Section 1: Self-rescuers and refuge
I. Self-rescuers and how to use them:
The Regulations state that people entering a mine must wear a helmet and carry a self-rescuer with them.
Self-rescuer is a kind of personal respiratory protection device. When fire, explosion, coal and gas protrusion and other accidents occur underground, the underground personnel wearing self-rescuer can effectively prevent poisoning or asphyxiation.
Self-rescuers are divided into two categories: filtered and isolated. The isolated self-rescuer is divided into chemical oxygen self-rescuer and compressed oxygen self-rescuer according to different sources of oxygen.
(A) filtered self-rescuer
1, the use and application conditions:
Used in coal mines when a fire or gas coal dust explosion, to prevent carbon monoxide poisoning respiratory protection device. (Only can protect carbon monoxide a gas, other poisonous gases do not protect). Its applicable conditions are: the oxygen concentration in the air of the affected area is not less than 18% and the carbon monoxide concentration is not higher than 1.5%, the filtering self-rescuer can only be used once, and cannot be reused.
2, filtered self-rescuer use:
①, lifting the protective cover
②, with the thumb to lift the red open wrench, pull off the sealing strip, throw away the sealing pocket.
3. Remove the upper shell, grab the headband to remove the canister, and discard the lower shell.
4. Pull up the nose clip, put the mouthpiece into the mouth, so that the mouthpiece piece is completely contained between the lips and teeth, teeth bite the pads and close the lips tightly.
5. Pull the nose clip with both hands and hold it on both sides of your nose and start breathing through your mouth.
6. Remove the miner's cap, put on the headband, put on the miner's cap, and start withdrawing from the disaster area.
3. Precautions to be taken when using the filter self-rescuer:
①. Working underground, when a fire or gas explosion is found, you must immediately wear a self-rescuer and evacuate the scene.
②. Must be worn to a safe place before removing the self-rescuer, do not remove the self-rescuer nose clip and mouthpiece due to dry heat.
③. When wearing the self-rescuer evacuation, to walk at an even speed, keep breathing evenly. It is forbidden to run wildly and remove the nose clip and mouthpiece or speak through the mouthpiece.
(2) Isolated self-rescuer-chemical oxygen self-rescuer
1, chemical oxygen self-rescuer use
Chemical oxygen self-rescuer is the use of chemical oxygen to produce oxygen for miners to retreat from the disaster area to escape with the respiratory protector. It can be used in the environment of oxygen deficiency or containing toxic gases.
Chemical oxygen self-rescuer can only be used once, can not be reused.
2, chemical oxygen self-rescuer use:
①, tear off the protective belt.
②, lift the red wrench with your thumb and pull off the sealing strip.
③.Remove the upper casing, grab the headband to remove the respiratory protector and discard the lower casing.
④.Remove the mouthpiece plug, pull up the nose clip, place the mouthpiece between your lips and teeth, bite down on the pads, and close your lips tightly.
5. Exhale into the self-rescuer to make the air bag bulge. (For chemical oxygen self-rescuer with start-up ring, you can pull the start-up ring directly and pull out the start-up needle, the airbag will bulge up automatically).
6, both hands pull open the nose clip, clamped on both sides of the nose, start breathing through the mouth.
⑦ 、Remove the cap of the mining lamp, bring the headband, put on the cap of the mining lamp, and start to withdraw from the disaster area.
3, the use of chemical oxygen self-rescuer precautions:
①. When wearing, pull out the mouthpiece plug, organize the air bag, wear a good self-rescuer, the first breath to the self-rescuer blowing, and then clip on the nose clip, do fast, short breath.
②. Wearing a self-rescuer to evacuate the disaster area, to be calm and collected, walking speed according to the situation can be a little faster or slower, but do not overly anxious to run.
③. In the escape process, we must pay attention to the mouthpiece, nose clip to wear a good, keep the air leakage, prohibit the removal of nose plugs, mouthpiece or through the mouthpiece speech.
④. When you inhale, it feels a little hotter than the outside air, which is the normal work of the self-rescuer.
5. When the self-rescuer is found to be deflated but not bulging, gradually shrinking, indicating that the effective use of the self-rescuer time is close to the end.
(3) Isolated self-rescuer--Compressed oxygen self-rescuer
1, compressed oxygen self-rescuer characteristics and uses
①. Compressed oxygen self-rescuer is a self-rescuer that uses compressed oxygen to supply oxygen. It can be used repeatedly. After each use, only need to replace the new carbon dioxide absorption of calcium hydroxide and refill the oxygen can be reused.
