At present, there are countless gourmet restaurants, concentrated in the vicinity of Huaidi on both sides of Sports Street.
Yuhua district celebrity
Name: Zhang Xiangtong
Birth and death:1907165438+1October 27th to 2007165438+1October 4th.
Description: A famous neurophysiologist, one of the founders of neuroscience in New China. Internationally recognized as one of the pioneers in the study of dendritic physiological function, and one of the main academic leaders in the study of acupuncture anesthesia mechanism in China.
Native place: Ma Xiao Village, Zhengding County, Hebei Province, Ma Xiao Village, Yuhua District.
Special contribution: According to the analysis of visual cortical evoked potentials, the trichromatic conduction theory of visual pathway was put forward, and the phenomenon of "light enhancement" was discovered, which was named "tension effect" by the world physiological circles.
[Edit this paragraph] Zhang Xiangtong-Personal profile
China neurophysiologist. Academician of China Academy of Sciences. 1907165438+1was born in Zhengding county, Hebei province on October 27th. 1933 graduated from the Department of Physiology of Peking University, 1943 ~ 1946 graduated from the Department of Physiology of Yale University, USA, with a doctor of philosophy. He has been a lecturer and assistant professor at Yale University School of Medicine in the United States, an associate researcher at Rockefeller Institute of Medicine in new york, a researcher at Shanghai Institute of Physiology of China Academy of Sciences, a researcher and director at Shanghai Institute of Brain Research of China Academy of Sciences, a member of the Central Council of the International Brain Research Organization, a resident scholar at the American Institute of Health in Fogarty, and a foreign honorary academician at the Royal Belgian Academy of Medical Sciences. Firstly, the argument that motor area of cerebral cortex represents muscle is put forward. Based on the analysis of visual cortical evoked potentials, the trichromatic conduction theory of visual pathway was put forward, and the phenomenon of "light enhancement" was discovered, which was named "tension effect" by the world physiological circles. Dendritic potential was first discovered. He is also engaged in the study of acupuncture analgesia mechanism, and thinks that acupuncture analgesia is the result of the interaction of two sensory afferents in the central nervous system. 199 1 was elected honorary member of the World Analgesia Research Association. He has published more than 0/00 books, such as Muscle Characterization of Motor Area of Macaca, Functional Organization of Central Visual Pathway, Repeated Discharge of Circulation Circuit between Cerebral Cortex and Thalamus, Dendritic Neurons of Cerebral Cortex, Neurophysiological Basis of Acupuncture Analgesia, etc.
Party member, an outstanding party member of China * * Production Party, an academician of China Academy of Sciences, a deputy to the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th National People's Congress, an honorary member of Romanian Medical Association, a foreign honorary member of Royal Belgian Academy of Medical Sciences, a member of the Central Council of the International Brain Research Organization, a member of the Neuroscience Expert Advisory Committee of the World Health Organization, an honorary member of Panamanian Anesthesiology Society, a resident scholar of Fogarty of the National Institutes of Health, and a winner of the Lifetime Achievement Award of the International Neural Network Society.
Zhang Xiangtong loves the cause of science, is rigorous in his scholarship, indifferent to fame and fortune, knowledgeable and far-sighted, maintains scientific dignity and opposes unhealthy trends, and has made outstanding contributions to the cause of science education in China.
[Edit this paragraph] Zhang Xiangtong-chronology of major events
165438+9071October 27th was born in a poor peasant family in Ma Xiao Village, Shilipu Township, Zhengding County, Hebei Province.
192 1 Enter a new primary school-Tou Town Primary School in Shilipu Township.
1923 after two years of primary school, he was admitted to the seventh middle school in Zhili Province, Zhengding County, with a schooling of four years.
1927, graduated from middle school and admitted to Peking University Preparatory College, with a schooling of two years.
65438-0929 was promoted to the Department of Psychology of Peking University, with a four-year schooling.
1933 in the summer, I graduated from the psychology department of Peking University and stayed as a teaching assistant.
From 65438 to 0934, he was transferred to the Institute of Psychology of Academia Sinica as an assistant research institute. In the autumn of the same year, I moved to Shanghai with the Institute of Psychology and moved to Nanjing the following year.
1936, the paper was first published, and an auditory reflex of hedgehog was published in China Journal of Physiology (Volume 1936).
