Connector, that is, CONNECTOR. domestic also known as plugs, plugs and sockets. Generally refers to electrical connectors. That is, the device that connects two active devices to transmit current or signal.
Connector is a part of our electronic engineers and technicians often contact. Its role is very simple: in the circuit is blocked at the place or isolated between the circuit, set up a bridge of communication, so that the current flow, so that the circuit to achieve the intended function. Connector is an indispensable part of electronic equipment, along the current flow path observation, you will always find one or more connectors. Connector form and structure is ever-changing, with the application object, frequency, power, application environment, etc., there are a variety of different forms of connectors. For example, the connector used to light a lamp on a ball field is very different from the connector used to light a hard disk drive, or the connector used to light a rocket. However, regardless of the type of connector, it is necessary to ensure smooth, continuous and reliable flow of current. In general terms, the connector is not limited to the current, in the rapid development of optoelectronics technology today, fiber-optic systems, the carrier of the signal is light, glass and plastic instead of ordinary circuit wires, but the optical signal path also use connectors, their role and the circuit connector is the same. Since we are only concerned with circuit connectors, this course will concentrate on circuit connectors and their applications in close conjunction with Molex products.
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2 Why use connectors?
Imagine what it would be like if there were no connectors. This is when circuits are permanently connected to each other by a continuous conductor, for example, when an electronic device is connected to a power supply, the ends of the connecting wires must be fixed to the electronic device and the power supply in some way (e.g. by soldering). In this way, both for production and use, have brought a lot of inconvenience. Take a car battery as an example. Assuming that the battery cable is fixed welded to the battery, automobile manufacturers for the installation of the battery has increased the workload, increased production time and cost. Battery damage needs to be replaced, but also to send the car to the repair station, desoldering removal of the old, and then welded on the new, for which to pay more labor costs. With the connector can eliminate a lot of trouble, buy a new battery from the store, disconnect the connector, remove the old battery, install the new battery, reconnect the connector can be. This simple example illustrates the benefits of connectors. It makes the design and manufacturing process easier and more flexible, reducing production and maintenance costs.
Benefits of connectors:
1, improve the production process
Connectors simplify the assembly process of electronic products. Also simplifies the mass production process;
2, easy to repair
If an electronic component fails, equipped with a connector can quickly replace the failed component;
3, easy to upgrade
With the advancement of technology, equipped with a connector can be updated when the component, with a new, more perfect component instead of the old;
4, to improve design
The use of connectors gives engineers greater flexibility in designing and integrating new products, as well as in composing systems from components.
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3 The basic performance of the connector
Connector knowledge The basic performance of the connector can be divided into three main categories: that is, the mechanical properties, electrical properties and environmental performance. Another important mechanical property is the mechanical life of the connector. Mechanical life is actually a durability (durability) indicators, in the national standard GB5095 called it mechanical operation. It is an insertion and a pull-out as a cycle, in order to specify the insertion and pull-out cycle after the connector can normally complete its connection function (such as contact resistance value) as the basis for judgment.
1. Mechanical properties of the connection function, insertion and extraction force is an important mechanical properties. Insertion force is divided into insertion force and pull-out force (pull-out force is also known as separation force), the two requirements are different. In the relevant standards have the maximum insertion force and minimum separation force provisions, which indicates that, from the point of view of the use, the insertion force should be small (so that there is a low insertion force LIF and no insertion force ZIF structure), while the separation force is too small, it will affect the reliability of the contact. Connector insertion and extraction force and mechanical life with the structure of the contact (positive pressure size) the quality of the contact part plating (coefficient of sliding friction) and the contact arrangement of dimensional accuracy (alignment).
2. Electrical properties of the connector's main electrical properties include contact resistance, insulation resistance and electrical strength.
①Contact resistance of high-quality electrical connectors should have a low and stable contact resistance. Connector contact resistance from a few milliohms to tens of milliohms.
② insulation resistance measure of electrical connectors between the contact parts and contact parts and shell insulation between the indicators, the order of magnitude of hundreds of megohms to thousands of megohms.
3 resistance or voltage, dielectric withstand voltage, is characterized by the connector between the contact parts or contact parts and the shell of the ability to withstand the rated test voltage.