②. Compressed oxygen self-rescuer is mainly used for the miners' own escape in the coal mine under the environment of hypoxia or toxic and harmful gases, and can also be used by the ambulance crews when they work under the hypoxia and toxic and harmful environments.
2, the use of compressed oxygen self-rescuer:
①. It should be carried diagonally across the shoulder.
②. When you use it, first open the shell seal with a trigger.
③. Open the top cover, then grab the oxygen cylinder with your left hand and lift the top cover upward with your right hand, at this time, the oxygen cylinder switch will be opened automatically, and then drag the main unit out of the lower shell.
④. Take off the cap and put on the satchel.
⑤. Remove the mouthpiece plug and put the mouthpiece into your mouth with your teeth on the pads.
⑥. Place the nose clip on your nose and start breathing.
⑦. While breathing, press the refill button for about 1-2S and stop immediately when the airbag is full. If you find the airbag is empty and deflated during use, and the air supply is insufficient, you can operate according to the above method.
⑧. Hang the waist mouth, can be used.
4, the use of compressed oxygen self-rescuer precautions:
①. High-pressure oxygen cylinder storage 20Mpa oxygen, carry the process to prevent impact, bumping and falling is not allowed to use as a cushion.
②. It is strictly prohibited to open the trigger in the process of carrying.
③. When wearing the compressed oxygen self-rescuer evacuation, it is strictly prohibited to remove the mouthpiece, nose clip or speak through the mouthpiece.
2. Refuge:
Refuge: Refuge is a facility for miners to escape from an accident. There are two types of refuge: permanent and temporary.
The second section of the miners self-rescue and mutual rescue
A, underground disaster miners self-rescue and mutual rescue principles:
1 miners self-rescue principles:
Miners self-rescue principles: extinguish, protect, withdraw, avoid, report.
(1) extinguish: under the premise of ensuring safety, take positive and effective measures to eliminate the accident at the initial stage or control it within the smallest scope, and minimize the injuries and losses caused by the accident.
(2) protection: when the accident caused by their own location of toxic and hazardous gas concentration increases, may endanger the safety of life, timely personal safety protection. Such as: wearing a self-rescuer, etc.
(3) withdrawal: when the disaster area site does not have the conditions to deal with the accident or may jeopardize the safety of personnel, to the fastest possible speed, choose a safe route to avoid disaster, evacuate the disaster area.
(4) Hiding: When it is not possible to safely evacuate the disaster area within a short period of time, you should quickly enter a pre-constructed refuge or other safe places to hide and wait for rescue. Temporary refuge chambers can also be constructed using on-site facilities and materials.
(5) Reporting: Immediately report the location, time, number of people in danger, and the situation to the mine's dispatch office or by telephone or other means.
1. The principle of miners rescuing each other:
(1) For the casualty of cardiac and respiratory arrest, he must be resuscitated first and then carried.
(2) For bleeding casualties, bleeding must be stopped before carrying.
(3) The fracture of the casualty, must be fixed first and then transported.
I. The basic principles of action and organizational requirements for disaster relief in the event of an underground disaster:
(I), the basic principles of action:
1, timely reporting of the disaster:
2, active rescue:
3, safe evacuation:
(II), the requirements for organizational relief:
After an accident, the person in charge of the scene (the district chief, team leader, cadres, experienced veteran workers, special coal mine workers, and other personnel) must be in charge of the accident, and must be in charge of the rescue and relief activities. Experienced veteran workers, coal mine special operators, etc.) should give full play to the role of a high degree of political responsibility, bravely take up the responsibility of the scene of the disaster relief, but also must do the following:
① serious organization ② calm and collected ③ follow the principle (i.e., the basic principles of action) ④ random response ⑤ timely contact ⑥ solidarity and mutual assistance
Three, when various types of disasters and accidents occur in the underground, the self-rescue and mutual rescue measures
Three, the occurrence of various types of disasters and accidents, self-help and Mutual rescue measures
(A), gas and coal dust explosion accident self-rescue and mutual rescue:
1, to prevent gas and coal dust explosions suffered injury measures:
①. Back against the direction of air tremors, prone to the ground.
②. To hold your breath and pause breathing, cover your mouth and nose with a towel (preferably wet with water) to prevent flame inhalation into the lungs, try to cover the body with clothing to minimize the exposed area of the skin to reduce burns.
③. Quickly wear the self-rescuer as required.
④ . Evacuate the disaster area quickly.
⑤ . If you are unable to evacuate the area safely, you should find (or build) a nearby refuge as soon as possible.