1July 7, 937, the anti-Japanese victory broke out. In August, he left Nanjing and moved to Changsha, Guilin, Yangshuo, Danzhou and Liangfeng in the north of Liuzhou to escort equipment. During his exile, he still didn't forget scientific research. The paper "The Descending Path of Hedgehog Submarine" was published in the Special Issue of Physiological Research of Academia Sinica,No. 1937.
194 1 year as an instructor in Anshun Military Medical School.
/kloc-left Chongqing at the end of 0/942 and went to the United States for further study.
On March 24th 1943 arrived at Yale University in New Haven, USA. Since then, Professor Fulton, a famous neurophysiologist and head of the Department of Physiology at Yale University School of Medicine, has started his three-year study life.
1946 received a doctorate from Yale university in the United States, and then entered John F. Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Hobokins University, engaged in postdoctoral research for one year.
From 1947, he was recruited to work in the aviation medical laboratory of Yale University School of Medicine, and served as a teacher and assistant professor until 1952.
1950 discovered the "light enhancement effect", which has been called "tension effect" by international physiologists since 1954.
From 1952 to 1956, he served as an associate researcher at Rockefeller Institute of Medicine in new york, USA.
1956, resolutely returned to China as a researcher and director of the second research office of Shanghai Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry, China Academy of Sciences.
1May, 957, co-elected as an academician of China Academy of Sciences.
1960, go to Romania to attend the physiological conference of that country.
1in the spring of 965, he went to Havana, the capital of Cuba, to attend an international seminar and began to study the mechanism of acupuncture anesthesia.
1977, giving lectures in Japan.
1978, Swedish International Symposium on Affinity, invited as a guest of China to attend the annual scientific meeting of the Royal Swedish Academy.
1979 was awarded the title of "Resident International Scholar" by the National Institute of Health of the US Department of Health Education and Welfare.
1980, go to Boston, USA to receive the ThresholdAward. 1 1, Shanghai Institute of Brain Research, China Academy of Sciences, was established with its first director.
198 1 was awarded the title of "honorary member" by Panamanian Anesthesiology Society.
1982 was awarded the title of "foreign honorary academician" by the Royal Belgian Academy of Medical Sciences.
1984, honorary director of Shanghai Institute of Brain Research, China Academy of Sciences.
1987 was invited to Washington, USA to attend the centennial activities of the National Institutes of Health of the US Department of Health Education and Welfare.
In the Encyclopedia of Neuroscience published in the United States in 1989, he was listed as one of the "people who contributed to the progress of neuroscience from 300 BC to 1950", and his two research achievements were included in this "introduction": first, his work on "the characterization of muscle parts in monkey motor cortex"; Secondly, Zhang Xiang, together with the famous neurophysiologist D.P.C.Lloyd, studied the fiber composition of cats' hind limbs penetrating into muscles and nerves.
[Edit this paragraph] Zhang Xiangtong-personal honor
1980, Schleswig Prize;
1992, Lifetime Achievement Award awarded by International Neural Network Society;
In 2000, Li Science and Technology Progress Award;
Chen Jiageng "Life Science Award".
He has served as an advisory editor of the Journal of Neurophysiology (published in the United States), the International Journal of Neuropharmacology and the International Journal of Brain Research. He was elected honorary member of Romanian Medical Association, foreign honorary academician of Royal Belgian Academy of Medical Sciences, member of the Central Council of International Brain Research Organization, member of the World Health Organization Neuroscience Expert Advisory Committee, honorary member of Panamanian Anesthesiology Society, and Fogarty resident scholar of National Institutes of Health.
[Edit this paragraph] Zhang Xiangtong-Legendary Life
14 year old students
Zhang Xiang was originally the child of a farmer in Hebei Province. His family is poor, and he has never been to school. /kloc-at the age of 0/4, his beloved mother died unfortunately, which made him very sad. That year, with the advice of the private school teacher and the support of his uncles, he finally entered Qiaotou Town Primary School. In just two years, he finished primary school and got a primary school diploma, becoming the number one news figure in Ma Xiao Village. Without telling his father, he enrolled in Zhili No.7 Middle School in Zhengding County. Two days after the exam, he couldn't afford to stay in the county inn, so he found a shed to sleep in the street, relying on tortillas baked at home and well water from a small well next to the street to satisfy his hunger. After the exam, he still went back to the village to help his father until the day when the list was released. Zhang Xiangtong, who secretly came to see the list, was naturally happy to see that he was on the list, but he never imagined that his father would continue to let him go to school. Still under the persuasion of uncles and primary school class teachers, my father finally got enough money, and Zhang Xiangtong finally realized his wish and stepped into the middle school door that he longed for day and night.