④Other electrical properties.
Electromagnetic interference leakage attenuation is to evaluate the connector of electromagnetic interference shielding effect, electromagnetic interference leakage attenuation is to evaluate the connector of electromagnetic interference shielding effect, generally in the frequency range of 100MHz ~ 10GHz test.
For RF coaxial connectors, there are characteristic impedance, insertion loss, reflection coefficient, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) and other electrical indicators. Due to the development of digital technology, in order to connect and transmit high-speed digital pulse signals, a new type of connector that is a high-speed signal connector, accordingly, in terms of electrical performance, in addition to the characteristic impedance, but also appeared in some new electrical indicators, such as crosstalk (crosstalk), transmission delay (delay), time lag (skew).
3. Environmental performance of common environmental performance, including temperature, humidity, salt spray, vibration and shock.
①Temperature Currently, the maximum operating temperature of the connector is 200 ℃ (except for a few high-temperature special connectors), the minimum temperature of -65 ℃. As the connector works, the current at the point of contact to generate heat, resulting in temperature rise, so it is generally believed that the operating temperature should be equal to the ambient temperature and the temperature rise of the contact points and the sum. In some specifications, it is specified that the connector in the rated operating current under the maximum allowable temperature rise. ② Resistant to the intrusion of humidity moisture will affect the connection h insulation properties, and corrosion of metal parts. Constant damp heat test conditions for the relative humidity of 90% to 95% (according to product specifications, up to 98%), temperature +40 ± 20 ℃, the test time according to product specifications, at least 96 hours. Alternating humidity and heat test is more stringent. ③ salt spray connector in the environment containing moisture and salt work, its metal structure, contact surface treatment layer may produce galvanic corrosion, affecting the physical and electrical properties of the connector. In order to evaluate the ability of electrical connectors to withstand this environment, the salt spray test is prescribed. It is the connector suspended in a temperature-controlled test chamber, with a specified concentration of sodium chloride solution with compressed air spray, the formation of salt spray atmosphere, the exposure time specified by the product specification, at least 48 hours. ④ vibration and shock resistance to vibration and shock is an important performance of the electrical connector, in special application environments such as aviation and aerospace, railroads and road transportation is particularly important, it is to test the mechanical structure of the electrical connector ruggedness and reliability of the electrical contact of the important indicators. There are clear provisions in the relevant test methods. Impact test should be specified in the peak acceleration, duration and impact pulse waveform, as well as the time of electrical continuity interruption.
5 other environmental performance according to the use of the requirements of the other environmental performance of the electrical connector sealing (air leakage, liquid pressure), liquid impregnation (on the specific liquid resistance to malodorization ability), low air pressure and so on.
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4 Connector Categories and Definitions
As the structure of the connector is becoming more and more diversified, and new structures and application areas continue to appear, trying to solve the problem of categorization and naming with a fixed model has become difficult to adapt. Nevertheless, some basic classifications remain valid.
1. Levels of interconnection
Based on the functions of internal and external connections of electronic devices, interconnection (interconnection) can be divided into five levels.
① Internal connection of the chip package
② IC package pins and PCB connection. Typical connector IC socket.
③ printed circuit and wire or printed board connection. Typical connector printed circuit connector.
④ The connection between the baseboard and the baseboard. Typical connectors are cabinet connectors.
⑤ Device-to-device connections. Typical products are circular connectors.
The ③ and ④ levels have some overlap. Of the five levels of connectors, the highest market amounts are for products in the ③ and ⑤ levels, and the fastest-growing products are currently in the ③ level.
2. Levels of connector specifications.
In accordance with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) classification, the connector belongs to the electronic equipment with electromechanical components, its specifications for the level:
Door (family), for example: connector
Sub-door (sub-family), for example: circular connectors
Type (type), for example: YB-type circular connector
Variety (style) example: YB3470
Specifications (variant)
3. Connector definition in China.
In China's industry management, the connector and switches, keyboards, etc. collectively referred to as the electrical plug components, while the electrical plug components and relays are collectively referred to as electromechanical components.
