A bit messy
Origin and development of eyeglasses
In the middle of the 13th century, Bacon, an English scholar, saw that many people couldn't read the words on the books because of their poor eyesight, and wanted to invent a tool to help people improve their eyesight. To this end, he thought of many ways and did many tests, but none of them were successful.
One day after the rain, Bacon came to the garden for a walk, saw the spider's web stained with a lot of raindrops, he found that through the raindrops to look at the leaves, leaf veins enlarged a lot, and even the fine hairs on the leaves can be seen. He was overjoyed to see this phenomenon.
Bacon immediately ran home, rummaged through a box, and found a glass ball. But through the glass ball, the text on the book was still blurry. He also found a piece of diamond with a hammer, cut out a piece of glass, take this piece of glass close to the book to see, the text really enlarged. The test was successful, Bacon was ecstatic. Later he found a piece of wood, dug out a round hole, the glass ball piece mounted on, and then installed a handle, easy to hold, so people read and write much more convenient.
These lenses were later improved and became the glasses that people wear now. Light correction of vision with young people with myopic lenses and the elderly wear presbyopia, and other various purposes of the glasses, people study, work is more convenient. Bacon has contributed to the progress of human civilization.
China's eyeglasses, with a long history, Chinese and foreign historical records have recorded the earliest origin of eyeglasses in China, is our country's ancient culture, medical treatment, the heritage of technology. Its development and changes have gone through thousands of years of history.
We say that eyeglasses were introduced from China to foreign countries, and it is well documented that they were introduced at the end of the 13th century. In Western countries, the first appearance of glasses is exactly in the late 13th century. At that time there was an Italian, named Marco Polo (Marco Pol6), he had been living in a small country for seventeen years, for the Yuan dynasty court office, running all over China, when he saw the Yuan dynasty court people wear glasses, in which he was very interested in his return to his country on the glasses to the West, so the earliest manufacture of eyeglasses in the West, the hometown of Marco Polo date Venice. In addition, in Marco Polo's travels also contains accounts of elderly people wearing glasses to read novels and small print.
The most primitive eyeglasses are originated from the lens (magnifying glass), its manufacture, application and the emergence of optical lenses are closely related. According to legend, the initial discovery of glasses can make the object like the principle of optical refraction of magnification is in daily life by chance. At that time, someone saw a drop of rosin resin crystals happen to have a mosquito was caught in which, through the rosin crystal ball, see this mosquito body size is very large, which inspired people to the role of optical refraction of the understanding, and then the use of natural crystals faceted into a convex lens to magnify the tiny objects, used to seek solutions to the difficulties of people's eyesight. This is China's eyeglasses of the dimensional shape of the period.
According to "The World's Best": "It was in 2283 BC that the Chinese emperor observed the stars through a lens meter. Eyeglasses were transmitted from China to foreign countries. According to Confucius (551?79 B.C.), people in China wore eyeglasses made of crystals and other transparent minerals to heal their eyes or shield them from the sun.
Preliminary evidence: the history of lenses and eyeglasses, China as early as the Warring States period (2,300 years ago), Mozi l 5 volumes, which contains Mozi a lot of light and on the flat and mirrors, convex mirrors, concave mirrors of the exposition. Three concave century B.C. China's ancient people through the lens to get fire. Zhang Heng in the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty discovered the moon's waxing and waning and the initial causes of lunar and solar eclipses, also with the help of lenses.
Toward the end of the thirteenth century A.D., eyeglasses appeared almost simultaneously in China and Europe. Marco Polo wrote in 1260: "Old Chinese men wear spectacles in order to read clearly." This proves that, at least before this time, the Chinese knew about spectacles and made them practical. Records from the fourteenth century A.D. say that some Chinese gentlemen were willing to trade a good horse for a pair of eyeglasses. At that time, the lenses of the spectacles were mostly made of crystal stone, rose quartz or topaz, oval in shape, and rimmed with tortoiseshell. The method of wearing glasses is also quite peculiar, with all sorts of things fixed; there is a bronze frame, set on the temples; there are fine rope wrapped around the two ears, or simply fixed in the hat. Occasionally, there are also people with a thin rope attached to a piece of decorative small ornaments, across the two ears, hanging on both shoulders. Because the raw materials for eyeglasses were not easy to process, people at that time wore eyeglasses not so much to protect their eyesight as to show off their status as an ornament.
The truly credible person who introduced eyeglasses from China to Europe was an Italian physicist in the thirteenth century. But it took almost a century before eyeglasses were commonly used there.