3, digging face gas and coal dust explosion after the miners of self-rescue and mutual rescue measures:
(1) If a small explosion, the roadway and the support basically undamaged, the miners in distress are not directly injured or not seriously injured, you should immediately turn on the self-rescuer carried, quickly withdraw from the affected roadway to the fresh air flow. For the injured in the vicinity, we should assist in putting on the self-rescuer and help them to withdraw from the danger zone. For the injured who can't walk, within 30-50m from the fresh airflow, try to carry and transport them to the fresh airflow; if the distance is far, you can only put on the self-rescuer for them, but can't carry and transport them. After withdrawing from the disaster area, report to the dispatching office immediately.
(2) If there is a large explosion, the roadway is damaged, the retreat is blocked, the injury is not serious, you should wear a good self-rescuer, the idea of dredging the roadway, as soon as possible to withdraw to the fresh wind flow. If it is difficult to clear the tunnel, you should sit under good support and use all possible conditions to build a temporary refuge. Wait for help, and call for help at regular intervals. For the seriously injured miners should wear a good self-rescuer, so that they lie down and wait for rescue, and the use of pressurized air ducts, air ducts to improve the survival conditions of the refuge site.
3, coal mining face after the gas explosion miners self-rescue and mutual rescue measures:
(1) if the inlet and outlet roadway did not collapse blocked, the ventilation system is not too damaged, coal mining face into the wind side of the personnel should be the wind out of the disaster area, back to the side of the people should quickly wear a good self-rescuer, as soon as possible into the wind side.
(2) If the explosion caused a serious collapse of the roof, the ventilation system is destroyed, the source of the explosion into the return side of the wind side of carbon monoxide and harmful gases accumulate in large quantities, the personnel have the possibility of carbon monoxide poisoning. For this reason, after the explosion, the personnel who have not been seriously injured, should immediately wear self-rescuer. In the wind side of the personnel to be withdrawn against the wind, in the return side of the personnel to try to the shortest route, retreat to the fresh air flow. If the roofing is serious and can't be withdrawn, the first thing to do is to wear the self-rescuer and help the seriously injured people to be rescued in a safer place. And as far as possible with wood, wind pipe, etc. set up a temporary shelter, and hanging clothes, lamps and other obvious signs, in the place of refuge lying down to be rescued.
(2), coal and gas protrusion self-rescue and mutual rescue
1, found the protruding omen on-site personnel disaster avoidance measures:
①. When the mining surface is found to have the omen of protrusion, it is necessary to notify the personnel to evacuate to the windward side at the fastest speed. Evacuation, to quickly open the isolation type self-rescuer and wear a good, facing the fresh wind flow to withdraw.
②. When the digging face is found to have a premonition of protrusion, it must be quickly withdrawn outside the anti-protrusion air door, and close the anti-protrusion air door.
2. Disaster avoidance measures for people on the spot after a protruding accident:
Once a coal and gas protruding accident occurs, you should immediately open and wear the self-rescuer, and quickly withdraw outside.
(C), the mine fire accident when the self-rescue and mutual rescue:
"Regulations" stipulates that: Anyone who finds a fire underground, depending on the nature of the fire, the ventilation of the disaster area and the gas situation, immediately take all possible ways to directly extinguish the fire, control the fire, and quickly report to the mine scheduling office. The on-duty mine dispatcher and the district, team and group leaders on site should evacuate all the people in the area that may be threatened by the fire and organize the people to extinguish the fire in accordance with the provisions of the Disaster Prevention and Handling Plan. When electrical equipment is on fire, the power supply should be cut off first; before cutting off the power supply, only non-conductive fire extinguishing equipment is allowed to be used to extinguish the fire.
① To quickly understand or determine the nature of the accident, location, scope, roadway and other conditions, and according to the "Mine Disaster Prevention and Handling Plan" and the actual situation of the scene, to determine the retreat route and avoid disaster self-help methods.
② When retreating, no one in any case should not panic, run wildly, should be led by the person in charge of the scene and experienced veteran workers to retreat in an organized manner.
③ Located on the wind side of the fire or on the way out of the smoke encountered on the way out of the risk of poisoning people, should face the fresh wind flow retreat.
1, located in the fire back to the side of the wind, should quickly put on the self-rescuer, as soon as possible through the shortcut around the fresh wind flow, retreat to a safe place.
2, retreating action should be decisive, to be fast but not chaotic, at the same time, always pay attention to the changes in the roadway and wind flow.