4. Connector product categories.
Connector product type of division, although some confusion, but from a technical point of view, the connector product category there are only two basic divisions: ① according to the shape of the structure: circular and rectangular (cross-section), ② according to the operating frequency: low frequency and high frequency (to 3MHz as the boundary).
In accordance with the above division, coaxial connectors belong to the circular, printed circuit connector belongs to the rectangular (from the historical point of view, printed circuit connector is indeed separated from the rectangular connector from a class of its own), and the current popularity of the rectangular connector cross-section for the trapezoidal, similar to the rectangular. 3MHz as the boundary between the division of low-frequency and high-frequency and radio wave frequency division is also basically the same.
As for the other according to the use, installation, special structure, special performance, etc. can also be divided into many different types, and often appear in publications and manufacturers of promotional materials, but generally only in order to highlight a certain feature and use, the basic classification is still not beyond the above principles of division.
Taking into account the technological development of the connector and the actual situation, from its versatility and the relevant technical standards, the connector can be divided into the following categories (subclasses): ① low-frequency circular connectors; ② rectangular connectors; ③ printed circuit connectors; ④ RF connectors; ⑤ fiber optic connectors.
5. Connector model naming.
Connector model naming is the customer purchasing and manufacturer to organize the basis of production. In the connector industry at home and abroad, there are two ideas for product model naming: one is to use the letter code plus the number of approaches, and strive to reflect the main structural features of the product in the model naming. The benefits of this approach is easy to identify, but the arrangement is too long, too complex, with the miniaturization of the connector, to bring a lot of difficulties in printing. At present, this approach is still popular in China, and in some industry standards and even national standards made provisions, such as SJ2298-83 (printed circuit connectors), SJ2297-83 (rectangular connectors), SJ2459-84 (ribbon cable connectors), GB9538-88 (ribbon cable connectors) and so on. Due to the increasing diversity of connector structure, in practice, a naming rule to cover a certain type of connector is increasingly difficult. Another way of thinking is to use a combination of Arabic numerals. This approach has the advantage of simplicity and ease of computerized management and small product logo printing. The major international connector manufacturers are currently using this approach. It can be expected by the manufacturers to develop their own characteristics to reflect the naming approach will gradually replace the planned economy by the industry as a whole to specify some of the naming rules.
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5 Overview of the development of the connector market
With the rapid growth of consumer electronics, automotive electronics, communications terminal market and the global production capacity of connectors continue to shift to Asia and China, Asia has become the connector market the most development potential, and China will become the world's fastest-growing connector and the largest capacity of the market. It is estimated that the future growth of China's connector market will continue to outpace the global average, the next five years, the average annual growth rate of China's market size of the connector will reach 15%, by 2010, China's connector market capacity will reach 25.7 billion yuan.
The main supporting areas of the electrical connector transportation, communications, networks, IT, medical, home appliances, etc., supporting the rapid development of the level of product technology in the field of rapid development and its rapid growth of the market, a strong pull on the development of connector technology. So far, the connector has developed into a complete range of products, a rich variety of specifications, structural type of diverse, professional direction of segmentation, industry characteristics are obvious, the standard system specification of the serialization and specialization of the product.
Overall, the development of connector technology presents the following characteristics: high-speed signal transmission and digitalization, the integration of various types of signal transmission, miniaturization of product volume miniaturization, low-cost products, contacts termination table paste, module combination, plug the convenient and so on. The above technology represents the direction of development of connector technology, but it should be noted that: the above technology is not necessary for all connectors, different supporting areas and different use of the environment of the connector, the demand for the above technology is completely different.