During this time they struggled with a dilemma: how to wear glasses comfortably and for a long time? Beginning is such as today's magnifying glass things, with transparent crystal stone, emerald, amethyst and other minerals ground into a lens to make the frame, installed on the handle, or in the cane, and later is tied to the chest with a rope, and gradually developed into a long handle glasses, and later appeared in the long handle bifocals and pinch nose glasses. Clip nose glasses are especially suitable for the Romans and the British with high noses. The great writer Voltaire celebrated in his works: "Everything exists for a purpose, and everything is indispensable to that purpose. Look at the nose that was made for eyeglasses! Because of it, we have eyeglasses."
If you were born with a small, straight nose, wearing glasses wasn't so easy. It wasn't until the sixteenth century, when the Spanish tried to solve the problem by tying ribbons around the outside of the frames and then securely over the ears. It wasn't until 1730 that an Englishman discovered spectacles that adjusted to the size of a person's head and soon evolved into a double-hook-over-the-ear style that the French called "temple glasses" and gleefully proclaimed would allow a person to breathe freely.
But this joy did not mean that the French could wear glasses everywhere, at the time the French were quite hesitant to wear glasses. Parisian aristocrats with bad eyes only used glasses in private, and when they had to take them out in public, they could only take a quick glance and put them away.
The first introduction of eyeglasses to England was even more ludicrous. The English scholars, both scornful and fearful, refused to accept them. Priests railed that "to attempt to restore failing eyesight with spectacles is a malicious provocation to a merciful God." But the reputation of eyeglasses did not diminish, thanks perhaps to a cartoonist, William Hogarth Pantelum. This poor old Italian humorist used to draw eyeglasses in his satirical drawings in order to attack them. And, in fact, it backfired and the glasses became even more popular.
In Spain, however, the opposite was true, and in 1612 a Milanese man wrote in a book that spectacles were "welcome by all classes of people in Spain because they think they make them look more imperturbable and important". A few years after the book was published, a French noblewoman visiting Madrid wrote: "In Spain, when someone's wealth increases, he increases his glasses."
It wasn't until Benjamin Franklin invented the bifocal eyeglasses in the United States in 1784 that the reputation of eyeglasses was enhanced. As for the invisible spectacles, they were made by the Germans in 1887.
Eyeglasses have become one of the necessities of life today. Both the types of lenses and the styles of frames have developed greatly. Today's young people to wear steel frame "grandmother's glasses" for chic. There are also people who specialize in researching what kind of glasses are most appropriate for what kind of people. Eyewear and beauty are linked.
The anecdotal evidence of eyeglasses, sigh of human wisdom, there is a need for a painful, there is a solution to the art, from the true and beautiful, and constantly evolve to achieve the best.
China's oldest eyeglasses are water or transparent minerals made of round monocular mirror (that is, now magnifying glass), legend has it that the store generation of the great literati Zhu Zhishan had used such glasses, in the Song Dynasty, there are people who use the crystal mirror to cover the sun to improve their eyesight.
The Ming Dynasty until now has been called "glasses".
In the Yuan Dynasty of the 13th century, China was able to utilize the refractive index of crystals to make eyeglasses to help solve the difficulty of insufficient vision, but not many people wore eyeglasses at that time. Xuande years of the Ming Dynasty [14!6 a.d. 1435 years), began to have a "single light" mirror (similar to the current magnifying glass) in view of the processing technology at that time, only presbyopia, and is limited to the circulation of the court, the emperor is often given to the elderly ministers as a royal gift to correct the defects of visual acuity presbyopia. After this, eyeglasses have entered the life of mankind. Later, in order to facilitate the use of some of the lenses sewn on the hat, some mounted in the iron ring.
The sixteenth century began to appear in the bridge of the nose on the double lens, in the frame at both ends of the line on the line hanging in the ear. After the production of spectacle frames continue to improve, gradually from complex and simple, out of the rough to exquisite. Frames have paper rings, lacquer leather, lunch angle, tortoiseshell, copper ring and so on.
These different frames until the late Qing Dynasty, began to use the foot instead of the mirror, which is both beautiful and convenient, so that appeared to wear eyeglasses (glasses) for the fashionable tide. Qing dynasty Qianlong, Li Xingnan's "in the river bamboo stick words" scarf has "young people do not exhaust the state of the wind, Li Cong oblique peep red powder makeup" sentence, is that the people in the south of the Yangtze River to wear glasses for the fashionable, but also in the wedding ceremony, the bride on the tinted glasses to cover the shyness of the face.