3, whether against the wind or downwind retreat, can not avoid the fire tunnel or fire smoke may cause harm, should quickly enter the refuge or choose a suitable location on the spot to use the conditions of the site to build a temporary refuge, to avoid the disaster self-rescue.
(4) Self-help and mutual aid in the event of a water penetration accident in a mine
When a water penetration accident is detected by personnel at the scene, they should report the incident to the dispatch office and at the same time notify all the people in the vicinity of the accident in the fastest possible way, and evacuate the affected area in accordance with the routes stipulated in the "Mine Disaster Prevention and Treatment Plan".
1. Precautions to be taken when evacuating the site personnel after water penetration:
①. After the water penetration, should be possible to quickly observe and judge the location of the water penetration, water source, the amount of water influx, the cause of occurrence, the degree of harm, etc., and quickly retreat to the level above the water penetration site, and can not enter the water penetration site near the bottom of the one-end roadway and below.
②. Traveling, should be close to the side of the roadway, hold on to the bracket or other fixed objects, try to avoid the pressure head and water discharge stream, and pay attention to prevent the gangue and wood rolling in the water.
③. If the permeable water destroys the lighting and signposts in the roadway, and you lose the direction of travel, you should retreat in the direction of the uphill roadway through which the wind flows.
4. In the retreat along the way and through the intersection of the roadway, should be left to indicate the direction of the obvious signs, in order to prompt the attention of rescue personnel.
5. If the only exit is blocked by the water can not retreat, there should be an organization in the single head of the mountain face to hide, waiting for rescue personnel rescue, strictly prohibit blind diving escape and other risky behavior.
(E), the roof accident self-rescue and mutual rescue:
1, coal mining face roof self-rescue measures to avoid disaster:
① Rapidly retreat to a safe place
② in danger to the coal gangs close to the body or to the wooden stacks to avoid the disaster
3, in danger to call for help immediately after the call for help signal
4, in danger to the person to be active in the development of self-help and mutual rescue Mutual Rescue
⑤ People in danger should actively cooperate with the external rescue work
2, a single-headway headway roof blocked people's disaster avoidance and self-rescue measures:
① The people in danger should face up to the disaster that has occurred, do not panic, should be in the class, team leader of the organization under the command, unity and cooperation, to minimize the physical and the blocking of the area of the consumption of oxygen, to be prepared to take shelter for a longer period of time.
② When there is a telephone, you should immediately call to report the disaster, the number of people in distress and take measures to avoid disaster self-help; otherwise, you should knock on the rails, pipelines, rocks, and send out a regular call for help (intermittent), so that external personnel rescue.
③ Reinforce the support at the point of fall and the place where people take refuge to prevent further expansion of the roof.
④ The pressurized air duct should be opened to deliver fresh air to the trapped people and dilute the gas concentration in the blocked space.
Section III First Aid for Trauma
I. First Aid for On-Site Trauma:
Including artificial respiration, cardiac resuscitation, hemostasis, trauma bandaging, temporary fixation of fractures, and transportation of the injured.
(I), artificial respiration
Artificial respiration is applicable to electric shock, drowning, harmful gas poisoning, asphyxia or traumatic asphyxiation caused by respiratory arrest, pseudo-death state of the patient.
Prior to the implementation of artificial respiration, the casualty should be transported to a safe, well-ventilated place and the casualty's collar, relax the belt, pay attention to maintain body temperature, waist and back pads on soft clothing. Should first remove the mouth of the spoils, pull out the tongue or pressure, to prevent blocking the throat, hindering breathing. All kinds of effective artificial respiration must be carried out under the premise of a clear airway. Artificial respiration commonly used methods are mouth-to-mouth blowing method, supine pressure chest method and prone pressure back method three.
① mouth-to-mouth blowing method: blowing 14-16 times per minute, blowing, do not be too fierce, too short, and should not be too long, accounting for a respiratory cycle of 1 / 3 appropriate.
② supine chest pressure method: 16-20 times per minute.
This method is not applicable to chest trauma or sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide poisoning.
③ Prone dorsal compression method:
The operation of supine chest compression is almost the same, except that the injured person is prone.
(ii), cardiac resuscitation:
1, precordial percussion
2, thoracic cardiac compression: the number of compressions to 60-80 times per minute is appropriate.
(C), hemostasis:
Commonly used temporary hemostasis methods are five:
1. acupressure hemostasis
2. padded flexion hemostasis
3. pressure bandage hemostasis
4. tourniquet hemostasis
5. strangulation hemostasis
(D) trauma dressing:
(D), the purpose of the trauma dressing:
1.