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6 Connector development direction
Connector development should be miniaturized, high-density, high-speed transmission, high-frequency direction. Miniaturization is the connector center spacing is smaller, high-density is to achieve a large number of cores. High-density PCB (printed circuit board) connector effective contact with the total number of 600 cores, specialized devices up to 5000 cores. High-speed transmission refers to modern computers, information technology and networking technology requires signal transmission time scale rate up to the MHz band, the pulse time up to sub-milliseconds, so the requirements of high-speed transmission connectors. High-frequency is to adapt to the development of millimeter-wave technology, RF coaxial connectors have entered the millimeter-wave operating frequency band. [1]
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7 well-known domestic and foreign connector manufacturers
CAE, Aerospace Electric, Sichuan Huafeng, Foxconn Technology, Tyco Electronics, Molex, Amphenol, FCI, JAE, connector common terminology compilation
1. connector: usually mounted on the Cable or equipment, for the transmission line system electrically connected separable components (except adapters)
2. RF connectors: is used in the radio frequency range of the connector.
3. Video: radio waves in the frequency range between 3HZ∽30MHZ.
4. RF: The frequency range of radio waves between 3 kilo HZ ∽ 3000GHZ.
5. High frequency: frequency range between 3MHZ∽30MHZ radio waves.
6. Coaxial: the inner conductor with dielectric support, the structure can be used in the measurement of the frequency range to get the minimum internal reflection coefficient.
7. Triaxial: A transmission line consisting of three layers of concentric conductors with a common **** axis and insulated from each other.
8. Grade: The level of mechanical and electrical precision of a connector, especially in terms of the specified reflection coefficient.
9. General purpose connector (Class 2): a connector manufactured with the widest allowable dimensional deviation (tolerance) that still guarantees a minimum of specified performance and intermateability.
Note: Requirements for reflection coefficient may or may not be specified.
10. High-performance connectors (level 1): frequency changes to specify the limit value of the reflection coefficient of a connector, usually specified dimensional tolerances are not more stringent than the corresponding level 2 connectors, but the need to ensure that the connector to meet the reflection coefficient of the requirements of the manufacturer is responsible for selecting the more stringent tolerances.
11. Standard test connector (0 level): used to measure the reflection coefficient of level 1 and 2 connectors, a precision manufacturing of specific types of connectors, the results of the measurement caused by the error is negligible.
Note: A standard test connector is usually part of an adapter between different types, and the adapter is connected to the precision connector forming part of the test equipment.
12. sealing
12.1 sealing connector: a connector with the ability to meet the specified gas, moisture or liquid sealing requirements.
12.2 barrier seal: prevent and gas, moisture or liquid along the axial direction into the connector shell internal sealing.
12.3 panel seal: to prevent gas, moisture or liquid through the mounting holes into the fixed or between the adapter shell and the panel seal.
Note: Seals are usually supplied as a separate product.
12.4 Mating Face Seal: A seal that prevents gas, moisture or liquid from entering at the interface of a pair of mating connectors.
12.5 Gas Seal: A seal that meets the requirements specified in Test Qk of IEC 60068-2-17, "Basic Environmental Test Specification Part 2: Test - Test Q: Seal".
The basic structure of the connector composition
The basic structural components of the connector are ① contact parts; ② insulator; ③ shell (depending on the species); ④ accessories.
1. Contacts (contacts) is the connector to complete the electrical connection function of the core parts. Generally by the positive contacts and negative contacts composed of contact pairs, through the yin and yang contact parts of the insertion and completion of the electrical connection.
Positive contacts for rigid parts, the shape of the cylindrical (round pin), square cylindrical (square pin) or flat (insert). Positive contacts are generally made of brass, phosphor bronze.
Negative contact that is the jack, is the key parts of the contact pair, it relies on the elastic structure in the elastic deformation with the pins when the elastic deformation occurs and produce elastic force and the positive contact to form a close contact, complete the connection. There are many types of jack structure, cylindrical (split slot, indented), tuning fork type, cantilever beam type (longitudinal slots), folded type (longitudinal slots, 9-shaped), box-shaped (square jacks), and hyperbolic wire spring jacks and so on.
2. insulator Insulator is also often referred to as the base (base) or mounting plate (insert), its role is to make contact with the required location and spacing, and to ensure that the contact between the contact parts and the contact parts and the insulation between the shell. Good insulation resistance, voltage resistance and easy processing is the selection of insulating materials processed into the basic requirements of the insulator.
3. shell also known as shell (shell), is the connector of the outer cover, it is installed for the insulation of the mounting plate and pins to provide mechanical protection, and provide the plug and socket mating alignment, and then the connector is fixed to the equipment.
