs
Young frogs refer to the young frogs of the year after metamorphosis. Before the metamorphosed tadpoles enter the pen, the whole field should be sterilized with 1ppm bleach. The metamorphosis young frogs will not eat for 7-8 days, and they will move around the metamorphosis pool, pay attention to the heat preservation and moisturizing, and put some cornstalks and other sundries by the side of the pool, so as to facilitate the activities of young frogs on the shore, and to reduce the phenomenon of dead frogs falling into the water. To reasonably stocking density, first of all, we should calculate the number of metamorphosis tadpole, per kilogram of metamorphosis tadpole 2000 or so, according to 80% of the adult frog measurements, measured the stocking density of the frog circle. Generally speaking, 300-400 frogs per square meter should be stocked, and the stocking density of net shed culture should be larger, 400-450 frogs per square meter, and a net shed of 300 square meters can stock about 100,000 frogs. The water source of the frog circle should be guaranteed, and the metamorphosis pool should be constantly replaced with fresh water to prevent water breakage and pollution; water should be sprayed 1-2 times a day, and 3-4 times in dry and hot weather, and the amount of water sprayed each time should not be too much, and it should be good for wetting the ground and vegetation to prevent the ground from being waterlogged. In summer, the temperature inside the net shed is too high, you can spray water outside the shed to the roof of the shed to cool down and moisturize. The open-air feeding of young frogs is important, and poorly resolved dead frogs are serious. Open-air frog circle feed 1-2 yellow mealworms of 2-3 years old to each young frog on average every day, once a day, at 4-5 o'clock in the morning or 5-6 o'clock in the afternoon, do not feed on cloudy and rainy days, and then feed after the rain when the ground is clear without stagnant water, and feed again when the weather is dry, you can feed them 2 hours after spraying. In dry weather, feeding can be done 2 hours after spraying water. Feeding should be spread evenly along the working road to the whole circle, put more in the place where the young frogs are concentrated, and gradually domesticate into regular, quantitative and positioning feeding to improve the utilization rate of the bait. As the age of frogs increases, the feeding quantity should be increased. After 40 days of frogs' age, the frogs should be fed twice a day, and each time each young frog should be fed with 2-3 yellow meal worms of 4-5 ages, and the feed cost of each young frog should be about 0.10 yuan per year. In order to reduce the production cost and increase the food source of young frogs, black light is set up in the frog circle to attract insects and heap up artemisia grass and human and animal feces to attract and nourish insects. The amount of artificial feeding of frogs in the net shed should be increased compared with that in the open circle, generally doubled, and it is also possible to set up lamps in the shed to attract insects and raise fly maggots and other small animals, so as to increase the food source of young frogs. The open-air frog circle has more natural enemies, we should often check the integrity of the defense facilities, especially the fence and netting shed with Yuan breakage and holes, and repair immediately after discovery to prevent the young frogs from escaping and natural enemies