Purpose of trauma dressing: to maintain the wound and trauma, reduce infection, and alleviate pain.
1, cloth bandage method
2, towel bandage method
3, bandage should pay attention to matters:
① bandage, should be done quickly and agile, do not touch the wound, so as not to cause bleeding, pain and infection.
② can not use the well sewage to flush the wound, the wound surface foreign body should be removed, but the deep foreign body need to be sent to the hospital to remove, to prevent repeated infection.
③ The bandaging action should be gentle, the tightness should be appropriate, and the bandage should be maintained in a functional position.
④ The dislodged viscera should not be taken back to the wound to avoid infection in the body cavity.
⑤ The bandage should be 5-250px beyond the edge of the wound.
(E) Temporary fixation of fracture:
Fracture fixation can reduce the pain of the casualty, prevent the fracture end from shifting and injuring the adjacent tissues, blood vessels and nerves, and it is also an effective first aid measure to prevent trauma and shock.
(F), the casualty handling:
The transfer of the casualty to try to do light, stable, fast, without the initial fixation, hemostasis, bandaging and resuscitation of the casualty, generally should not be transferred. Handling precautions:
① Respiratory, cardiac arrest and shock unconscious casualties should be resuscitated in a timely manner before handling.
② For the unconscious or choking symptoms of the casualty, the shoulders should be slightly elevated, head tilted back.
Face to one side or side lying ...... attention at all times to ensure that the airway is open.
③ General casualties can be stretcher, wooden boards and other transportation, but spinal injuries and pelvic fractures should be transported on a hardboard stretcher.
④ General casualties should be first hemostatic, fixed bandages and other preliminary care before transport.
⑤ For spinal injury, it is strictly prohibited to let the casualty sit up, stand and walk. One person can't lift the head and the other can't carry the leg or the back of the person.
Trauma first aid:
1, first aid for poisoning or asphyxiation
① Immediately transport the injured from the danger zone to the fresh air flow in the roof of a good, no drenching of the location.
② Immediately remove the mucus, blood clots, mud, broken coal, etc. from the mouth and nose of the injured, and undo the shirt and belt, take off the rubber shoes.
③ Cover the wounded with clothes to keep warm.
④ According to the heartbeat, respiration, pupils and other characteristics and the injured person's mental condition, the initial judgment of the severity of the injury. For those who have difficulty breathing or stop breathing, artificial respiration should be carried out immediately. When the phenomenon of cardiac arrest, in addition to artificial respiration, should also be carried out at the same time chest heart compression first aid.
⑤ For sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide poisoning can only be mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration, can not be chest or back pressure artificial respiration. Otherwise, it will aggravate the injury.
⑥ Artificial respiration lasts for as long as it takes to resume spontaneous breathing or until the casualty actually dies.
2, first aid for trauma
① first aid for burns: extermination, investigation, prevention, package, send.
② First aid to bleeding people:
First stop bleeding, then other first aid treatment.
③ First aid for fracture:
first towel or clothing as a liner, and then go on the spot with sticks, boards and other materials made of temporary splints, the injured limb is fixed, carried to the hospital. To the limbs of the extrusion, shall not massage, hot compress or tie, so as not to aggravate the injury.
3, first aid for drowning:
① transfer: the drowning person from the water, immediately after the rescue, should be sent to a warmer and air circulation, loosen the belt, take off wet clothes, covered with dry clothes to maintain body temperature.
② check: check the mouth and nose of the drowning person, if there is mud and dirt blockage, should be quickly removed, scrub clean to keep the airway open.
③ water control: make the drowning person to take the prone position, with wood clothing and other cushions under the stomach or the rescuer will be the left leg kneeling down, the drowning person's abdomen on the right side of the rescuer's thighs, so that the head down, and pressure on the back, forcing the body of the water by the trachea oral outflow.
④ Artificial respiration. When the effect of the above methods of water control is not satisfactory, you should immediately do prone back pressure artificial respiration or mouth-to-mouth blowing artificial respiration or chest heart compression.
4, first aid for electrocution:
① Immediately cut off the power supply, or make the electrocuted person from the power supply.
② Observe the casualty breathing and heartbeat, if found to have stopped breathing or weak heartbeat, should immediately carry out artificial respiration or chest compressions.
③ If breathing and heartbeat have stopped, artificial respiration and chest compressions should be performed at the same time.
④ For the person who suffered electric shock, if there are other injuries (such as bruises, bleeding, etc.) should do the appropriate first aid treatment.