4. accessories Accessories are divided into structural accessories and installation accessories. Structural accessories such as rings, positioning keys, positioning pins, guide pins, coupling rings, cable clamps, seals, gaskets and so on. Installation accessories such as screws, nuts, screws, spring rings and so on. Most of the accessories are standard and general-purpose parts.
Introduction of the structural principle of the connector
The basic structure of the connector ① contact; ② insulator; ③ shell (depending on the species); ④ accessories.
Contacts (contacts) is the connector to complete the electrical connection function of the core parts. Generally composed of positive and negative contacts contact pair, through the negative and positive contact parts of the insertion and completion of the electrical connection.
Positive contacts for rigid parts, the shape of the cylindrical (round pin), square cylindrical (square pin) or flat (insert). Positive contacts are generally made of brass, phosphor bronze].
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2. Insulator Insulator is also often referred to as the base (base) or mounting plate (insert), its role is to make contact with the required location and spacing, and to ensure that the contact between the contact parts and the contact parts and the shell of the insulation between the performance. Good insulation resistance, voltage resistance and easy processing is the selection of insulating materials processed into the basic requirements of the insulator.
3. shell also known as shell (shell), is the connector of the outer cover, it is installed for the insulation of the mounting plate and pins to provide mechanical protection, and provide the plug and socket mating alignment, and then the connector is fixed to the equipment.
4. accessories Accessories are divided into structural accessories and installation accessories. Structural accessories such as rings, positioning keys, positioning pins, guide pins, coupling rings, cable clamps, seals, gaskets and so on. Installation accessories such as screws, nuts, screws, spring rings and so on. Most of the accessories are standard and common parts. Connectors, connector technology, electronic connectors, connecting cable, connectors, terminals, cable harnesses, switches, wires and cables, fiber optic connectors, computer connectors, connector , line cable, chassis, harness, jst, HDMI, USB, molex, AMP, terminals, terminal, Wiring Terminal, FPC, shenzhen, switches, row of pins, RF coaxial connectors, FFC, mobile phone connectors, splices and connectors, FPC, FFC, FFC, FFC, mobile phone connectors, FFC, FFC, mobile phone connectors, FFC, FFC FFC, cell phone connectors, connectors
Basic connector properties
The basic connector properties can be divided into three categories: mechanical properties, electrical properties and environmental properties.
1. Mechanical properties of the connection function, insertion and extraction force is an important mechanical properties. Insertion force is divided into insertion force and pull-out force (pull-out force is also known as separation force), the two requirements are different. In the relevant standards have the maximum insertion force and minimum separation force provisions, which indicates that, from the point of view of the use, the insertion force should be small (so that there is a low insertion force LIF and no insertion force ZIF structure), while the separation force is too small, it will affect the reliability of contact.
Another important mechanical property is the mechanical life of the connector. Mechanical life is actually a durability (durability) indicators, in the national standard GB5095 called it mechanical operation. It is an insertion and a pull-out for a cycle, in order to specify the insertion and pull-out cycle after the connector can normally complete its connection function (such as contact resistance value) as the basis for judgment.
Connector insertion and extraction force and mechanical life and the structure of the contact parts (positive pressure size) the quality of the contact part of the coating (sliding friction coefficient) as well as the contact parts of the arrangement of dimensional accuracy (alignment).
2. Electrical Performance
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Job Define
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1. Collect and analyze the information on the current situation of the customer (production and R&D) - and feedback the corresponding information to Sales&RD, and internally refer to the customer standard to formulate the product. Internal reference to customer standards to formulate product spec;
2. Assist Sales to customers to do new product introduction briefing (including outgoing products), sales have the intention to send samples and send samples to the FAE need to be informed in advance of the relevant information;
3. Assist and define the QA about the product ORT validation and analysis;
4. Focus on and collect market information, complete analysis and feedback with the company management and the company's management. Completely analyze and provide feedback to company management and RD & Sales for evaluation of related R&D trends and product introduction;
5. Support CQS to solve client's technical problems related to products;
6. Complete the analysis of competitor's products collected by CQS & Sales to be used as reference internally (samples and complete reports should be kept). samples and complete reports);
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