What are the intensive care unit (ICU) monitoring items? Which instruments and equipment do they correspond to?

General monitoring monitors monitor heart rate, ECG and respiration; Record respiratory rate and blood pressure at least once every hour; Measure and record body temperature every 2 hours; Strictly record the amount of deposits and withdrawals; Measure urine specific gravity, urine routine and ketone body every 8 hours, and check occult blood in stool; Accurately measure your weight once a day and accurately record your calorie intake. Special monitoring depends on the condition: ① Monitoring of patients with intravascular intubation: replace catheter irrigation solution, intravenous infusion, infusion tube and dressing every day. When changing the dressing, check the catheter for signs of infection. If the catheter is placed for a long time, take samples from the catheter for bacterial culture at least once every 3 days. All patients with central vein, artery or pulmonary artery catheter with fever above 38.5℃ should be cultured in peripheral blood, and blood from each catheter should be taken for culture. If the patient has symptoms of sepsis or positive blood culture, the infected catheter should be removed. If the catheter still needs to be inserted, it needs to be replaced and reinserted. When the catheter in artery, central vein or pulmonary artery is pulled out, samples should be taken from the tip of the catheter and sent to culture. For catheters inserted into arteries, central veins and pulmonary arteries, all joints of the pipeline should be provided with threaded locking joints to prevent them from accidentally falling off, resulting in bleeding and air embolism. ② Monitoring of patients with endotracheal intubation and tracheotomy: Proper methods were used to fix the orotracheal intubation, nasotracheal intubation and tracheostomy tube, and the limbs were restrained and fixed. Clear the secretions in the intubation or cannula in time, and suck sputum at least every two hours. Check endotracheal aspirate at least once a week, and do Gram-stained bacteria and drug sensitivity tests twice. ③ Monitoring of peritoneal dialysis patients: To prevent infection, the catheter should be placed in the operating room. A closed aseptic drainage device should be used. The drainage device should be replaced once a day, wearing gloves and masks, and paying strict attention to aseptic operation technology. When replacing the drainage tube, the drainage fluid should be counted, classified, Gram stained and cultured to observe whether there is peritonitis. When hypertonic glucose is used as dialysate, blood sugar is measured every two hours. When potassium-free dialysate is used to reduce blood potassium, the blood potassium should be measured every 4 hours until the blood potassium is normal. When dialysate containing potassium is used after the blood potassium is normal, the times of blood potassium determination can be reduced. If the amount of dialysis fluid is too large, it will cause excessive abdominal distension, high blood pressure and respiratory insufficiency, which should be paid attention to. ④ Monitoring of comatose patients: Closely monitor the neuropsychiatric state (see coma).