Poor children can go to school and naturally cherish such opportunities. In Provincial No.7 Middle School, Zhang Xiangtong is famous for his hard work, and his grades in all subjects are naturally among the best in his class. His popularity is also very good. At school, teachers and classmates like him.
Unexpectedly, Zhang Xiangtong never imagined that when he was in the third grade of middle school, his home caught fire and almost all the rooms where the whole family lived were burned down. Zhang Xiangtong, who heard the news, rushed back to the village. Facing the bleak scene in front of him and the sadness of his father and uncles, he vaguely felt that his dream of studying had come to an end. Without saying anything, he went back to school to pack his bags and prepare to quit school.
"Xiang tong, don't drop out of school. We will all help you find a way. " The students are very enthusiastic and loyal. A few days later, classmate Liang Xiao kept his promise and ran to Zhang Xiangtong to report the good news.
"There is a good idea. My uncle's family needs some cousins' tutors. I told him that if you study well, be a tutor! " Liang Xiao's uncle is an official in Baoding. Needless to say, his family is very rich.
Zhang Xiangtong looked at the enthusiastic Liang Xiao, and he really thanked these good classmates. He thought about it, blushed and said, "I am a good tutor, but I want to wait until I graduate from middle school." If possible, can you lend me 200 dollars to tide me over? "
He really feels uncertain. Unexpectedly, after consulting with his uncle, Liang Xiao agreed to this condition and sent it to 200 yuan Ocean. Of these 200 pieces of ocean, half of Zhang Xiang GM insisted on graduating from middle school, and the other half was sent to Ma Xiao Village to help his father and uncles tide over the famine.
When he graduated from high school, Zhang Xiangtong was faced with a difficult problem, whether to continue his college studies or to fulfill his promise to be a tutor at the home of the Yugoslav defense commander. He consulted several friends, and everyone came up with a wonderful solution: being a tutor is for human personality; College exams are for a person's future. As a result, Zhang Xiang informed that he had been admitted to the Peking University Preparatory College, where the tuition was relatively cheap, and passed the exam smoothly and was admitted to Peking University.
But he didn't go to Peking University for preparatory courses, but stayed in Zhengding as a tutor and asked his classmates to report to Peking University on his behalf. Therefore, when he was a teacher in Zhengding, he actively taught himself pre-university courses. When the term exam drew near, his classmates sent papers from Beijing. When he finished, he sent them back to school. This is Zhang Xiangtong's two-pronged strategy of keeping promises and learning. Whether it is bitter or sweet or sour, Zhang Xiangtong knows it in his heart.
After studying in Peking University for two years, Zhang Xiangtong was a student who didn't attend classes for one and a half years. Until the last six months, he was disqualified from being promoted to undergraduate course by the school for fear that this matter would be discovered. He asked a friend to help him substitute for the class and officially went to Beijing to study.
Insist on scientific research in difficult times
1On July 7, 937, the Japanese army created the Lugouqiao Incident, and War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression broke out in an all-round way. In the same year, the "August 13th Incident" in Shanghai, Shanghai fell soon, and Nanjing was in a hurry. Zhang Xiang, who is working in the Neuroanatomy Laboratory of the Institute of Psychology, Academia Sinica, and another young researcher volunteered to transport the books and instruments in the institute to the mainland. One night, Japanese planes attacked Nanjing. In that air raid, a corner of the institute was hit by a bomb, and Zhang Xiangtong's whole body was buried in the collapsed ruins. Fortunately, he was unscathed. His only loss is a pair of glasses sucked away by the shock wave, and his whereabouts are unknown.
When Zhang Xiang fled with books and instruments from Academia Sinica, he finally caught his breath. After the first trip from Nanjing to Yangshuo, they stayed for several months. The second time was from Guilin via Liuzhou to Danzhou, Sanjiangkou, Guangxi, where I stayed for half a year. The third time was from Danzhou to Liangfeng.
Liujiang is a beautiful river in Guangxi, and Danzhou is an island in the upper reaches of Liujiang. This is a veritable island, where dozens of families live. The local folk customs are simple and beautiful. If it weren't for the war, it would really be a good place to study and study. Zhang Xiang lives in the deserted ruined temple on that island, guarding books and instruments that are more precious than life.