China's limited mirror material and the evolution of the form, is with the progress of the times and industrial, handicraft production development and change. From the evolution of the form of glasses and frames (frame), the oldest glasses in our country only a lens, without rim, hand-held use. Later, in order to hand-held convenience, the lens with wood (after the metal) for the frame, fixed in a single-handled frame, still hand-held use (such as today's single-handled magnifying glass.). To the time of the Ming Dynasty, the small country of Gusu (now Suzhou) above the mountain area, made of crystal lenses, is mounted on a single handle on the copper frame, called the single fear of glasses. Suzhou is our country's crystal glasses production of the place of prosperity, passed down through the ages, sold throughout the country, and overseas.
With the progress and development of the times, due to the use of single-handled glasses is not convenient, the beginning of the two single mirror through the pin or riveted together, such as Figure 1 in the rotating axis can be up and down the split, with a rope hanging in the head or hat, but also the use of pressure to clip it on the bridge of the nose to use. The oldest frame (frame) is made of wood, paper, animal horn, leather and tortoiseshell and other materials, and then successively developed to the use of gold materials such as; copper, iron, gold, silver and modern alloys, gold-plated, gold-encrusted, K gold, stainless steel and plastic materials. The shape of the early glasses are round or oval, some only rim without footwear; some have legs are not like the modern style of glasses.
For example: the footless frame is folded: (i.e., with a silk rope over the ear to use) the legs of the footed frame is also folded: its mirror box are papier-maché, after the paint is also very sophisticated. Can be hung on the belt as a decoration, its style has a round, oval two kinds. (Such as Figure 1 date 2) In addition, there are glasses supporting the mirror set, mirror bag, mainly for the protection of glasses and easy to carry role.
The formation and development of China's eyeglasses industry can be roughly divided into three stages of historical development.
The formation of the industry club in the Ming and Qing dynasties
In the history of China (about 14th and 17th centuries), with the development of individual handicrafts, spectacles material from natural crystal stone to the use of glass after the development of the use of spectacles began to promote the use of the scope of the private sector and to expand, the production of technology has also been a new development.
Chinese Gusu (Suzhou) is the birthplace of China's eyeglasses, the production of eyeglasses in Suzhou not only has a long history, but also the development of China's eyeglasses industry has played a great role in promoting. In the early years of the Ming Dynasty (AD 1628＞, Suzhou glasses history mountain now an outstanding skill marshal, named Sun Yunqiu, the word Wenyu, and the word Sibin, originally from Wujiang. He was diligent and studious since he was a child, and at that time he saw that people with poor eyesight suffered a lot, but it was inconvenient to use "single-photograph" mirrors and the like. So he eliminated the heart to develop a kind of lens which can be often set on the eyes. After repeated trials, he invented and created a lens grinding machine by utilizing the mechanical principle - the pulling trolley. This draft car, is the so-called classical method of processing the water orange, is a foot pedal rotation, the use of ore sand, white clay, brick ash, etc. as abrasive or polishing materials, grinding the lens into a convex-concave lens to adapt to the eye refractive needs, and finally finally mastered the "grinding" technology. He finally mastered the technique of "grinding lenses" by grinding lenses with natural crystal stones. At the same time, he also mastered the technology of "light"
now called optometry), according to the age of people and different visual acuity developed presbyopia, myopia, hyperopia and other varieties as well as a variety of luminous lenses, and compiled a set of "with the eyes to the mirror" of the original optometry method! The Used to check the eyes with the border. This can be with the eyes with the glasses, the effect is not bad, wear on the face is also more convenient and comfortable to adapt to the needs of the vision of each person, which is the beginning of our country's main sense of optometry with the realm.
Later. Sun Yunqiu invented and developed different uses of optical lenses, there are hundreds of mirrors, mandarin ducks mirror, magnifying mirror, multi-faceted mirror, phantom mirror, dozens of kinds of mirrors. From then on, Sun Yunqiu manufactured glasses famous all over the world. Unfortunately, such an accomplished technical talent died of illness at the age of 33. But he left a scientific and technological work named n4 "Mirror History". To promote the later generations of eyeglasses manufacturing technology, plays an inestimable role.
Following Sun Yun-ball to the Qing Dynasty, Qianlong, Jiaqing years, Suzhou and a manufacturing glasses talent, named Chu Sanshan. He further developed the technology of manufacturing eyeglasses, quite influential.
Because of Sun Yunqiu and Chu Sanshan, two outstanding technical talents in the manufacture of eyeglasses, thus promoting the formation and development of the eyeglasses industry in Suzhou at that time. In 1735, there was already a handmade workshop specializing in the production of spectacles in Suzhou.