When he realized that he would live in this small island and this ruined temple for some time, he thought of the research interrupted by the war. Fortunately, he took a microscope with him and sliced the brain tissue of some commonly used experimental animals, because he had long thought that the war would not be short-term. If conditions permit, he could take time to do some observation and research during the flight, at least not to waste his knowledge and business. So, in a corner of the ruined temple hall, Zhang Xiangtong set up a square table. He arranged the microscope and brain slices on the table and began his research work with no distractions.
In that half year, on that small island and in that ruined temple, Zhang Xiangtong completed the histological observation of the brain stem nucleus of hedgehog, drew more than 40 photos related to it, and completed the monograph on this observation and research. Most importantly, during that time, he made a comprehensive and in-depth study of neuroanatomy, and devoted himself to conquering this subject that has always been considered boring by people. Since then, he has been able to do it. He is familiar with the relationship between every nerve structure and its surrounding tissues, as if he had lived nearby since he was a child.
By chance, Zhang Xiangtong bought pangolin in the market. He used local materials to study the brain structure of this toothless animal, which has a very special nervous system. In the process of studying the external morphology and tissue section of pangolin's brain, he made a new discovery: the original pyramid bundle of pangolin crossed at a higher level than other animals, and it obviously appeared on the ventral surface of medulla oblongata, which was visible to the naked eye! This is a phenomenon that no animal has. This is a phenomenon that has never been described before.
Late bloomer: studying in the United States at the age of 36
From 65438 to 0942, Zhang Xiangtong taught in Guiyang Anshun Military Medical School. One day, he read a John? Fulton wrote Neurophysiology, which is of great benefit. At a later party, he expressed his desire to study in Fulton's laboratory and didn't want to be laughed at by his colleagues. Some people ridiculed him as an "idiot", and some even ridiculed him unabashedly: "If a poor man like you can go to the United States to study, the sun will definitely rise in the west." Zhang Xiang held her breath and summoned up her courage to write a letter of recommendation to the famous neurophysiologist Fulton. In fact, he didn't hold out much hope himself. Soon after the letter was sent, he forgot about it.
Three months later, he suddenly received a telegram from abroad. At first, he was really puzzled. He is the son of a farmer. Where did he get his overseas relatives and friends? He thought the postman had made a mistake, so he returned it to the postman on the spot without opening it. "Please give it to Professor Zhang of the Department of Pharmacy. He has many overseas relations. " An hour later, the postman turned a corner and returned to him.
"Professor Zhang said that this telegram must be for you."
This time, he became serious. While unpacking the telegram, he tried his best to search in the memory.
The content of the telegram is very simple, with only three English words: "YesLetterFollows" (meaning: Yes, see the rest. )
At this moment, he finally remembered that three months ago, he wrote a letter to Professor felton in a rage. It seems that the sun is really going to rise in the west.
After receiving the telegram, he began to really pay attention to his studies. He looked forward to it day and night, and it was no longer the result of idiotic dreams.
Another month passed, and his long-awaited reply finally came. Traditionally, this letter was written by Francis, Dean of Yale University School of Medicine. Black signed it. The content of the letter is to welcome Zhang Xiangtong's application, allow him to be a visiting scholar in the Department of Physiology of the school, and promise to apply for a scholarship for him, which is enough to maintain all his living expenses during his work in the United States, and his travel expenses will be paid by him.
After selling clothes and books, finally, even a rare book named sTextbookofPhysiology by Schaff was sold, and Zhang Xiangtong finally made up the travel expenses to the United States. Then, he rushed to Chongqing, the wartime capital, knocked on countless yamen and filled out countless forms, relying on Francis, dean of Yale University School of Medicine? The telegram and letter signed by Blake finally completed the formalities of going abroad within half a year.
1943 on the eve of new year's day, westerners attach the most importance to the day of family reunion. On a military transport plane from Chongqing to Kolkata, India, the only passenger came in. He is Zhang Xiangtong who went to Yale University in the United States for further study.
From 65438 to 0946, 40-year-old Zhang Xiangtong received a doctorate from Yale University with excellent results. Since then, his contribution to the study of cerebral cortex has become more and more remarkable. There are two kinds of fibers in nerve cells: axons and dendrites. The function of axons to transmit nerve impulses is well known, but the function of dendrites was not known until 1950s. Zhang Xiang used the advanced technology at that time to record the unit potential of cerebral cortex and began to study the function of dendrites. He is considered as a pioneer in studying the dendritic function of cerebral cortex. Many years later, this famous brain scientist was praised as "one of the leading figures in the field of neurophysiology" by international colleagues for his outstanding research results, and was awarded the 65438-0992 Lifetime Achievement Award by the International Neural Network Society. He has never forgotten Professor Fulton's consistent care and teaching.