By the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, the production and sale of eyeglasses had flourished in Beijing, Shanghai, Suzhou, Tianjin, Guangzhou and other places. Glasses have become a specialized commodity.
2. The smooth rise of the spectacles industry in the late Qing Dynasty
Since the Opium War in I 840, the Western technology of prescription glasses was introduced to our country, which opened up a new way for the stubbornness of the spectacles industry. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the first Englishman John Goddard (J. hnGoddard), opened the "Goddard foreign firm" in Shanghai, specializing in machine grinding and inspection glasses. After that, other foreigners followed. Such as TobiM (TobiM) opened the "Mingjing foreign bank", British Jews Lei Maodun (Ram5 than n) opened the "Lei Maodun foreign bank" and so on.
After that, in 19th year, the Chinese once opened "China Lean Optical Company" in "Gould's Foreign Bank" with fund raising. As a result of the opening of the Lean Optical Company, China's optical industry has a new development. Especially in the optometry, there was a great reform:
①The old store was abolished and the optometry technology of combining subject and object was adopted.
9 eliminated the method of making lenses by purely manual operation, set up mechanical grinding and processing equipment, and developed the grinding technology, which not only could grind all kinds of lenses with different properties and specifications, but also began to make all kinds of frames (shelves) under its own supervision.
3 In the inspection, grinding, cutting, mounting, correcting, making and other technologies, as a result of the use of some foreign new technology and equipment, and thus trained a generation of professionals making glasses, for China's eyeglasses industry will soon form a new technical team, laying a solid foundation.
Because the glasses produced by Lean Optical Company were adapted to the needs of our people and sold at a price lower than that of the foreign goods, it soon occupied the market in the country and opened branches all over the country. By the time of the First World War, Lean Optical Company had opened branches in Beijing, Hong Kong, Tianjin, Jinan, Shenyang, Dalian, Harbin, Nanjing, Wuxi, Suzhou, Hangzhou, Yangzhou, Hankou, Changsha, Nanchang, Kaifeng, Guangzhou, Chongqing and other eighteen places.
Before the war, the Lean Eye Basket Company's products, but also won awards at the Panama Universal Exposition. In 1919. Mr. Sun Yat-sen visited the Guangzhou branch of Lean Optical Basket Company and wrote an inscription: "Striving for excellence".
Before and after 1935. In addition to Lean Optical Company, several large professional optical companies were opened in Shangmei, including "Maochang Optical Company, Wu Liangcai Optical Company" and so on. These professional glasses are equipped with advanced optometry equipment and lens processing grinding, cutting edge special machines.
At the same time, the eyeglasses industry in Beijing also developed greatly. Beijing has opened the Shenchang Watch and Eyeglasses Company, the Da Ming Eyewear Company (the first one in the world), the second one in the world. Da Ming Optical Company (founded in 1937) and so on, all of which had lens processing workshop in front of and behind the store respectively. At the same time, the original old-fashioned production mode of cottage industry workshops, but also with the development of more and more, and constantly innovate their production techniques, the use of some foreign imported materials, so that the old-style glasses in the form of trying to update. From then on. Beijing's eyeglasses industry is more prosperous and developed, and then set up the eyeglasses trade unions. Coordination of the whole industry **** with the matter. This is the general formation process of the spectacle industry in Beijing in old China.
3. Changes and leaps in the eyeglasses industry after the establishment of New China
Old China. The development of the spectacles industry, although the initial scale, and there are industry clubs or industry associations and other industrial organizations, but in its production and distribution are private stores and family workshops, most of its products are decorative for the ruling class, production is not much, expensive, and therefore the development of slow invasion. Especially the production industry. Until the eve of liberation, the national production of eyeglasses manufacturers are only a few, are a family, production workers more than ten JL individuals, less than one or two people, and the production process is very backward, poor product quality, monotonous varieties, decades of consistency.
After the founding of New China, under the guidance of the Party's correct line, the production of glasses began to be handmade by small family workshops, and gradually to the organization of cooperative production of small enterprises. For example, in Beijing, there were not many eyeglasses industry and commerce before cooperativization and public-private partnership.
Industry has nearly one hundred small workshops, employing about 270 people; business *** there are 39 specialized and part-time stores, employing less than 300 people, of which there are only ten (i.e.: Jingyi, Daiming, Dongfang, Jingming, Changming, Siming, Baolong, Liu Mingzhai, Sun Yimliangchangjie)
has a production workshop in the front and a production factory behind the store, and the spectacle lenses processing workshop attached to the ophthalmology department of the Tongren Hospital, and *** there are 46 production workers. , *** There are 46 production workers.
With the rapid development of China's economic construction, the eyeglasses industry has also been vigorously developed. In terms of industry, Beijing, Shanghai, Suzhou and other major places of origin have a certain scale of production base for eyeglasses. For example, Shanghai Optical Factory No.1, Shanghai Optical Factory No.2, Beijing Optical Factory, Beijing 608 Factory, Beijing 603 Factory, Suzhou Optical Factory and so on have become the large-scale backbone of China's eyeglasses industry, and their scales are all nearly 1,000 national medium-sized enterprises. The quantity, quality and supporting capacity of its members are the first in the country, and some of its products are municipal or national high-quality products, and some of its famous brand products have been exported for many years. Marketing nationwide, famous at home and abroad.
In addition, some defense industry enterprises, instrumentation industry also has some enterprises turn to the glasses industry production and processing, commercial service sector also continue to expand or increase sales outlets and add optometry L equipment, instruments. Some cities also attach great importance to theoretical education. For example, Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Tianjin, Chongqing, etc. also set up a short training course for spectacles technology and professional technical schools for the spectacles industry to cultivate a large number of professional and technical personnel.
April 1985, the Ministry of Light Industry, led by the advocacy of the National Optical Industry in Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu Province, held a national eyeglasses industry, "China Optical Association" Founding Conference. To the meeting of the collective member enterprises *** there are 140 pro-enterprises, of which there are 85 large-scale backbone enterprises, respectively under the Ministry of Light Industry, the Ministry of Commerce, the Ministry of Machinery Industry, the Ministry of Weapons Industry, the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Fisheries, the Ministry of Health and the State Science and Technology Commission; respectively, in 14 provinces, municipalities, autonomous regions and other 31 cities; *** there are 27,237 employees. Among them, the technical staff l 393 people: more than 500 people in 15 units, 200 a 500 people in 29 units, less than 200 people in 41 units o by the nature of the economy: 15 universal enterprises, 49 collective enterprises, township and village enterprises Io, a number of Sino-foreign joint ventures. These 85 units *** have net fixed assets of 145.22 million yuan, the 1984 annual production capacity of: 20.18 million pairs of mirror frames, (of which 5.9 million pairs of metal frames). Lenses 16.09 million pairs, 16.94 million pairs of blanks; total output value of 140 million yuan, total sales I.9 billion yuan. The total profit is 34.49 million yuan, and the annual export of frames and lenses is 1.5 million pairs, and the exchange rate is 750,000 dollars. Spectacles Association was established more than a year after nearly a hundred factories, business applications to join the Association, to the end of 1986 has developed to 240 collective member enterprises, **** more than 30,000 employees
China's spectacle industry development, after thousands of years of development and change. So far, it has formed a large industry with a certain scale and a certain supporting production capacity, which has become an indispensable part of the whole national economy and has made due contribution to the country and the people.
The nature and role of eyeglasses
1. What are eyeglasses
The so-called eyeglasses, which is worn on the forehead of the human head on the eyes, used to beautify the shape of the face, correct eyesight, protect the eyes of a tool. Eyeglasses are composed of lenses, frames (i.e., rims, legs) (contact lenses out). No frame is called a piece, no piece is called a frame. Its shape and the rim, legs change with the times and the invention and discovery of new materials, new techniques, and has the symbol of the art work of the times.
2. The nature and role of the glasses
Glasses that is to keep control of the eye necessities, but also a kind of cosmetic decorations. From the function of the lens, it has the function of regulating the amount of light into the eyes, increasing visual acuity, protecting the safety of the eyes and clinical treatment of eye diseases, the refractive anomalies caused by strabismus and refractive anomalies accompanied by headaches in children, with glasses can be treated. The function of spectacle frames, in addition to its matching for the lenses constitute the spectacles worn on the human eye to play a stent role, it also has beauty, decorative. Modern populists emphasize that eyeglasses should be in harmony with the facial make-up and dress of the people of the times, responding to the symbols of high social class, elegant learning, fashion and so on. Therefore, the previous summary of the historical status and role of eyeglasses is: "Today, eyeglasses protect the window of the spirit, correcting the eyesight for the benefit of the people". It basically summarizes the nature and role of eyeglasses.
The so-called protection of the "window of the soul" is based on the foreign eyeglasses and ophthalmology experts, scholars on the status and role of the eyes in all organs of the human body in the evaluation of the date of the "window of the soul" and put forward. Therefore, it is said that the glasses is to protect the "window of the soul" of the work A tool.
With the rapid development of social technology, with people's culture, living standards continue to improve, vision care work, glasses in the field of people's lives will play an important role
.