Professor Fulton and his wife have no children. They care and take care of Zhang Xiangtong like their own children. Zhang Xiangtong studied and worked in Yale University for more than ten years, and spent almost every Christmas at Professor Fulton's house.
Fulton, a neurophysiologist, died in 1960.
1980 On July 5th, Zhang Xiangtong went to Boston, USA to attend the 1980 award ceremony held by the Schleswig Foundation for four international scientists including him. Through the careful arrangement of the foundation, he was able to reunite with his wife, Mrs. Fulton, at the award ceremony. After more than 20 years, the first thing Mrs Fulton saw him was:
"I am very happy to see a chicken feather stuck in your hat again!" Indian custom: whenever a person makes an important contribution to his tribe, the chief will personally put a chicken feather in his hat to show his approval. )
Yufeng guiguo road
Zhang Xiangtong's home is in the compound of Shanghai Institute of Life Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences. In the red exterior wall, it is difficult to hide the book in simplicity. There is a treasure in the corner of the dining room-a big wooden box with iron sheets at the four corners. Seemingly insignificant, he and Zhang Xiangtong came to China from the other side of the ocean. This is used by Professor Buchta, Zhang Xiangtong's good friend, to decorate his clothes and make room for him to install instruments. In those risky years, Zhang Xiangtong brought back six boxes of instruments from America, but he didn't bring back his savings, clothes and books.
1 949 65438+1October1,New China was founded. Zhang Xiangtong, who is far away in New Haven, USA, learned the good news and frequently wrote letters to relatives and friends at home to express his yearning for the motherland. In a letter to a friend, he wrote: "I am very excited to hear about the new atmosphere in China after liberation. I can't wait to jump back and participate in this new founding movement ... I am eager to serve the motherland! "
During the period of 1950, due to well-known reasons, the US government imposed a blockade policy on China, and many China scientists, including Zhang Xiangtong, tried to return home through the US government. Zhang Xiangtong waited for five years!
1In July, 955, Zhang Xiangtong got an opportunity to give lectures in Northern Europe, and a plan began to brew in his mind: to return to the motherland via Northern Europe. He told the plan to Professor Fulton whom he trusted. Fulton stared at the simple and honest student in front of him and said very sincerely, "Xiang, you should go back to serve the motherland!" "
Zhang Xiangtong also told his plan to the landlord Hughes and his wife. The kind American seems to be reluctant to part with them. They kept the China tenant who had been with them for many years: "Isn't it nice here? The scientific research conditions here are good and the life is stable and comfortable, so don't go back! "
They are telling the truth, but they still can't keep Zhang Xiangtong. Zhang Xiangtong always remembers a sentence said by psychologist Pavlov: "No matter what I am doing, I have been thinking that as long as my energy allows, I will serve my country first."
1956, Zhang Xiangtong arrived in Belgium, where he will attend an international conference on physiology. Naturally, he had made all the preparations for returning to China. Before leaving the United States, in order to avoid arousing the suspicion of the American government, when Zhang Xiangtong left for Belgium, all his savings, furniture and books in the United States were untouched, except some changed clothes and a set of electronic instruments for experiments. This is a bit confusing.
After the International Conference on Physiology in Belgium, Zhang Xiangtong continued to give lectures in Nordic countries, seeking ways to return to China. In autumn, melons are ripe. After unremitting efforts and with the enthusiastic help of some friends in Europe, Zhang Xiangtong finally returned to Beijing via Helsinki, Finland, Eastern Europe and Moscow.
The motherland and the people gave a warm welcome to the wanderer who returned from thousands of difficulties. No sooner had Zhang Xiangtong returned to Beijing than Guo Moruo, then president of China Academy of Sciences, hosted a family dinner for him. Subsequently, Vice Premier Chen Yi met with him on behalf of Premier Zhou. The care of the party and the government, like a spring breeze, warms the heart of this wanderer who has been away from home for a long time.
Yes, in his own country, Zhang Xiangtong feels the same warmth as spring everywhere. Soon, with the support from all sides, Zhang Xiangtong established the Central Nervous System Physiology Laboratory in Shanghai Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry, China Academy of Sciences, which is also the first brain laboratory in New China. Six years later, 1962, led by Zhang Xiangtong, established the nerve tissue culture laboratory. In this laboratory, a single neuron in the human cerebral cortex has been successfully cultured.